International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research

656-670

Authors: A. Sait Sönmez, Harun Bıçakçı, Cuma Yıldırım

Ukraine and Russia, the two Slavic societies, are two different nations even if they have common historical past and cultural ties. In the post-Cold War period, Russian and Ukrainian relations progressed in a problematic way. The strategic importance of Ukraine has increased more with the introduction of the transfer of energy sources in the former Soviet Union to the West. Ukraine as a country in the role of an energy corridor has become more important for Russia together with the increased role of the energy sector in the Russian economy. Ukraine as a country which is not rich in terms of natural gas and oil resources is a dependent country to Russia in this field. Therefore, an interdependence between the two countries has occurred due to Russia's energy resources and the location of Ukraine as a transit country. Ukraine has a privileged status compared to other republics in the era of Soviet Union. One of the republics in the UN General Assembly representing the USSR which has the Soviet nuclear industry is Ukraine. Moreover, Minsk summit where the decision of the disintegration of the Soviet Union was taken was held by the leaders of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine. As the Russia-USA competition deepens, the importance of Ukraine for the Western powers will increase. The Russian-American competition which is becoming very evident in Syria after the invasion of Crimea is the messenger of these possibilities. In such a case, the Western powers will see Ukraine as outpost or front country. This is because today the new frontier of Eastern and Western passes through the Ukraine-Georgia line. In this case, Ukraine will be supported by the economic and financial help of the West. All this is a case about the commitment of Russia to compete with Westerners. However, it is possible that Ukraine will encounter many problems in the internal politics and to enter the domain of Russia in the event that exhibit a stable attitude against Russia as in the example of Georgia. Russia has shown the cost of following a Western-axis foreign policy to the other former Soviet republics by invading Crimea. The issues appearing the East of Ukraine give the hints about the methods which Moscow will use afterwards. The invasion has increased further the opposition towards Russia in the Ukraine society. Georgia which was invaded by Russia begore and Azerbaijan which lost Karabakh due to the support provided to the Armenian society by Russia did not shift to a pro-Russian line as Moscow expected. On the contrary, perhaps Russia seems to have won Abkhazia, Ossetia and Crimea but lost Georgia and Ukraine. However, the Ukraine crisis was deepened by the invasion of Crimea, it is now a complex issue with global, regional and local reasons and results. Russia used to economy and energy issues in order to keep Ukraine under control. On 27 February 2014, Russia invaded the Crimea peninsula by using military force and did not refrain from the explicit violation of sovereignty. This case did not only affect the Russia-Ukraine relationship but also caused the biggest and the most serious crisis between Russia and the West. After the invasion of Crimea by Russia, Crimea went to referendum on 16 March 2014 about the future of the regions of the Autonomous Republic and Crimea joined Russia based on the results of the referendum. With the result of this referendum, the Russian Federation declared that Crimea is a part of the country. Although the Western Block considered this situation illegal, Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol federal cities joined the Russian Federation. Together with this, Donetsk and Lugansk regions with a higher Russian population in the eastern region of Ukraine also declared their independence from Ukraine and as a result of this, a civil war started in the country as a result of intervention of Kiev administration in this area. According to the EU data, more than 4 thousand people died during these incidents. The reasons behind this are the Russian-American competition, the maintained the struggle for dominance in the Eurasian geography, unstable political structure of Ukraine and the Russia-Ukraine relations can be referred to as the reasons of the crisis. One of the issues that negatively affects the Russia-Ukraine relations is the Western government outside the Ukraine foreign policy. This policy gained speed after the Orange Revolution in particular, mainly the Western foreign policy was started to be followed in the Yushchenko era. However, it should be pointed out that the pro-Western policies were followed during the periods of the leaders such as Kraucuk and Kuchma. These leaders were following a balance policy by taking into account the sensitive issues for Russia. On the other hand, despite the pro-Russians in the Ukrainian society, a European dependency has emerged in the country during the period after the independence. In this study Ukraine crisis will be analyzed in the context of political structure of Ukraine and Russia-Ukraine relations in accordance with the abovementioned reasons

680 - 691

Authors: Ermira Qosja, Ertila Druga

In any country, the students’ entrepreneurial spirit is of great economic and social importance. Students will be the entrepreneurs of the future and it is their plans and entrepreneurship which would deeply influence the society of tomorrow and its economic wellbeing. This paper intends to offer an input on the understanding of entrepreneurial spirit among students (of the European University of Tirana), to analyse such a spirit and goals, as well as factor affecting them: entrepreneurship education in the university, personal entrepreneurial motivation, impact of parents and family, and social and economic context. The analysis goes even further, looking at the impact of gender, area of study in university, and at how entrepreneurship is taught: whether through lectures only or it is also closely interlaced with practice at industry level. The paper is based on secondary literature, GUESSS report, and on an on-line distributed questionnaire, which was addressed to and answered by students of all the three higher education levels: BA, MA, and Ph.D. The results this research obtained are important for the university we work at, in order to improve and diversify the ways entrepreneurship education is taught, but they could also be applied at a wider scope.

