Journal of World's Poultry Research

73-83

Authors: Amanda Flávia S Rovida, Karina Midori Endo , Andressa Domingos Polli , Ligia Maria Cruvelatti Bulla , Elton Luiz Scudeler , Jéssica Aline Soares Abreu and Hélio Conte

Pest infestation, in general such as flies, is a problem faced by poultry workers in poultry breeding farms. Control of these populations is desirable, due to the damage they cause and, most times, it is done through chemical management, with insecticide application. Musca domestica is one of the species with the greatest ability to develop resistance to insecticides, and the digestive system, especially the midgut, is one of the most vulnerable organs to structural alteration, because in it there is production of digestive enzymes and absorption of nutrients. Damage caused by use of synthetic insecticides reactivated studies with bioinsecticides for being one of the most selective options in pest control. Furthermore, they do not cause environmental alterations such as food, soil, water poisoning and they are practically nontoxic to mammals. Among vegetable species with insecticidal activities that have been used a lot, we have neem, subtropical plant that shows low residual power and lower risk of intoxication for mammals and poultry. Thus the objectives that guided this work, was the observation of morphological alteration in M. domestica larvae and malformation of pupae after the use of neem, powder and emulsifiable oil at different concentrations (0,5%, 1%, 1,5%) were tested. Following, after the applications, the midgut of flies in larval stage was isolated, processed and analyzed under light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As in most dipterous, the cell types found were columnar cells and regenerative cells, which showed alterations such as: coalescing vacuoles, intercellular spaces, formation of cytoplasmic protrusions, broken microvilli, rough endoplasmic reticulum and dilated mitochondria. The statistical analysis registered for pupa malformation showed significant results in comparison to control, but there was no difference among treatments. The different concentrations of neem oil contributed in altering morphological and ultrastructurally the midgut in M. domestica larvae, interrupting its development. These results showed that in poultry breeding farms, neem oil can be a pratical alternative to the control of M. domestica.

90-97

Authors: Ould, sidi moctar Y, Azeroual, E, Kribii, A; El, ouardi A; Benazzouz, B; Ouichou, A; EL, Hessni A; Akhouayri, O and Mesfioui, A.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the dietary oils from fennel and anise on the zootechnical performances of Turkey. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. One Hundred turkey males meat strain BUT 10 (Meleagris gallopavo), of one day old, were weighed and randomly allotted into 5 groups of 20 turkeys each. These groups were fed, for 35 days, the basal diet (Control) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.2 g/kg of fennel oil (EOFVD1), 0.5 g/kg of fennel oil (EOFVD2), 0.2 g/kg of anise oil (EOPAD1) and 0.5 g/kg of anise oil (EOPAD2). The mean body weight of EOFVD2 group (807.85 g) was higher than other groups at the end of the treatment (P < 0.05). Likewise, mean body weight of the EOPAD1 group (782.45 g) was different from those of EOFVD1 (769.89 g), EOPAD2 (756.77 g) and Control group (768.35 g) (P < 0.01). The results related to the average day weight gain (ADG) indicated that subjects belonging to the batches treated with EOFVD2, EOPAD1 and EOFVD1, expressed the best performance with ADG respective of 79.46 ± 4.03 g/d, 51.12 ± 27.88 g/d, 50.47 ± 26.94 g/d, followed by control group (49.76 ± 26.67 g/d), against 49.98 ± 28.46 g/d for the EOPAD2 group with a difference which is statistically significant (P < 0.05). These results concluded that supplementing diets with essential oils of fennel and anise, which improved body weight, could be interesting feed additives for growth promotion turkey.

104-108

Authors: Getachew T, Kebede E, Ameha N, and T. Terefe A.

This experiment is designed to study the characteristics of village chicken husbandry practice, marketing and constraints in eastern Ethiopia. The study was conducted from July in four selected districts in the highlands of eastern Ethiopia (Haramaya, Kersa, Jarso and Meta). A total of 80 chicken owner households were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data on characteristics of village chicken production, feeds and feeding practices, housing, management of chicken and eggs, Marketing, diseases and constraints of village chicken production system were collected. Scavenging chicken production system is observed in all households of the districts. Average flock size of chickens in the study area was 9.4 birds and varied between 4 and 17 birds. In the present study, 82% of the households provide overnight housing within the family house for their chicken. Scavenging is the only feeding system encountered in all study districts with little grain supplementation. Most of the chicken are owned and managed by women (36.75%). Selling of unprocessed eggs and live chickens is mainly practiced. External parasites (mites), Coccidiosis and Newcastle disease were the most important and prevailing diseases in the study area with 39%, 38% and 34% incidence rates, respectively. The magnitude of occurrence of the parasites and diseases were higher in the wet season. Poor genetic quality, lack of extension service, inadequate veterinary service and poor management were the main constraints of village poultry production in the study area.

