Journal of World's Poultry Research

373-385

Authors: Rajaei N

Recently, immunotherapy has become a hopeful option for cancer therapy. Taking advantage of pathogens is a well-established method of cancer immunotherapy. It has been shown that the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian virus with oncolytic properties, can be used to treat cancer. This study was designed to offer a comprehensive overview of the role of NDV in cancer treatment, focusing on its attributes, mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical trials, and future perspectives. A systematic literature review was performed to gather relevant information about NDV in cancer therapy. The inclusion criteria of this study included studies conducted in vitro and in vivo as well as clinical trials to investigate the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms behind the action of NDV. A total of 34 out of 176 academic articles, preclinical studies, clinical trials, and review articles were analyzed to collect key findings. In addition to replicating selectively through invading cancerous cells, NDV has been shown to induce apoptosis in in vivo studies. There is evidence that it can induce apoptosis, induce oncolysis, and modulate immune function in preclinical research. Studies have demonstrated that combining this therapy with chemotherapy, immunotherapies, and targeted therapies provides encouraging results regarding effectiveness and safety in animal models. As a result of NDV’s ability to induce immunogenic cell death, the immune system is activated when it reacts to cancer cells. In addition, NDV infection promotes the recruitment and activation of immune cells, especially cytotoxic T cells, by releasing cytokines and chemokines. This dual mechanism triggers anti-cancer immune responses. An interesting new approach to cancer treatment is based on the selective replication of NDV, which can induce immunogenic cell death in tumor tissues and interfere with oncogenic signaling pathways. Research in preclinical models has yielded valuable information, as well as evidence of the effectiveness and safety of clinical trials. A synergistic effect has been demonstrated when chemotherapy, immunotherapies, and targeted therapies are used in conjunction.

394-405

Authors: Akue A

Identification of antibiotic residues in meat and eggs of laying hens in Togo and the ban in 2006 on using antibiotics growth promoter (AGP) in animal production by the World Health Organization induce the use of medicinal plants with antimicrobial effects, such as AGP alternatives in poultry production. For the same purpose, this study was conducted to contribute to studies using phytobiotics as alternatives to AGP in poultry production. Indeed, antibiotics have been substituted by Eucalyptus globulus leaf powder (ELP) during the starter phase. Polyphenolic compounds from ELP were determined, and the effects of different rates of ELP supplementation on growth performance, mortality, and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. A total of 460 one-day-old laying chicks (Isa brown) were randomly allocated to 5 groups, each consisting of 4 replications, with 23 chicks in each replication. Treatments consisted of the basal diet (BD) without ELP and antibiotics, a negative control (group EGO-), BD with antibiotics and no ELP, a positive control (group EGO+), BD + 0.25% of ELP without antibiotic (group EG1), BD with 0.50% of ELP without antibiotic (group EG2), and BD with 1% ELP without antibiotic (group EG3). The rates of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% mean 0.25 kg, 0.5 kg, and 1 kg of ELP for 100 kg of BD, respectively. The study revealed that ELP contains flavonoids (4.85 μg QE/mg), tannins (30.34 μg CE/mg), and total phenols (165.2 μg AGE/mg). Supplementation did not affect feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio, and mortality of Isa brown laying hens during the starter phase (8 weeks) in all treatment groups. However, the chicks that received ELP had the best FI and BWG, which was not significantly different from the control groups. The biochemical parameters such as total proteins, albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and glycemia were not affected by ELP supplementation. Among the hematology parameters, the leukocyte decreased in the groups fed with ELP, while mortality was unaffected. The results of the present study indicated that ELP inclusion rate of 0.25% could serve as the best antibiotic replacement for Isa brown laying hens during the starter phase.

419-425

Authors: Prayogi HS, Suyadi

The environmental changes in the animal’s body status could manifest as a physiological response. The present study investigated the impact of body condition, microclimate, wind speed, and air pollutants on the physiological response of laying hens. Therefore, a total of 172 laying hens at 16 weeks of age from Isa Brown were investigated for 5 days. Data on body condition, microclimate, wind speed, and physiological response were recorded and then analyzed using the SEM model by Partial Least Square- Structural Equation Modeling using smartPLS. The obtained result revealed that 59.71% of the physiological response of the chickens (respiratory rate and rectal temperature) reared at the open house system could be predicted by the independent. The microclimate (y = 0.465) was found to be more effective than body condition (y = 0.237), wind speed (y = -0.364), and air pollutant (y = 0.08). Moreover, it was found that as much as 83.1% of the air pollutants in the open house system could be predicted by the independent variables, and wind speed (y = -0.890) was more effective than microclimate (y = 0.074) variables.

440-449

Authors: El-Komy EM

A Genetic characteristics and population structure within and among Egyptian indigenous chicken strains are important for identifying some genetic resources. The present study aimed to use microsatellite markers to determine similarity and genetic distance among different genotypes and their association with growth and production traits in Egyptian indigenous chicken strains. The current study included 800 chickens and 100 genomic DNA samples obtained from four Egyptian local chicken strains of four different areas (Dokki-4, Mandarah, Anshas, and Al-Salam) in Egypt. Their genetic characteristics, population structure, phylogenetic relationships, and their association with body weight were analyzed using seven microsatellite markers. The performance of 200 chicks from each strain was assessed in terms of individual body weight and growth rate. Al-Salam strain had a significantly higher body weight than the other strains up to 12 weeks of age among the four lines of Egyptian local chickens. Additionally, male chickens across all strains indicated significantly higher body weight than females from 2 weeks of age until the end of the experiment. The study revealed a total of 68 alleles from the 7 loci across 4 chicken strains, with an average of 9.71. The average of observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content were 0.799, 0.358, and 0.707, respectively. The Mandarah strain had the highest observed allele number of 5.37; however, the lowest observed allele number was 3.12 for the Dokki strain. Analysis of population structure revealed that the four chicken strains should be divided into three clusters based on the highest log-likelihood values (ΔK value, 56.3). The results showed a degree of heterozygosity in the Mandara strain with 66.7% individual memberships, indicating a level of admixture. On the other hand, the Al-Salam strain indicated a high genetic diversity with 99% individual membership. The current study provides valuable insights for future genetic polymorphism studies, the advancement of breeding programs, and strategies for the conservation of the Egyptian local chicken strains.