Journal of World's Poultry Research

73-83

Authors: Amanda Flávia S Rovida, Karina Midori Endo , Andressa Domingos Polli , Ligia Maria Cruvelatti Bulla , Elton Luiz Scudeler , Jéssica Aline Soares Abreu and Hélio Conte

Pest infestation, in general such as flies, is a problem faced by poultry workers in poultry breeding farms. Control of these populations is desirable, due to the damage they cause and, most times, it is done through chemical management, with insecticide application. Musca domestica is one of the species with the greatest ability to develop resistance to insecticides, and the digestive system, especially the midgut, is one of the most vulnerable organs to structural alteration, because in it there is production of digestive enzymes and absorption of nutrients. Damage caused by use of synthetic insecticides reactivated studies with bioinsecticides for being one of the most selective options in pest control. Furthermore, they do not cause environmental alterations such as food, soil, water poisoning and they are practically nontoxic to mammals. Among vegetable species with insecticidal activities that have been used a lot, we have neem, subtropical plant that shows low residual power and lower risk of intoxication for mammals and poultry. Thus the objectives that guided this work, was the observation of morphological alteration in M. domestica larvae and malformation of pupae after the use of neem, powder and emulsifiable oil at different concentrations (0,5%, 1%, 1,5%) were tested. Following, after the applications, the midgut of flies in larval stage was isolated, processed and analyzed under light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. As in most dipterous, the cell types found were columnar cells and regenerative cells, which showed alterations such as: coalescing vacuoles, intercellular spaces, formation of cytoplasmic protrusions, broken microvilli, rough endoplasmic reticulum and dilated mitochondria. The statistical analysis registered for pupa malformation showed significant results in comparison to control, but there was no difference among treatments. The different concentrations of neem oil contributed in altering morphological and ultrastructurally the midgut in M. domestica larvae, interrupting its development. These results showed that in poultry breeding farms, neem oil can be a pratical alternative to the control of M. domestica.

90-97

Authors: Ould, sidi moctar Y, Azeroual, E, Kribii, A; El, ouardi A; Benazzouz, B; Ouichou, A; EL, Hessni A; Akhouayri, O and Mesfioui, A.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the dietary oils from fennel and anise on the zootechnical performances of Turkey. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. One Hundred turkey males meat strain BUT 10 (Meleagris gallopavo), of one day old, were weighed and randomly allotted into 5 groups of 20 turkeys each. These groups were fed, for 35 days, the basal diet (Control) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.2 g/kg of fennel oil (EOFVD1), 0.5 g/kg of fennel oil (EOFVD2), 0.2 g/kg of anise oil (EOPAD1) and 0.5 g/kg of anise oil (EOPAD2). The mean body weight of EOFVD2 group (807.85 g) was higher than other groups at the end of the treatment (P < 0.05). Likewise, mean body weight of the EOPAD1 group (782.45 g) was different from those of EOFVD1 (769.89 g), EOPAD2 (756.77 g) and Control group (768.35 g) (P < 0.01). The results related to the average day weight gain (ADG) indicated that subjects belonging to the batches treated with EOFVD2, EOPAD1 and EOFVD1, expressed the best performance with ADG respective of 79.46 ± 4.03 g/d, 51.12 ± 27.88 g/d, 50.47 ± 26.94 g/d, followed by control group (49.76 ± 26.67 g/d), against 49.98 ± 28.46 g/d for the EOPAD2 group with a difference which is statistically significant (P < 0.05). These results concluded that supplementing diets with essential oils of fennel and anise, which improved body weight, could be interesting feed additives for growth promotion turkey.

104-108

Authors: Getachew T, Kebede E, Ameha N, and T. Terefe A.

This experiment is designed to study the characteristics of village chicken husbandry practice, marketing and constraints in eastern Ethiopia. The study was conducted from July in four selected districts in the highlands of eastern Ethiopia (Haramaya, Kersa, Jarso and Meta). A total of 80 chicken owner households were randomly selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data on characteristics of village chicken production, feeds and feeding practices, housing, management of chicken and eggs, Marketing, diseases and constraints of village chicken production system were collected. Scavenging chicken production system is observed in all households of the districts. Average flock size of chickens in the study area was 9.4 birds and varied between 4 and 17 birds. In the present study, 82% of the households provide overnight housing within the family house for their chicken. Scavenging is the only feeding system encountered in all study districts with little grain supplementation. Most of the chicken are owned and managed by women (36.75%). Selling of unprocessed eggs and live chickens is mainly practiced. External parasites (mites), Coccidiosis and Newcastle disease were the most important and prevailing diseases in the study area with 39%, 38% and 34% incidence rates, respectively. The magnitude of occurrence of the parasites and diseases were higher in the wet season. Poor genetic quality, lack of extension service, inadequate veterinary service and poor management were the main constraints of village poultry production in the study area.

115-121

Authors: Akanbi O.B., Odita Ch.I., Okewole Ph.A., Bot Ch.J., Obalisa A, Pam E.G., John D.N., Shallmizhili J., Ijale G.O. and Alim B.

Information on turkey production and disease is rare in Nigeria, possibly because turkeys are seldom raised commercially. Also, turkeys require intensive husbandry and health care after hatching, which backyard poultry producers hardly provided especially, when raised in a disease endemic environment. In an attempt to document the diseases militating against turkey production in Nigeria, clinical and necropsy records were reviewed from veterinary practices in Jos and the Central Diagnostic Laboratory of the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria between 2009 - 2014. A total of 306 turkeys from backyard flocks were presented to the Veterinary clinics between 2009-2014 with various health complaints by backyard flock owners. Viral (Pox and Newcastle disease) and parasitic (Helminthosis, Coccidiosis and Ectoparasitism) diseases were mostly diagnosed. During the same period, 42 samples comprising 25 carcasses and 17 cloacal swabs were submitted for post mortem examination, virus isolation and microbiological test. Colisepticaemia, colibacillosis, pullorum disease, airsacculitis and infectious sinusitis are the main diseases diagnosed at post-mortem examination and microbiological test, while none of the samples were positive for influenza by virus isolation. It was observed that turkey rearing was small-scaled and kept as backyard poultry in North-central Nigeria. It can therefore be concluded from this study that turkeys raised in north-central city of Jos are affected by diseases ranging from viral to bacterial and parasitic, which can adversely affect productivity. This can therefore be improved upon by controlling the diseases mostly affecting turkeys.