Rybohospodars'ka nauka Ukrayiny (Fisheries Science of Ukraine)

22-31

Authors: T. Hryhorenko, O. Kolos, N. Savenko, N. Mykhaylenko

Purpose. To investigate the effect of different types of fertilizers on the formation of hydrochemical regime in rearing ponds. Methodology. For the study, we used generally accepted hydrochemistry methods. For the overall (total) chemical analysis, water samples were taken two times during the season (at the beginning and at the end of the growing season), a short chemical analysis of water was carried out twice a month. Findings. The article presents the research results of hydrochemical regime in rearing ponds of the State Enterprise "Nivkа" when applying different types of fertilizers. It was found that hydrochemical regime in experimental rearing ponds was formed under the effect of water supply source and measures aimed at improving the development of the natural food supply (application of cattle manure and microfertilizer "Rostok" Macro). No significant difference was observed between hydrochemical parameters when applying different types of fertilizers. The dynamics of seasonal changes in the basic chemical indicators in both experimental ponds was similar, however, the pond fertilized with manure was characterized by higher values of permanganate oxidation, ammonium and nitrite nitrogen during the entire culture season. In general, the hydrochemical regime in rearing ponds was satisfactory and suitable for the cultivation of carp seeds when applying either cattle manure or microfertilizer "Rostok" Macro. Originality. The peculiarities of the formation of the hydrochemical regime of rearing ponds when applying cattle manure and "Rostock" Macro fertilizer have been investigated. Practical value. The obtained data can be used to develop practical recommendations for the optimization of growing conditions of fish seeds when applying of various types of fertilizers, increasing the efficiency of aquatic ecosystems management and their bioproductivity.

47-60

Authors: А. Didenko, D. Khrystenko, G. Kotovska

Purpose. To analyze scientific and statistical sources on commercial fishery in inland water bodies of Germany. To summarize German experience and identify specific features of this sector. Findings. Commercial fishery in Germany is carried out on 30% (≈250 000 hectares) of inland water bodies of Germany. The main fishing regions are prealpine lakes in Bavaria, Lake Constance, lakes in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania federal states as well as lakes and rivers of Brandenburg and Berlin. Commercial fishing on rivers usually has a local importance and is practiced in regions with poorly developed industry. There were 670 commercial fishing organizations in 2014, where 932 people were employed. Each fishing license owner is allowed deploying simultaneously a clearly defined number of fishing gears depending on season. In addition, fishing nets are regulated not only based on their mesh size and length, but also height and the minimum thread diameter. The cardinal difference of German inland fishing is the absence of the periods of total ban on commercial fishing. There are only ban periods for fishing on certain fish species during their spawning seasons. These periods differ for federal states and are listed in the relevant regional fishing rules. The total fish catch in inland waters of Germany by commercial fishermen in 2014 was 3132 tons, much lower than the catches of anglers who caught 18 450 tons at the same year. Most of fish were caught by fishing organizations in the Brandenburg Federal State. Average fish productivity in 2014 was approx. 13 kg/ha (ranging from 10 to 20 kg/ha). Whitefish was the dominant species in catches in the Lake Constance and prealpine lakes of Bavaria, while cyprinids (roach, bream, silver bream, blue bream, etc.) dominated in Northern Germany. The profit of commercial fish catch in 2014 was about 12.5 million euros. Among numerous activities aimed at preserving commercial fish populations, Germans practice not only the traditional methods of artificial stocking of some valuable fish species, but also shooting of cormorants. Originality. The review describes and summarizes organizational aspects, regulation, catch amounts and species compositions of commercial fishery in inland water bodies of Germany and some aspects are compared to those practiced in Ukraine. Practical value. The obtained objective information on the organization of inland fishery in Germany shows the importance of commercial fishery in inland waters as a real sector of economy, which allows creating new working places in rural and touristic regions, contributing to food security and providing the population with high-quality fresh fish products. German experience adapted to Ukrainian conditions may substantially contribute to the real economy sector of Ukraine that is necessary in modern conditions. This can ensure a steady improvement in economic performance and long-term fishery exploitation of inland water bodies. On the contrary, prohibition of commercial fishing in inland waters can result in an increase in the size of shadow economy, reduction in budget revenues and loss of working places that will have quite a negative impact on the welfare of Ukraine. Therefore, a decision on the ban of commercial fishing should be taken based on scientific justification and best international practices and not by intuitive impulses.