699 - 707

Authors: Belis Gülay

Which is native to Turkey, arabesque, a folk music genre which contain in Orientalism, emotional, rebellious, unrequited love, despair and is transferred to the music of a life filled with failure, it is an art form that incorporates the enstürümantal values. Arabesque culture, then Anglo-American rock 'n' Arabesk combines the roles of music styles, Orhan Gencebay Bully Muslum Gurses, Ibrahim Tatlises, Selami Şahin sounds like Ferdi Tayfur, have led to the emergence of a new arabesque culture and forth with Turkish motifs Anglo-American rock that incorporates orientalism 'n' roll music has emerged. Because our study focuses especially on Orhan Gencebay arabesque, I would like to mention the reason that of Orhan Gencebay arabesque exit. The most important reasons arabesque that of Orhan Gencebay emergence of state intervention. It wants to break all ties with the Ottoman Empire with the proclamation of the Republic and more westernized effort comes from being in it. The formation of the ban on radio and television broadcasts in the 1930s, wishes to announce voice, a rebellion, the emergence of the idea of freedom can not be expressed in the arabesque is the most important factor. The longing for nostalgia heard today, it has been examined in the framework of the 4P marketing mix as it affects art and especially music.

715 - 721

Authors: Bulent Halvaşi

Communication is one of the most important tie between individuals. From historical view we observe that earliest comunication starts with drawing pictures, body language and facial expressions. After that comes sound and language that reaches its heigt with language and literature. Language is the tool used to carry on values of cultures to following generations. No matter in which language sound is created, the vocal chords that create the vibrations and the ears which give meaning to these vibrations are universal. Education of voice encompasses individuals awareness of how the vibrations are created and how effectively they can be used. Therefore “what creates the voice” and “what needs to be considered when creating the voice” are two important questions that need to be addressed. The vocal capacity of an individual is important in how effectively language is used and thus the effectiveness of communication. A teacher should be able to speak clearly and articulately in order to better convey his/her message. When language is evaluated in terms of voice education, the melodic structure of words and sentences, intonations carry importance. Music acts as a tool to learning language because of its “hear and repeat” quality. In addition, the inherit melodically quality of music constitutes a strong foundation to language learning.

730 - 739

Authors: Fatih Arslan

This study discusses the problem of women rights in the 21st century in terms of human rights. Though the matter of human rights has been studied since very ancient times, it can be said that the discourse of human rights which is common today was established in the 19th century. The discourse of human rights regards the perception of citizenship as the main reference point. We can make mention of three center lines of the discourse of human rights. These are civil rights, freedom of speech and social rights. Civil rights can be sorted as individual freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of possession and contract and the right of justice. While the political rights express the rights of taking part in the political decision making process as voters and electees, social rights include a set of rights ranging from having the rights within the bounds of the standards of the society such as economic welfare social security, to the right of being able to live as a civilized individual. It is obvious that the age long struggle for women rights cannot be dissociated from that of human rights. However, nowadays this context has been disregarded and women rights have been handled as isolated from general rights. Reevaluation of feminist theory and the situation of women studies today and dealing with the matter in terms of a more general concept of human rights constitute the main axis of this study

758 - 767

Authors: Bircan Dokumacı, Hayriye Çakır-Atabek

The flatwater canoeing competition is held in lake or pond that flow rate is constant. The traction and thrust force are expected to be at high level as well as excellent technique. Also, the 1000-m event demands high levels of both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Additionally, sportive performance is affected by anthropometric characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric variables, respiratory function, bio-motoric properties and 1000-m canoe performance. Eight male canoe athletes volunteered to participate in this study (mean age: 17.125 ± 1.12 years; height: 171.86 ± 6.95 cm; weight: 61.262 ± 10.7 kg; BMI: 20.623 ± 2.41 kg/m2). The canoe athletes underwent tests of anthropometric variables (height, weight, BMI, sitting height, arm span, sum of 8 skinfold, body fat percentage), respiratory function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75 and MVV), bio-motoric properties (right and left hand-grip strength, anaerobic power and isokinetic knee strength) and 1000-m canoe performance. Anaerobic power was estimated by using countermovement jump height. Bilateral concentric isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors was evaluated at 600/s and 2400/s using CSMI-Humac/NormTM-770 dynamometer (Humac Norm Testing and Rehabilitation System, USA). A Spirolab-III ergospirometer (Medical International Research, Italy) was used to measure pulmonary function. The results of the present study demonstrated that there were no significant relationship between anthropometric variables, respiratory function, bio-motoric properties and 1000-m canoe performance (p> 0.05). A limited number of investigations focused on Turkish canoe athletes encourage us to design this study. Lack of training experience of participants may affect the results. Moreover, the small sample size is limitation of the present study.

