International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research

560 - 570

Authors: Ümit Bulut , Ahsen Seda Kılıç Bulut

The goal of this paper is to examine the education-growth nexus for 5 middle-income countries (Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey) using schooling rate as the indicator of education over the period 1987-2015. The paper first performs cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity tests and then employs the bootstrap panel Granger causality test developed by Konya (2006). According to the findings, while there is unidirectional causality from schooling rate to GDP in Thailand, there is unidirectional causality from GDP to schooling rate in South Africa. The findings of the paper indicate that schooling rate is not a good proxy for human capital. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed in the conclusion part.

580 - 584

Authors: Sercan Öncen , Serkan Aydın , Salih Pınar

Vertical jump is regarded as high power output that can be reached by maximum muscular contraction taking place in less than one second and described as explosive power. Different results may be obtained in different methods applied to the same individual in vertical jump measurements. In the study, it has been aimed to present an equation model at the end of determining the correlation between Stride Bluetooth Sensor (PSBS), Jumpster mobile phone jumping test program (JSP) and Vertical Jump Test (VJT) and deducing by simple linear regression model. 56 male and 34 female participants having 19,4 ± 1,1 year, have been included in the study. Average height of jump of the participants have been measured as PSBS 32.8 ± 8,2 cm, JSP 39.2 ± 8.2 cm and VJT 43.6 ± 8.6 cm. There is a positive relationship of r= 792**, r= 804** according to the Person correlation analysis results between the results of PSBS and JSP tests and VJT test.

599 - 616

Authors: Niran Cansever , Nilüfer Negiz , Seda Efe

Günümüzde, yerel kamusal hizmet sunumunda en önemli aktör olarak belediyeler karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle 2000'li yıllar sonrasında hizmette etkinlik ve etkililiği sağlamak için pek çok düzenleme yapıldığı görülür. Ancak yerel hizmette etkinlik konusunda beklenen dönüşümün gerçekleşebilmesi, yerel aktörlerde böyle bir bilincin ve isteğin ortaya çıkmasıyla mümkün olabilecektir. Bu çalışma, yerel halk tarafından seçilen ve en önemli yerel aktörlerden biri olan belediye meclisi üyelerinin, bu konular hakkındaki algıları ve nitelikleri üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu noktada çalışmanın örneklemi Isparta Belediye Meclisi ve Isparta'nın ilçesi olan Yalvaç Belediye Meclisidir. Bu doğrultuda bu belediye meclislerinin hizmet etkinliğine bakışı, "nitelik sorunsalı" kapsamında ampirik olarak incelenmiştir.

629 - 644

Authors: Şenay Kırgız

It is an indisputable fact that literature is in interaction with other branches of science, and that this interdisciplinary interaction greatly enriches literary works. Because of this rich blend, literature is tightly bound to many disciplines. This study focuses on a concept that corresponds both to literature and to psychology. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, who is the prominent figure of analytical psychology, puts forward the concept of archetype, which can also be defined as the “first example.” Jung defines the collective unconscious through the concept of archetype. The archetype exists in the range of collective unconscious and corresponds to a cultural heritage coded within the individual. This study examines the concept of archetype using Marlen Haushofer’s novel Die Wand (The Wall) as a point of reference. With the aid of the psychology, which can function as a tool for decoding literary texts, and the hidden messages placed into the text by the author will be attempted to be revealed with the use of archetypal analysis.

661 - 676

Authors: Mustafa Enes Işıkgöz , Melike Esentaş [ , Mahmut Işıkgöz

The aim of this study is to examine the value levels of secondary school students towards physical education and sports lesson according to various variables. The study group of this research, which is descriptive in the screening model constitutes 373 students who study in the Secondary school located in the Batman province center during the academic year of 2017-2018 spring term. The data of the study were collected with "Physical Education and Sport Classroom Value Scale".It was observed that secondary school students showed the highest value level of “awareness” (4,54±0,56) and the lowest value level of “national culture and cooperation” (3,77±1,06) regarding Physical Education and sports. Other sub-dimensions are "Respect" (4,45 ± 0,56), "Solidarity" (4,29 ± 0,61), "Healthy Living and Nutrition" (4,25 ± 0,71), respectively; and determine the value levels of students. In this study, it was concluded that secondary school students frequently and always display the values related to physical education and sports lessons and they are aware of these values.

