Journal of World's Poultry Research

151-167

Authors: Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany

ABSTRACT Fowl Adeno Viruses (FAdVs) are non-enveloped and double-stranded DNA viruses. They include eight species (FAdVs A-E) and 12 serotypes (FAdVs-1 to -8a and -8b to -11). Strains of FAdVs have been widely distributed in different countries all over the world. Most avian species are susceptible to FAdVs infections. Vertical, horizontal, and mechanical infections and transmissions have been recorded in different forms of FAdVs infection. There are many forms of FAdVs infections according to the groups (including three groups) of the virus. Group 1 usually causes inclusion body hepatitis, hydropericardium syndrome, quail bronchitis, pancreatic erosions, gizzard erosion, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and respiratory systems disorders. Group II is incriminated in diseases, such as turkey hemorrhagic enteritis, marble spleen disease in pheasants, and splenomegaly in chickens. In addition, group III is responsible for egg drop syndrome in laying chickens. Diagnosis of FAdVs infections is not based on the signs and lesions. However, microscopic detection of specific lesions and inclusion bodies may be suggestive. Diagnosis is mainly based on the conventional traditional isolation in embryonated eggs of different avian species as well as on tissue culture of avian origin. Molecular diagnostic techniques are now widely used for rapid and confirmative detection of FAdVs. The application of sanitary and hygienic measures in poultry farms is very important to prevent FAdVs outbreaks. However, different types of inactivated, living attenuated as well as recombinant vaccines have been developed and used in several countries to overcome different forms of FAdVs. Therefore, this review article deals with the FAdVs susceptibility and transmission, the etiological agent, forms of infections, and diagnosis as well as different methods of prevention and control.

174-182

Authors: Anna Mykhailivna Tyshkivska

Detection of the time required to reach the maximum concentration in the organs promotes better prediction of antibiotics activity for the treatment of infectious diseases in broiler chickens. The current article presented the research results of the intake, distribution, and elimination of the antibiotic Tilmox 25% (the active ingredient is tilmicosin phosphate (TPh)) from the body of healthy broiler chickens (cross COBB-500) during oral administration. The findings of the current study indicated the rapid absorption of TPh from the digestive tract of a fowl and its intake into the internal organs. The maximum TPh content was observed in the lungs and liver 2 hours after the start of the Tilmox solution using which amounted to 17.02 ± 0.24 and 12.78 ± 0.22 µg/g, respectively. The maximum values of 8.25 ± 0.19μg/g were recorded for the kidneys after 26 hours, and for the pectoral muscles and heart after 52 hours (6.19 ± 0.28 and 5.23 ± 0.39 μg/g, respectively). The content of TPh in the lungs, liver, and kidneys did not depend on the duration of Tilmox watering when clinically healthy broiler chickens were watered with 25% Tilmox solution. In some periods of the experiment, the TPh content increased in the pectoral and cardiac muscles, compared with the indicators 2-4 hours from the beginning of watering. The highest content of TPh was observed in the broiler chickens’ lungs during 96 hours of watering with the Tilmox solution which indicated its organ affiliation. After the poultry stopped drinking the 25% Tilmox solution, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of the active substance (TPh) within the organs. Thus, 24 hours after the cessation of drinking a 25% Tilmox solution (for 120 hours of the experiment), the content of TPh in the lungs was 1.9 times less than the previous indicators (for 96 hours), and it was estimated as 1.6, 1.4, 1.7, and 1.3 times in the liver, kidneys, pectoral muscles, and heart, respectively. Moreover, 5 days after the cessation of watering broiler chickens with Tilmox solution, the residual amounts of TPh in the organs under study were estimated as 1.20 ± 0.03 µg/g in the lungs, 1.01 ± 0.02 µg/g in the liver, and 0.91 ± 0.03 in kidneys. In the course of the research, the smallest content of TPh was detected only in one heart sample as 0.02 µg/g, and the drug was not detected in the pectoral muscles.

193-203

Authors: Negedu Onogu Ameji

Wild birds are involved in the spread of avian pathogens such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses over long distances. This study aimed to identify conditions that can promote poultry-wild bird interactions and consequently enhance risk of introduction, spread, and maintenance of avian pathogens within poultry population in Kogi State, Nigeria. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to poultry farmers and poultry sellers in farms, live bird markets (LBMs), and households and cross checked by observers using a checklist. Of the 108 respondents, 86.4% affirmed that wild birds scavenge for food on their farms, households, and LBMs, 73.1% kept poultry on free range and 67.9% indicated the presence of trees, where wild birds settle, on their farms, households, or LBMs. However, 53.3% were near major rivers/wetlands while 9.3% had fish ponds near their farms or households. Nonetheless, 94.7% of respondents dispose dead poultry and litter in refuse dumps and 77.2% of the respondents had farms along transit routes. Spearman’s rho showed strong positive correlations between poultry and wild bird interaction with high rates of scavenging by wild birds on farms and around households, presence of major rivers, free-range poultry and transit routes for live bird trade, spillage of poultry feed and presence of tress for roosting of wild birds on the farms. The frequencies of risk factors for poultry and wild bird interactions were high in Olamaboro, Ajaokuta, Dekina, Ofu, Ankpa, Lokoja, Okene, and Ogori-Mangogo local government areas of the State. There is a need to train poultry farmers and sellers of Kogi State on biosecurity practices to reduce the level of poultry and wild bird interactions to prevent the risk of the introduction and spread of avian pathogens by wild birds.