778 - 790

Authors: Nesrin Akıncı Çötok

There are some differences between the tasks that women and men can do within the present socia-cultural reality. These differences can be expressed as division of labor for the organization of social life. Since the division of labor is necessary for the continuity of social life the different roles of women and men gain legitimacy. While society organizes itself with the help of division of labour, women and men live for the continuity of this organization. Within the routine of social life men and women share different participation rates: both sexes’ representation in the social area changes. In the context of these representations while women have become the subject of private area, men are accepted as the subject of public area. Although this situation is originated from the division of labour the social memory accepts it as a common attitude. This attitude towards two sexes causes a so-called social gender inequality. This inequality seems as a situation that gives rise to the priority of men. And this is one of the reasons of violence to women which occur as a result of economical factors. In this work which presents women’s perspective on the fact of violence to women, it is tried to show the views of fifteen women from different social lives who exposed to violence. In this study, which analyses qualitatively how women perceives their role and the importance of their place based on the fact of violence to women, women’s contribution to economy is examined and also it is shown that the education level effects the women’s perspective on the violence to women.

807 - 813

Authors: Özlem Kurtoğlu Zorlu

Textbooks are among the most commonly used educational tools. Therefore, texts in textbooks should ease learning, be readable and comprehensible. Readability can be simply defined as the level of a text’s easiness/difficulty for its reader. Some significant studies on the readability of Turkish textbooks are Zorbaz (2007), Okur and Arı (2013), Bağcı and Ünal (2013) and Baş and İnan-Yıldız (2015). Studies on other textbooks include Kurnaz and Erdem (2012) (a study on language and expression textbooks), Köse (2009) (on biology textbooks) and Geçit (2010) (on social studies textbooks). The results of them reveal that some texts are not appropriate for students’ educational levels and the level of difficulty varies according to text type. The aim of this study is to determine the readability levels of texts in primary school 3rd grade Turkish and Social Studies textbooks that are accepted to be used in 2015-2016 school year. The formula adapted to Turkish by Ateşman (1997) is used in this study. Only prose is analyzed and poetry is left out of the scope. The results show that the readability levels of both textbooks that are analyzed are easy. However, texts are not given in an order from easy to difficult.

824 - 832

Authors: Mehmet Özberk

In Russian history, for the first time found in XII. century, the name of Moscow is along the centuries the most important settlement, civilization, religion, education, culture and arts center of Russian people. By Czarina Elizabeth In XVIII century, Moscow experienced the largest growth and Moscow University was founded in 1755. The following year, with the support of the University management Russia's first national magazine and newspaper begin publishing. During this period, for the development of literature, in Moscow are established literary communities consecutively. In XVIII century, the literary path, opened by Lomonosov, Karamzin, Fonvizin, Derjavin etc. real progress and power of literature in Moscow reveals the influence of romanticism and realism in XIX. century. From 1817 Pushkin begins to give first works. Pushkin's literary works successively mark the Russian literature and history. Literary newspapers and magazines see the light. Lermontov and Gogol the most important names of that period. In a large accelerating Russian literature, writers as Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov etc. in their works common point is Moscow, which is greatly praised. In this paper, we focused on the role of Moscow in XIX century Russian literary history and Moscow’s signs in these literary works.

840 - 850

Authors: Safiye Genç

The main concern of this study is to analyze the emergence of Turkish Slang amongst the young turkish immigrants and its importance. Rap music is where Turkish Slang is mostly used. Since the midst of the 80s, Rap Music has become a medium of expression for the young immigrants who live in Germany. The correlation between Turkish Slang and Rap Music will be discussed in that sense.

865 - 874

Authors: Mustafa Altınkök, Bahadır N. Kayışoğlu, Cenk Temel, Yılmaz Yüksel

The purpose of this study is determining the level of the Physical Education Classes Sportsmanlike Behaviors of the students of Karabük Secondary School according to different variables, and examining the effects of these variables on sportsmanlike behaviors. The data of the study were obtained by using the Personal Information Form and the “Physical Education Classes Sportsmanlike Behaviors Scale” (PECSBS), which was developed by Koç (2013). The Cronbach Alpha reliability level of the scale was found as .82 after the analyses. Upon the analyses of the data, it was observed that there was no significant differences between the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students in terms of gender, grades and total family income; however, it was also observed that the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students who had sports halls in their schools was higher than those who did not have sports halls in their schools (p < 0.05); and total sportsmanlike behavior points of the students was at a high level with 87.07 (max. 110). When these results are evaluated it is considered that the high level of sportsmanlike behaviors of the students in the study group may be associated with the socio-cultural and regional effects or may be related with specificity of the study group. It is also considered that more comprehensive studies must be conducted in order to determine the sportsmanlike behavior points of the secondary school students in detail.