689 - 697

Authors: Nevra Baker

This research attempts to explain the moderating effect of leader emotional expressivity on the relationship between authentic leadership and follower job satisfaction. Accordingly, quantitative data, collected via survey administration to front-line employees of service-rendering companies from Istanbul was used to test the hypotheses. The findings of this study revealed that the strength of leader emotional expressivity weakened the positive contributions of authentic leadership to follower job satisfaction for leaders who demonstrate a high level of authentic leadership. On the other hand, higher leader emotional expressivity compensates for the low levels of authentic leadership in terms of increasing follower job satisfaction.

721 - 729

Authors: Miloud Fekih

Technology has become a noteworthy element in teaching, including the case of EFL (English as a Foreign Language). There seems to be a never-ending list of various uses of technology to achieve and accomplish particular tasks in a spectrum of fields, such as business, medicine, architecture, and education. Teachers, in general, have to teach varied learners with different needs and exceptionalities, where technology is of paramount significance in order to help teachers accommodate the required interests of learners, especially for those with special educational needs such as dyslexia. The present paper aims to investigate Algerian EFL teachers’ perspective on dyslexia where teachers highlighted the lack of technology in teaching affected learners. A sample of 42 EFL teachers was recruited from different middle schools in Algeria from the four regions (North, West, East, and South). A triad of research tools was employed: a questionnaire, interviews, and ending up with focus group discussions. Results revealed that there is a serious reported lack regarding the use of technology in Algerian Middle schools. Additionally, Teachers reported that one of the biggest challenges that they face in Algeria is the classic way of teaching English where technology is still not used in a way that can make both processes of teaching and learning easy and effective. Likewise, findings showed that there is no particular technology in teaching those with dyslexia, where teachers highly recommend the integration of technology in Algerian schools for the purpose of improving the quality of education.

741 - 749

Authors: Nevra Baker

This research attempts to explain the moderating effect of leader emotional expressivity on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and follower trust in leader. Accordingly, quantitative data, collected via survey administration to front-line employees of service-rendering companies from Istanbul was used to test the hypotheses. The findings of this study revealed that the strength of leader emotional expressivity weakened the positive contributions of LMX to follower trust in leader for leaders who engage in a high level of LMX. On the other hand, higher leader emotional expressivity compensates for the low levels of LMX relationship in terms of increasing follower trust in leader.

412 - 420

Authors: Zeynep Aydın Sünbül , Ferah Çekici

The purpose of this study is to understand the role of basic personality traits and attachment styles in predicting homesickness among first year college students. The study was conducted with 177 preparation class students who have moved to another city away from their family. Data was collected through ''Utrecht Homesickness Scale'' developed by Stroebe, Vliet, Hewstone, and Willis (2002), ''The Big Five Inventory'' by Benet-Martinez and John (1998) and ''Relationships Scales Questionnaire'' developed by Griffin & Barholomew (1994). Fearful and preoccupied attachment styles and neuroticism were found as significant predictors in explaining homesickness. Attachment styles and personality traits were found to explain 15% of variance in homesickness.

433 - 446

Authors: Murat Tuncer , Melih Dikmen , Ahmet Egemen Akmençe

The purpose of this study is to examine students' learning styles and their attitudes towards mobile learning. In this study, a screening model was used to describe the existing situation. In this context, research was conducted on 209 undergraduate students at Fırat University. To collect data, Kolb Learning Styles Inventory developed by Kolb and adapted to Turkish by Evin Gencel was used. The Mobile Learning Attitude scale developed by Demir and Akpınar was used to examine students' attitudes toward mobile learning. When the findings were examined, it was determined that 46.4% of the students had Assimilator, 25.8% of them Divergers, 14.8% of them Convergers and 12.9% of them had Accommodator learning style. The students with the highest attitude towards mobile learning were found to have a Converger learning style. It was determined that the students with the lowest attitudes towards mobile learning had a Diverger learning style. Among the important characteristics of the individuals with a Converger learning style are shown to prefer to work individually in learning activities. It can be said that individuals who have a Converger learning style are positively influenced by their attitudes toward mobile learning, because many applications on mobile learning platforms allow individual learning.