210-214

Authors: Marwa Suliman Maged Ali

The available data from previous studies regarding the individual fatty acids profile of pigeon meat is limited. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the concentrations of different types of fatty acids in pigeon squabs meat. Seventy-five squabs samples were collected from butcher shops at Cairo and Giza governorates after that, the contained fat was extracted and subjected to fatty acid analysis using the gas-liquid chromatography technique. Results revealed that oleic acid had the highest percentage (36.61%) followed by linoleic acid (17.79%), palmitoleic fatty acid (8.95%), and finally, linolenic fatty acid (4.46%). On the other hand, low saturated fatty acids of pigeon meat were detected as palmitic and stearic fatty acids with percentages of 17.37% and 10.58%, respectively. Moreover, a lowered trace of trans fatty acids was detected (0.12%). Results indicated that pigeon meat could be considered as one of the beneficial meat sources due to its high content of both monosaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as low saturated fatty acids content.

223-229

Authors: Tyas Rini Saraswati

The present study aimed to observe the quality of quails’ eggs after being vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and given supplements of curcumin and turmeric powder. A total of 36 female quails at the age of 10 days were divided into four groups, including the control (P0), vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine (P1), vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and given 12 mg/quail/day of supplement curcumin (P2), and vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and given 108 mg/quail/day of supplement turmeric powder (P3). Vaccination was given twice, at the age of 32 and 60 days. The curcumin and turmeric powder were given every day until the age of three months. The results showed significantly different outcomes on glutamic pyruvate transaminase serum, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase serum, egg production (percentage of carbohydrates, protein, fat, cholesterol), and the physical quality of eggs, but it was not significantly different towards the liver weight. It can be concluded that quails vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and treated with supplements of curcumin and turmeric powder could improve liver function and increase egg production with better chemical and physical qualities.

241-251

Authors: Fletcher Padilla Del Valle

In the present study, the biochemical properties of two fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAdV4) sample strains were determined. These were previously isolated from the oviducts of laying chickens from two layer operations in East Japan, namely M and Y farms. Tests for stability and sensitivity, hemagglutinating (HA) activity, and growth in two different cell lines were performed. The results showed that the M farm strain, (Japan/Ibaraki/M-HB2/2016) was sensitive to 100% ethanol, 52°C and higher temperature, and formaldehyde. The Y farm strain (Japan/Ibaraki/YH6/2016) was sensitive to 70% ethanol, 100% ethanol, 52°C and higher temperature, and formaldehyde. Both strains were stable against ether and chloroform, and lacked HA activity. To the best of the author’s knowledge, these FAdV4 strains were the first to be detected and isolated from laying chicken’s oviduct. Their biochemical characteristics; specifically, sensitivy to heat and formaldehyde, can be included in farm cleanup and disinfection protocol. This could help in reducing environmental contamination. The strains propagated well in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) as indicated by cytopathic effect (CPE) observation with positive AAV-PCR and FAdV4-PCR results. The strains failed to propagate in MDCC-MSB1 cells as indicated by the negative results in both CPE and PCR. It appears that MDCC-MSB1 cells are not suitable for FAdV4 cultivation. However, only non-pathogenic FAdV4 strains were used in this work. It was not confirmed if pathogenic strains have the same behavior, perhaps, further trials are advisable. Future studies may benefit from the reduction of use of primary cells from live animals. This information contributes to the current understanding of FAdV4 characteristics.

259-270

Authors: Zhen Li

Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. After accidental exposure via food-chain of vultures feeding on livestock carcasses containing Diclofenac sodium residues leading to massive mortalities in vultures, its toxicity to avian has received widespread attention. In the present study, toxicity models of Diclofenac sodium to 30 specific-pathogen-free chickens aged 30 days were established through oral doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, and its toxicological effects in duodenum tissues and intestinal microorganism of the chickens were explored. The results showed that Diclofenac sodium increased the content of uric acid, but decreased the activity of Xanthine oxidase indicating that its toxicity was more due to the obstruction of the urate excretion. Urate deposited in duodenum tissues induced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor, fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor-α, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A, and caused severe edema, bleeding, villi shown broken and fallen off. In addition, after oral administration of Diclofenac sodium, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes significantly increased while the relative abundance of Lactobacillales decreased. Diclofenac sodium disturbed the steady state of the intestinal environment leading to the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria but reduced the abundance of beneficial bacteria. The current research gave the toxicity evidence of Diclofenac sodium in duodenal tissue and intestinal microorganism.