115-121

Authors: Akanbi O.B., Odita Ch.I., Okewole Ph.A., Bot Ch.J., Obalisa A, Pam E.G., John D.N., Shallmizhili J., Ijale G.O. and Alim B.

Information on turkey production and disease is rare in Nigeria, possibly because turkeys are seldom raised commercially. Also, turkeys require intensive husbandry and health care after hatching, which backyard poultry producers hardly provided especially, when raised in a disease endemic environment. In an attempt to document the diseases militating against turkey production in Nigeria, clinical and necropsy records were reviewed from veterinary practices in Jos and the Central Diagnostic Laboratory of the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria between 2009 - 2014. A total of 306 turkeys from backyard flocks were presented to the Veterinary clinics between 2009-2014 with various health complaints by backyard flock owners. Viral (Pox and Newcastle disease) and parasitic (Helminthosis, Coccidiosis and Ectoparasitism) diseases were mostly diagnosed. During the same period, 42 samples comprising 25 carcasses and 17 cloacal swabs were submitted for post mortem examination, virus isolation and microbiological test. Colisepticaemia, colibacillosis, pullorum disease, airsacculitis and infectious sinusitis are the main diseases diagnosed at post-mortem examination and microbiological test, while none of the samples were positive for influenza by virus isolation. It was observed that turkey rearing was small-scaled and kept as backyard poultry in North-central Nigeria. It can therefore be concluded from this study that turkeys raised in north-central city of Jos are affected by diseases ranging from viral to bacterial and parasitic, which can adversely affect productivity. This can therefore be improved upon by controlling the diseases mostly affecting turkeys.

42-48

Authors: Laxmee Phagoo, Hudaa Neetoo*

The increased prevalence of Salmonella contamination in poultry has gained considerable scientific attention during the last few decades. Poultry is one of the most common reservoirs of Salmonella and contamination of poultry products can occur during the different stages of poultry production. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella in poultry and poultry products in Mauritius. Thirty poultry samples were analyzed for Salmonella using traditional culturing, serological and PCR assays. The isolates were then tested for resistance against five antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin and tetracycline) using the disc diffusion susceptibility test. Serotyping showed positive agglutination for Salmonella using polyvalent Anti-O and Anti-H antisera. Out of the 30 samples tested, only 5 samples were confirmed as Salmonella. It was found that 72% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The frequency of antibiotic resistance ranked in the following order: tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (80%), streptomycin (80%), chloramphenicol (60%) respectively. However, 2 out of 5 isolates were susceptible to ampicillin. The findings of this study strongly indicated that antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. observed in this study are comparable to patterns of other countries.

58-62

Authors: Dashe Yakubu 1* , Raji Moshood 2 , Abdu Paul 3 , Oladele Blessing 4 , Oluwadare Lola 1

This study was conducted to isolate and study the phenotypic characteristics Pasteurella multocida organism recovered from commercial chicken with cases of fowl cholera in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 2000 samples consisting of bone marrow, heart, liver, lung and spleen (400 each) were collected from 400 clinically sick chickens for the isolation of P. multocida. Swab from each sample was cultured on 7% defibrinated sheep blood, MacConkey and casein sucrose yeast agar. Presumptive colonies of P. multocida were subjected to biochemical characterization and Microbact test. Disk diffusion method was employed to test for the sensitivity of the 12 P. multocida isolates confirmed by biochemical and Microbact test. The 12 isolates of P. multocida were tested for their sensitivity against 15 different antibiotics. Drug sensitivity test revealed that ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and gentamicin were (100%) highly effective against the 12 P. multocida isolates. High resistance of P. multocida was recorded for ampicillin 91.7%, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 83.3% and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 66.7%. It was concluded that biochemical characterization, Microbact test and antibiotic susceptibility test are essential for quick diagnosis and the selection of appropriate antibiotic agents for the treatment of fowl cholera.