455 - 466

Authors: Mehmet Özberk

One of the most original voices of Russian immigrant literature, Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov composed “The Luzhin Defence” and in this Russian novel, the real and metaphysical life, genius and insanity, game and player encounter as on a chess plane. For Nabokov chess is a world apart from a mind game with rigid rules and unlimited possibilities of moves. The protagonist Luzhin, is totally closed to the outside world and faces inward. He frees up his inner world of moves he made in chess, and by this way, he accomplishes restlessness, oppression in own family and difficulty of life. In this wise, while in the abstract world he can control his own truth, he is completely defenseless in normal life, which is regarded as a dream. This paper aims to make an overall assessment on place the novel “The Luzhin Defence” in Russian immigrant literature and Nabokov’s perspective in game, music, abstract and concrete world, human nature and psychological death concepts.

483 - 500

Authors: Özlem Kurtoğlu Zorlu

The aim of this study is to investigate Turkish and English proverbs related to the concept of otherness to identify similarities and differences between these two languages and cultures. Proverbs including words related to the concept of otherness such as ‘başkası’, ‘el’, ‘eloğlu’, etc. in Turkish and ‘other(s)’ in English and proverbs including words about social relations are analyzed in terms of the point of view they reflect to understand who are considered as “others” in these cultures. Findings indicate that in Turkish idioms, words about others are more frequently used and others are reflected negatively. In Turkish proverbs, the poor, step-children, girls and daughters, women, people with disabilities, Gipsies, Kurds and non-muslims are considered as others. In English proverbs, Indians, Greeks and Frenchmen are obviously seen as others.

514 - 529

Authors: Merve Can Maraşlı

With the sense of nationalism as a 'cultural movement' based on the unity of common language, history, emotion, tradition, custom and geography in essence, nationalism has become an ideology that states use for unifying and integrating society. According to this understanding, the bond of citizenship and common living are taken as basis, not the race. Indeed, the establishment of the Republic of Turkey was realized as a result of such an idea. One of the examples of the movement of the Turkish nation in unity and integrity around various nationalist elements has been the coup attempt of July 15th. In this study, it was aimed to see how and in what way nationalist elements were used in the July 15th films prepared to emphasize the democratic system and the unity and integrity of the country after the failure of the coup attempt. As a sample, 'July 15th Documentary of Presidency' was handled and this documentary film was analyzed by content analysis method. It has been revealed how both the visual and audiovisual elements that make up the film overlap with the emphasis of nationalism and how it reproduces it. This work is important to see how nationalism is used in films prepared by the state as an ideology that provides for integration.

547 - 559

Authors: Sevim Güllü

Employee happiness is one of the current issues in the organizational behavior field. It is quite a new concept in Turkish literature, and there is no study examining the employee happiness at sports business in literature, which makes the study an original one. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between demographic variables and employees’ happiness levels at sports businesses. This study’s sample consisted of 115 employees who have worked at four different sports businesses in İstanbul. This study uses a screening model. In the first part of the study, the participants provided information for the demographical variables. In the second part, participants completed the Employee Happiness Scale (Hills and Argyle), which had been developed and used in a master thesis (Akdeniz, 2016). The reliability of this instrument was assessed for the current study. Percentage and frequency tests were held so as to determine the range of the participants’ personal information. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used to examine whether the data had a normal distribution. The test results showed that the data obtained from the scale did have a normal distribution (p<0.05). Therefore, an independent t-test for 2-variable data and a one-way variance test (ANOVA) for more than two variables were conducted. According to the data analysis, there were statistically no significant differences between participants’ happiness and specific variables such as gender, marital status, employment type (payroll employment, contract labor, part-time employment) and salary (p>0.05). In a review of employee happiness in terms of age, the participants at the age of 26 and older were observed to express more opinions (t=-2.486; p=0.014<0.050). In terms of education, the participants with high school degree were found to express fewer opinions when they were compared to the participants with associate, bachelor or master degree (t=-2.352; p=0.020<0.050). In this sense, the study shows parallels with the issues surrounding counterproductive behaviors, organizational aberration and organizational revenge, all of which refer to negative organizational behaviors. This is because some studies in the literature demonstrate that as age, educational status and employment position rise, the negative behaviors decrease, similar to the finding of the current study demonstrating that the greater age and educational status were, the higher the level of happiness employees had.

