Global Journal of Advanced Research

2

Authors: Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava, Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava and Jegadeesh Ramasamy

Worldwide, to reduce the impact of any infectious disease, it is necessary to understand the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases, to ensure timely implementation of cost-effective and evidence-based public health measures. The secondary attack rate (SAR), estimates the probability of disease transmission to an individual who has been exposed to an infectious case. In conclusion, the epidemiological indicator - secondary attack rate – is a sensitive tool for the policy makers to reduce the incidence of new cases of an infectious disease, especially in household settings.

5

Authors: Svetlana Luparenko

This paper reveals the low level of formation of Ukrainian children?s spirituality which is proved by the results of investigation. It uses data gathered from theoretic search and empirical investigation (data gathered from 31 Ukrainian families, from children and their parents). The results have shown parents? understanding of necessity to form their children?s spirituality, but lack of their time and possibilities to realize religious education in families (which is caused by difficult social-economical, moral-judicial, cultural-educational conditions in Ukraine). According to the results of investigation, the reasons of the low level of formation of Ukrainian children?s spirituality are disclosed. They are parents? lack of attention to religious education and insufficient work in this direction; parents? inattentiveness, absence of their wish and possibilities to communicate with their children; lack of proper example (by parents) for forming children?s spirituality; parents? oppression of the spiritual foundations, which aim to appear in children, through imposing stereotypes, excessive moralization, offenses, rebukes, mocks, authoritarian style of communication in families.

7

Authors: Sridhara.S, Santosh Kumar.T.V, Geetha.K.N, Suresh Naik.K.P & Krishnamurthy.N

In order to study the effects of nitrogen levels on RUE of maize hybrids, a field experiment was conducted at college of agriculture, Navile, Shimoga during kharif of 2012 under rainfed conditions on sandy loam soil. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. There were twelve treatment combinations comprised of two maize hybrids (SDH and LDH) and six nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 150 kg N ha-1). Results indicated that nitrogen levels had significant effects on RUE of maize hybrids. The higher cumulative leaf area index, PAR (1477.2 g MJ-1), mean RUE (1.55 g MJ-1) and grain yield (6327 kg ha-1) was recorded at the application of 250 kg N ha-1 and it was on par with treatment which receives 200 kg N ha-1. Treatment which receives 0 kg N ha-1 recorded significantly lower cumulative PAR (1035.0 g MJ-1) and RUE (1.10). The higher cumulative PAR (1354.2 g MJ-1), and RUE (1229.0 g MJ-1), was recorded in the LDH compared to SDH. This might be due to higher leaf area index and leaf area duration of LDH resulted in better utilization of sunlight which leads to higher grain yield compared to SDH. In interaction effect the treatment which receives LDH and 250 kg N ha-1 recorded higher leaf area index (3.07), PAR (1530.0 g MJ-1) and grain yield (6574 kg ha-1).

8

Authors: Ajit Kumar Senapati, Abhijit Bhatta, AvinashSenapati, Omkarnath Mishra and Satyajeet Mohanty

Although many investigations have been carried out on turning of mild steel, but the present work deals with analysis of the parameters affecting the tool forces induced during the turning process of mild steel on high speed lathe i.e. at higher speeds the investigation is carried out and the influencing parameters have been analyzed .Design of experiments was implemented for the analysis of the influence of turning parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on the tool force. The results of the machining experiments were used to characterize the main factors affecting the tool force by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. The depth of cut was found to be the most significant parameter influencing the tool force in the turning process followed by feed rate and a minor effect of speed. Also the mathematical regression equation for the model was developed to find out the predicted tool force for the said model and the same was compared with the actual experimental results. The comparative results indicated that the experimentally obtained results almost coincide with the predicted results.

10

Authors: S.Kannadhasan and V.B.Bhapith

Digital image processing is the manipulation of the numeric data of the digital image for enhancing it to make it suitable for the further processing according to the specific application needs. Today, Image Processing systems are very popular due to easy availability of powerful computers, large size memory devices, graphics software etc. By doing image processing, corrupted pictures can be enhanced, medical images clarified, and satellite photographs improved. Image Processing is a technique to enhance raw images received from cameras/sensors placed on satellites, space and aircrafts or pictures taken in normal day-to-day life for various applications.

13

Authors: Eghbal Hosseini and Isa Nakhai Kamalabadi

In the recent years, the bi-level and tri-level programming problems (TLPP) are interested by many researchers and TLPP is known as an appropriate tool to solve the real problems in several areas such as economic, traffic, finance, management, and so on. Also, it has been proven that the general TLPP is an NP-hard problem. The literature shows a few attempts for using exact methods. In this paper, we attempt to develop an effective approach based on analyze theorems for solving the linear TLPP. In this approach, by using the heuristic method the TLPP is converted to a linear single problem. Finally, the single level problem is solved using the enumeration algorithm. The presented approach achieves an efficient and feasible solution in an appropriate time which has been evaluated by comparing to references and test problems.