21-28

Authors: Elbestawy Ahmed Ragab

Clostridial infections are important concern to poultry industry because of severe economic losses and increased mortalities. This study was carried to investigate the current situation of C. Perfringens infection in commercial broiler and layer chickens in El-Behera governorate, Egypt. The molecular identification of the genes of different toxins for the isolated C. Perfringens as well as the in-vitro and the in-vivo antibiotic sensitivity testing and the experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis were done. A total of 198 intestinal and liver samples were collected from chickens suffering from diarrhea from 40 flocks (31 commercial broilers, 3 commercial layers, 3 local cross breeders and 3 broiler breeder flocks). The rate of isolation was 72.1% of totally examined flocks and 65.1% of totally collected samples. In-vitro sensitivity test for 5 types A C. Perfringens isolates showed that isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin, metronidazole, and florfenicol. Three isolates of type A C. Perfringens were chosen for experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis and for antibiotic testing in-vivo and the results showed no statistical differences in clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, histopathological changes, re-isolation rate, average body weight and liver function tests among all the 3 isolates of type A C. Perfringens. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were better than florfenicol in the treatment of such conditions.

32-41

Authors: Muhammad Abdullahi Mahmud

Gross and morphometric studies were carried out on the Gastrointestinal Tracts (GIT) of three Nigerian indigenous genotypes of chicken with special reference to sexual dimorphism. Eighteen adult chickens of the three genotypes (three male and three female per genotype, all above one year of age) were bought from Mokwa local markets. They were quarantined for two weeks, stabilized for another weeks, live weights taken and then slaughtered using Halal method. After careful evisceration, GIT segments were examined grossly and then weights, lengths, thickness and width of the segments were obtained. The GIT of Normal feathered (No), Naked neck (Na) and Frizzle feathered (F) genotypes like in other breeds of chicken was found to consist of the crop, an expansion of the esophagus, located in the lower neck region, the glandular stomach (proventriculus), the muscular stomach (ventriculus), small intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (ceca and colorectum). The mean weights, lengths, thickness and widths of esophagus, proventriculus, ventriculus, small intestine and large intestine of the three genotypes studied were not significantly different from one another, except the weight of oesophagus and width of ventriculus. Also, no significant difference was found between male and female when the means of these parameters were compared irrespective of genotype involved. In conclusion, all the three genotypes have similar gross and morphometric patterns and in addition their ileum was the longest portion of the intestine in contrast to what was reported in other breeds of chicken in the literature.

01-09

Authors: Ugwu, Chidozie Clifford

Turkeys are of considerable economic and social significance to the traditional life of Nigerians but its production has been hampered by high cost of feedstuff. This study was carried out to determine the haematological parameters and serum chemistry of local grower turkeys fed Samsorg 17 and ICSV 400 sorghum varieties as replacement for higher cost maize in their diet. One hundred six weeks old grower turkeys were divided into nine groups of three replicates each on sex and weight equalization basis. The groups were randomly assigned to nine experimental turkey grower diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement level of maize with each of samsorg17 and ICSV400 varieties of sorghum. The feeding trial lasted 42 days. Six turkeys were randomly selected on trial day 38, blood samples were collected for haematological and serum biochemical analysis. RBC, HB, WBC and PCV were determined while MCHC, MCH AND MCV were calculated using appropriate formulae. Serum protein (albumin and globulin), sugar, cholesterol, urea, minerals and enzymes were also determined. The result indicated that only WBC count was higher and the serum sugar and creatinine was lower than normal range. The ALP level declined while SGPT increased with increasing dietary sorghum but SGOT followed no pattern. There was no observed adverse effect on the blood parameters of experimental grower turkeys fed these sorghum varieties and is therefore recommended as replacement for maize in their diets.

19-20

Authors: Samereh Ghavami

Megabacteriosis and staphylococosis are two important Infectious Diseases in Canary. Macrorhabdosis is a chronic progressively debilitating, gastrointestinal disease. Staphylococcus infections are common in poultry. Clinical signs are highly variable and dependent on siteorganisms. Present case report describes the Megabacteriosis and staphylococosis in canary. A dead canary was referred to the clinic of veterinary medicine, university of Tehran, Iran That was lethargic and had watery white droppings for 4 days. The proventriculus was dilated and erosive lesions were seen. In wet smear prepared from proventriculus, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster was observed by light microscope. A purulent mass was detected in metatarsal joint, the gram staining of suspected mass determined the bird suffered from staphylococosis. Prescribed drugs for Megabacteriosis and Staphylococosis were nystatin and enrofloxacin respectively.