199 - 206

Authors: Zohaib Zahid , Mamuna Ghani

The language learners in Pakistan are required to get adequate knowledge of English language in order to strive for a better future. It has been investigated that in few parts of the world the learners are inclined towards their social identity, culture, tradition and values which sometimes hinder them to speak foreign language. It has been observed by the linguists that social identity is a cause of anxiety in second language learners in different parts of the world. Due to inclination towards their own language, the students become reluctant to use another language which ultimately makes them anxious and less proficient learners. This study has been conducted to investigate whether social identity is also a cause of anxiety in second language learning in Pakistan. The researchers have focused the main and core issues of identity which are stuck in the minds of the language learners when they learn English language.

230 - 244

Authors: Çağrı Utkan , Oğuzhan Kırdök

This study aims to adapt the four-dimensional Occupational Commitment Scale into Turkish, and to measure the adapted version’s validity and reliability. The study sample consisted of 525 teachers (59.7% females and 40.3% males) working at public schools at Çukurova, Adana. The data was collected from two different groups of teachers for confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis. The data was analyzed with SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 22.00 statistics programs. For the analysis results related to construct validity, it was shown that the model, consisting of 22 items and four dimensions, adapted well (x2=421.635, sd=200, x2/sd=2.108, NFI=.90, IFI=.95, CFI=.95, GFI=.87, RMR=.80, RMSEA=.64, SRMR=.06). The factor analysis results showed that the scale’s four dimensions explained 68.88% of the variance. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was .90, and the internal consistency coefficients related to the sub-dimensions were between .83 and .95. The study findings suggest that the Turkish adaption of the Occupational Commitment Scale is a valid and reliable assessment instrument.

252 - 274

Authors: Arif Furkan Mendi

In this analysis, firstly the history of tea is introduced. Then briefly overview of the economic and business environment in our country is done. The past and present conditions and dynamics of Turkish tea sector are summarized. Then, production, consumption, import and export of the tea is shown. Then from the economic aspects, the market is analyzed and the structure of the market is identified. Leading firm and the other firms' shares are explored and the competition in the market is measured. As an empirical study, price elasticity of demand in tea sector is investigated. Furthermore, financial position and success of ÇAYKUR is examined through ratio analysis. Lastly, interaction between market index and tea sales is studied by regression analysis. The results and discussion parts summarize the main results of the study in detail.

289 - 308

Authors: Merve Acar , Rafet Aktaş

This review of accounting education literature and content analysis includes 516 articles published over eight-year period, 2009-2016, in nine accounting journals which are pressed in worldwide and Turkey. The main purpose of this paper is to organize and summarize most recent focal points of accounting education literature. The data were examined via content analysis and presented using descriptive statistical methods. We categorized the literature into five sections corresponding to traditional lines of inquiry (curricular issues, learning and assessment, educational technology, issues about faculty and students). According to the results, "assurance of learning and assessment" and "curricular issues" were the topics mostly focused on in the articles. Also moving in the same direction with the dynamism of financial world; auditing, ethical issues and fraud gain more importance.

317 - 329

Authors: Erhan Akyazı

When the etymological roots of the word sport are examined, we encounter the definition of "a game involving physical exercises". In this sense, it is possible to say that sport started in B.C. 2000. In another definition, sport is the combination of all the body movements applied according to some rules, performed in the form of individual or collective competitions. According to this definition, it is possible to say that sport started with the olympic games in B.C. 776. Regardless of its description and history, sports have become a multi-billion-dollar industry today. In today's modern world, one of the activities that the sports industry must fulfill is to be in constant communication with its stakeholders. Many tools, which are generalized with the name of social media, make this task both easier and more effective. Social media tools have become increasingly similar to each other in recent times, but the features they offer can put them at the forefront. One of the most popular social media tools of today is Instagram, which first met its users in 2010. Scientific research shows that auditory and visual contents are more striking and more memorable. Therefore, the popularity of Instagram is not surprising. In this context, the study aims to examine how sports clubs use Instagram in the context of sports communication. There are 61 federations that are connected to the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Turkish Republic. Turkish Football Federation has an autonomous structure connected to the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Turkish Republic. There are currently 13 leagues connected to the Turkish Football Federation. The highest leveled one of these leagues is the Spor Toto Super League which has a large number of fans. Every sports club must be in contact with its stakeholders, especially its supporters. Because of the large number of supporters, the sample of the study was determined as the Instagram accounts of the football teams within the Spor Toto Super League.