903 - 907

Authors: Elif Başıbüyük

In this study, it is aimed to make an overall assessment of the concept, mental representation from a philosophical point of view. This concept is so merged with countless studies in many disciplines that it becomes indispensible and becomes one of the leading areas of study in cognitive science as well as cognitive linguistics. What is aimed is to present the opposing philosophical views regarding cognitive representations and mental models and to set a general framework. Representationalists and eliminativists offer contradictory arguments. The latter group take the physical aspects, i.e., brain itself, into account while the former focus on mind to study representation of the world and divided mainly into two groups; symbolic vs. distributed representationalists. Symbolic and distributed representationalists offer different mental models for representing world knowledge, thought and language. The result of the discussion indicates that representationalists offer more efficient answers, moreover symbolic (classical) representationalists put forward a more fruitful approach to mental representation especially in terms of computationalism.

921 - 931

Authors: Sezen Kılıç

During the events known as the 1934 Thrace Pogroms, which started on June 21, 1934 and came to an end on July 4, Jewish houses and shops were looted and consequently thousands of Jewish people were left no choice but to immigrate to Turkey leaving their homes behind. The violence and vandalism acts, during which there was no incident resulting in death except for that of a gendarme who was trying to intervene in the events, started with the boycott of the goods of Jewish tradesman and spread to other Thrace cities in a short time. After the events died down, although the majority of the Jewish people who had immigrated to Istanbul returned to Thrace, the very fear of going through the same attacks resulted in the Jews’ immigrating initially abroad after a while and to Israel after the state was founded. It has been claimed that the outbreak of these events against the Jews in Thrace, resulted from misunderstanding the June 14, 1934 dated and 2510 numbered Resettlement Law enacted so as to create nation-state awareness. Besides, the anti-Semitic articles published in the Turkish press, especially those written by Cevat Rıfat Atilhan in Millî İnkılâp (National Revolution) and Nihal Atsız in Orhun magazines have been asserted to have had an influence on the outbreak.Despite the fact that there are many available studies on the immigration of the Jews in Thrace and its consequences, there is not one conducted on the subject concerning the attitude and influence of the Turkish press. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the Turkish press played a role in the Thrace Pogroms by analysing the articles published since June 1934 in Millî Inkılâp, which is propounded to have had a part in the start of the Thrace Pogroms, as well as the articles in other newspapers and magazines of the period. In addition, in order to designate the role of the press, the reactions shown during and after the events will be tried to introduce.

949 - 959

Authors: Elmas Akın

In the changing and developing transforming social structures, the demographic structure is changing; the elderly population is increasing with the reason of development of technology and extension of human life day by day. ‘Aging’ which expressed as the process which from starting to ending of the live, may confront individuals with new problematics. Definition of ‘elderly immigrants’ emerges with the immigration case get involved to process too. Individuals accumulate to social capital during their lives; being ‘I, we’ with this accumulation of social capital; see themselves as a whole with their environment. Especially elderly immigrants, cannot aging in these accumulation social networks; they face with the issues not only posed by aging but also being immigrant as well. In this article, the concepts of aging and agedness, theories of aging and definition of elderly immigration are examined in the light of the literature reviews. In addition to these studies, sources of social support of elderly immigrants to psychosocial functioning effects are get discussed; evaluation is done in the terms of old welfare and suggestions are presented.

972 - 985

Authors: Zuhal Akbayır, Yeliz Kuşay

Crisis is a chaotic state that damages the operational processes of corporations and there is a limited time to solve it. Because they occur on unexpected times, while the solution mechanisms of the crisis go insufficient, the panic and worries disrupt the communication of the corporation with the target audience. So that, overcoming the crisis depends on the success of the crisis management processes and strong communication/public relations strategies. The increasing power of social media in daily life as a news source, strengthen the position of these mediums in crisis communication strategies. When it is used rightly, social media has a potential to decrease the negative effects of crisis despite its feature letting the rumours travel easy. In other words, it is a need to apply to social media for fulfilling the needs of society for news and for decreasing the bad effects of rumors or gossips in crisis. In this study, the social media strategies of foremost automotive producers in the world during the emission crisis-September 2015, is examined. The official Facebook and twitter profiles of Turkish automotive companies which are effected by emission crisis are analyzed using content analysis method. The strategies of these companies on responding the crisis on social media is argued according to the criteria which are suggested by usage of social media for crisis communication. It is found out in this study that companies do not sufficiently follow the criteria about strategies of responding the crises in social media.