344 - 358

Authors: F. Hülya Dikici

The purpose of this study is to explain the management aspects of the hotel management to the management of the customer relationship, works carried out and the present situation of the customer relationship management in the hotel business. For this purpose, the managers of the three stars and below hotels located in the city center of Isparta have been identified as the target audience. Based on the semi-structured interview technique with the target group, the customer relationship management of the hotels in Isparta was analyzed by descriptive and systematic analysis method. As a result of the analysis of the interviews, the hotel managers stated that the satisfaction of the hotel customers will create customer loyalty. As a result of the analysis of the interviews, the hotel managers stated that the satisfaction of the hotel customers will create customer loyalty. Managers have also stressed that customer satisfaction and loyalty together with the facilitation of the profitability and growth targets of the most basic purposes of the hotel enterprises are facilitated.

381 - 392

Authors: Masrul Hayati Kamarulzaman , Nurain Farahana Zainal Abidin , Siti Nur Shahira Dahari

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of how Customer Relationship Marketing Tactics (CRMTs) on customer loyalty in banking industry specifically the credit card users. Through data from credit card users of MBB and CIMB, we discuss five elements of CRMTs which are direct mail, preferential treatment, interpersonal communication, tangible rewards and membership and their influence on credit card users’ loyalty towards their main banks. The credit card industry in Malaysia has been shrinking since the intervention from Bank Negara Malaysia in 2009 which has led to greater competition among credit card issuers. One reason being, customers nowadays are not loyal to their providers as they tend to switch to other substitute services and to other banks. Therefore, to retain the customers, successful Relationship Marketing can be achieved by considering customers’ attitude towards their service provider through CRMTs. This will encourage both parties to appreciate the involvement in the relationship. This research findings’ support that all CRMTs have significant relationship with credit card users’ loyalty. Through multiple regressions, it was found that the most significance in contributing to credit card users’ loyalty was membership and direct mail. Therefore, the outcome of this research provides a guide for MBB and CIMB and also other financial institutions in charting strategic actions to maintain and retain their existing customers.

405 - 411

Authors: Siti Nur Shahira Dahari , Rosalie Hall

Potential effects of the Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, agreeableness and extraversion on academic Knowledge Acquisition activities and productivity were investigated in this study by utilising a large sample of academics from a Malaysian Public University. It contributes theoretically and empirically by demonstrating several effects of the Big Five on academic outcomes related to Knowledge Acquisition activities. The study also has practical significance based on its implications for university faculty members, providing suggestions for better understanding of how they might increase their success at Knowledge Acquisition activities. A quantitative method was used, resulting in useable data from N = 985 respondents. Following descriptive analysis, hypotheses testing were conducted using a structural equation modelling approach. When all five personality traits were considered together, only openness, extraversion and agreeableness significantly predicted KA. Further recommendations were made for this study by adding different theory such as Theory of Planned Behaviour, motivation or user satisfaction components relationships for expanding further research.

1-17

Authors: Tanju Deveci, Nader Ayish

A common refrain is that today’s youth lack empathy and are concerned mainly with their own well-being. Freshman university students, especially those involved with project-based courses, have been singled out for this behavior. Students, once put on teams, may be expected to acquire the essential interpersonal skills. However, the interplay between personal responsibility and interpersonal communication is complex. This study investigated 143 freshman students’ responsibility and interpersonal communication propensities in the UAE. Data were collected using two questionnaires. Results indicate that the students’ responsibility and interpersonal communication scores were at a moderate level, while the responsibility scores of students in the second level course were higher. However, the students in the first level course had a slightly higher interpersonal communication. Female students’ interpersonal communication scores were more varied than male students’. A weak positive correlation appeared between responsibility and interpersonal communication scores. Results are discussed, and recommendations are made as to how to increase students’ responsibility behaviors in courses that require the effective use of interpersonal communication skills.

24-31

Authors: Rumen Vasilev, Vesela Mareva

The analysis of the topic aims at presenting the authors point of view, supporting the process of training students and all those interested in the topic of the possibilities of deviating from criminal proceedings child offenders and the temporal aspect of action. The authors presents only a brief view of this extremely broad and important topic of law enforcement. The idea of ​​the authors is to familiarize students with the thesis of the social and legal significance of the movement (the time horizon of preparation and realization) of educational cases, as an element of particular importance for children offenders, in which society is particularly sensitive.

41-48

Authors: Talmeez Naqvi, Shaikh Abul Barkat

India’s economic growth cannot be conceived in isolation of its household and tiny level industry such as the Aligarh lock industry. It is more so as the growth of India’s petty industrial units has not at par with the over all, rather rapid economic growth of the country and the artisans engaged in the household and tiny level units have also not been equally benefitted with the consequential profits. The Muslims who constitute large number of artisan class have particularly been at a loss as they tend to excessively concentrate in the low-paying jobs, engage in artisanal sectors, or else serve as casual labour. Most of them are self-employed in low income artisan based works. Above all, they are educationally more backwards than their counterparts in other communities. Restrained further by over all security scenario all this goes to curtail their mobility. The present field based study that ascertains the status of Muslim artisans of Aligarh lock industry brings forth the fact that the artisans have been struggling hard for sustaining with the bare minimum of resources (income), yet aspiring to stick to the same hereditary profession. Availing of educational facilities is a far cry for them. Yet, they like to expose their children to formal education, even though it looks the least beneficial to them. This takes us to the next stage: how to improve their lot through educational means that could be geared to provide craft centred education to them all and educate them in the art of marketing their product, a more profitable step for raising levels of income.

61-67

Authors: Kıvanç Bozkuş

In this research, which was conducted to determine burnout experienced by teachers working at public schools in Kütahya, Turkey data collected from 386 teachers were analyzed. Results indicate that almost half of teachers experience burnout. Great amount of teachers feel tired at least occasionally. Female teachers feel tired more than their male counterparts. Male teachers feel trapped, worthless and unsuccessful more than their female colleagues. Teachers working at technical high schools experience burnout more than other teachers. Reduction of teacher workload, exploration of why teachers experience burnout and generating preventive measures from research findings were suggested.

81-95

Authors: Kemal Can, Şafak Uluçınar Sağır

Metacognitive, which is a high level awareness system in which cognition is controlled and assessed, is influential on individual problem-solving abilities and self-efficacy perception. This research was conducted to investigate the metacognitive learning strategies, self-efficacy perceptions and problem solving skills of classroom teachers in terms of different variables and to determine the relation between them. Correlational survey method was used in this research. The research universe consists of class teachers in Aksaray and the sample consists of 109 female and 108 male teachers working in primary schools in Aksaray province in 2016-2017 academic year. The data were collected by teacher self-efficacy scale, problem solving scale, metacognitive learning strategies scale and personal information form. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the level of metacognitive learning strategies, problem solving skills and self - efficacy perception level of the class teachers were high. There was no significant difference between metacognitive learning strategies and problem solving skills according to age, gender and professional experience characteristics. In addition, while the self-efficacy perception does not show any significant difference according to sex, it shows a significant difference according and professional experience groups. It has been determined that there is a positive and moderately significant relation between classroom teachers' metacognitive learning strategies, self-efficacy perception and problem solving skills. It has been suggested that classroom teachers' self-efficacy perceptions, metacognitive learning strategies and the studies' they will do to improve problem-solving skills may increase the quality of instruction.

110-137

Authors: Ferdi Kılıç, Salih Paşa Memişoğlu

"School Administrators' Leadership Qualification Scale", "School Effectiveness Scale" and School Culture Scale were applied to 364 teachers in 72 SAC in Turkey in 2016. It has been found that the perceptions of the teachers', administrators regarding the subordinate dimensions of leadership competencies are "Very adequate". It was observed that teachers found their institutions effective at perceptions of teachers about sub-dimensions of institutional effectiveness; "many" levels in the safe and regular environment subdimension, open school mission and goals, high expectations, learning opportunities and development monitoring, and "very" level in school family relationships and instructional leadership subdimensions. The perceptions of teachers about the sub-dimensions of corporate culture were found to be at the level of "I fully agree". Although there were significant differences between the perceptions of the teachers' administrators' leadership competencies and institutional effectiveness the variables of the teachers' occupational seniority status, the way they were assigned to SAC, and the way administrators were assigned to SAC, there was no significant difference between the gender and educational status variables. There were no significant differences between gender status, vocational seniority status, and education status variables, although there were significant differences between the perceptions of teachers about institutional culture and the way in which teachers were assigned to SAC and administrators were assigned to SAC.

150-164

Authors: Bayram Oğuz Aydın, Özlem Duğan

Purpose of this study is to determine self-efficacy on writing of undergraduate students in field of public relations. In order to realize the purpose of the study, data is collected thanks to questionnaire from 67 university students, who take public relations copywriting course in fall semester of 2017 at communication faculty of a university in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. For determining the self-efficacy levels of public relations students, average scores are used and the independent sample t-test is used to determine differences by gender. Collected results showed that perception level of public relations students on writing self-efficacy were above the average. It is determined that students' perception of composition skills was higher than grammar usage. Another result is that while there is no difference in the composition between genders, women are more likely to see themselves than men in grammar use.

185-198

Authors: M. Nezih Özmutaf, Ipek Aydin

Backround: Non-governmental organizations (NGO) are social organizations that guide the presentation of social services and play an effective role on legislative, implementation and controlling processes. There are NGOs related to health services such as professional rights and sustainability, quality of service delivery, follow-up and feasibility of technological developments. There are different practices in the scope of the effects of NGOs to the social structure among countries. Additionally, there are differences between developed and developing countries. These differences may be from the value that governments give to NGOs and their place in society There are a number of NGOs developed for different purposes in Turkey as well. However, NGOs are carrying out activities, which are beneficial for society; it is possible to say that there are aspects that need improvement in Turkey. Many NGOs have aimed to provide services for the benefit of society. It is very important that NGOs evaluate the effectiveness of the services that they are offering. The evaluation of these activities can also provide realistic results by obtaining the views of healthcare managers. Because healthcare managers can be directly affect to the decisions taken by the administrations in planning, implementation and supervision stages. The main aim of this study is evaluation of the effectiveness of NGOs in planning, implementation and controlling processes. Methods: The present study aimed to assess the perceptions of healthcare managers on adequacy of NGOs. The universe of the study is composed of the health managers working in İzmir province. 105 health managers were involved in the study. Questionnaire was developed to collect data and conducted on the internet. Data was obtained by administrating a structured-questionnaire consisting two parts. The main part of the survey was developed to assess the perceptions of healthcare managers on adequacy of NGOs. The items were rated on a five-point scale (5= strongly agree; 4=agree; 3=neither; 2=disagree; 1=strongly disagree). The last part inquired demographic questions. After scanning process, questionnaires which are eligible to be included in the analysis, were computerized. Statistical program was used for data analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was applied in the study to measure construct validity. The reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of the data which were intended for overall effectiveness of NGOs data set, and each effectiveness of NGOs subscale items were tested. Correlation analysis was conducted in order to determine the direction and strength of the relationships among the effectiveness of NGOs. Finally, stepwise regression analysis was conducted to determine the effects of independent variables on the dependent variable. Statistically, p value which was equal or less than 0,05 was accepted to be significant. Results: The obtained data were analyzed with the statistical analysis program and the findings were interpreted. As a result, explanatory factor analysis and internal reliability analyses were conducted to the scale. For the effectiveness of NGOs data set, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin illustration value realized as 0.93, 19 variables are formed under two factors and explained 83,33% of the variance. These factors are named as basic functions; and secondary functions. The reliability tests were conducted on data for internal consistency. The general Cronbach’s alpha is found 0.98 for effectiveness of NGOs data sets, over the recommended value of 0.70 for reliability analysis. In the study there is no significant difference was found between the answers given by the health managers according to the gender, job and type of NGOs. In order to analyze the relationship among dimensions of effectiveness of NGOs, correlation coefficient values were calculated. There was a significant positive correlation between the dimensions of effectiveness of NGOs. Regression analysis is applied to determine the importance of independent variables on dependent variables. It is found out that R square value in regression analyses is in the sufficient level for the researches made in social sciences. The regression analysis aims to determine the relative importance of effectiveness of NGOs dimensions on adequacy of NGOs. Using the stepwise method, it was found that the overall model explains 0.32 of the variation in effectiveness of NGOs (p<0.001 R2 = 0.32). The Beta coefficients are calculated and according to the regression analysis performed, it has determined that only basic functions has a significant effect on adequacy of NGOs. Conclusions: NGOs, one of the main indicators of democratic societies, need to work adequately and effectively. According to results, to ensure NGOs’ activities sufficiently should focus on basic function of NGOs rather than secondary functions. First of all employees wanted to ensure physiological and safety needs. Improvements to be made in the effectiveness of basic functions will also enhance the adequacy of NGO activities. This study takes a micro stand by focusing on the views of healthcare managers on the effectiveness of NGOs. It is limited by the region and it can be carried out in country wide.