76-87

Authors: І. Hrytsyniak, V. Gurbyk

Purpose. It is know that first attempts of cap culture in ponds started as early as in XIII century. One of oldest strain is Galician carp. Therefore, it is important to highlight the historical development and conditions of the distribution of Galician carp across the territory of Western Ukraine and in European countries. Findings. We determined the main periods in the development of pond fish culture and its one of main object — carp. Galician carp was first presented at the Agricultural Exhibition in Berlin in 1880 by the farm Kanov, which was located on the territory of Galicia. These carp was characterized by nice flesh properties and relatively early maturation that caused interest in fish farmers. Galician carp was reared in ponds during early stages of aquaculture development, therefore we examined historical information on the use of this group in fish culture. Few-scaled (mirror) Galicia carp were used not only as a commercial fish as a pure line but also for crossing with other groups of carps for obtaining higher productivity values due to heterozygosis. Throughout centuries, low level of selection, fish diseases, damages caused by wars resulted in the virtual disappearance of this carp group. Therefore, currently, Galician carp remained in few fish farms of Ukraine and they need further studies in order to be preserved as a native species, which became rare and vanishing. Originality. This work is a generalization of historical information on the development and establishment of fish culture on the territories, which belonged to Galicia. A special attention is given to Galician carp, which is currently rare and vanishing on the territory of Ukraine. This carp played an important role taking into account their effect when forming Ukrainian strains of carp. Practical value. This review of historical information on Galician carp can be used during further study of a complex of technical and biological properties of this group of carp in the conditions of both pure line carp culture and for hybridization.

99-110

Authors: Yu. Opalynskyi, O. Vishchur

Purpose. To determine the effect of milk thistle on the intensity of oxidative processes in carp under the conditions of experimental toxic contamination with lead. Methodology. Experimental works were conducted in laboratory conditions. The object of the study was age-1+ carp, which were divided into three groups of 12–15 fish in each. Carp of the group 1 (intact), which received 3% starch paste through a probe, were used as a control. Carp of the group 2 were kept during a month in water, in which lead salts (PbNO3) were introduced at quantities corresponding to 10 maximum allowable levels calculated as metal ions. Carp of the group 3 during a month were kept in the same environment of dissolved lead salts and received 3% starch paste through a probe together with ground seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) at a quantity of 80 mg/kg of fish body weight. We examined the effect of milk thistle on lipid peroxidation (LPO) and enzyme activity of antioxidant defense system (ADS) in carp organism under conditions of lead contamination. TBA-active products were assessed baed on the content of products which reacted with 2-thiobarbituric acid (malondialdehyde). The level of oxidative damage to lipids was also evaluated based on the content of accumulated lipid hydroperoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined in the reaction of quercetine oxidation. Catalase activity was assessed in the reaction with ammonium molybdate. Numeric data were processed by biometric method of variation nonparametric analysis using Microsoft Excel and Statistica 6.0. Differences between the values were considered statistically significant: p <0.05; 0.01 and 0.001. Findings. Toxic contamination with heavy metals in conjunction with the physiological stress are the most significant factors, which stimulate the peroxidation and oxidative disorders in the body. This fact was proved in the study using the salts of lead that increased the intensity of the accumulation of intermediate and final products of lipid peroxidation on the background of the decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes. In particular, in liver, kidneys and muscles the content of TBA-active products significantly increased by 26, 24 and 45%, while that of lipid hydroperoxides by 72, 43 and 124%. At the same time the activity of SOD in liver and kidneys of carp significantly decreased by 21 and 55%, respectively. At the same time, the catalase activity decreased to 1.75±0.16 mmol/min•mg of protein (P <0.05) in fish liver and to 0.41±0.04 mmol/min•mg of protein (P<0.05) in kidneys. It was found that the introduction of milk thistle to the experimental group of carp resulted in significant increase in the activity of SOD and catalase in the studied fish tissues that reduced the intensity of lipid peroxidation in their body. Originality. For the first time the work shows the effectiveness of milk thistle for correcting the intensity of oxidative processes in carp in the conditions of experimental contamination with lead salts. Practical value. The use of milk thistle, an efficient, safe and cost-effective way to protect fish organism from toxic effects of human-induced pollution, will allow neutralizing the negative impact of these factors by activating the antioxidant defense system of their organism.

123-144

Authors: M. Simon

Purpose. To review scientific sources are about the anatomical, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the digestive system and proper digestion process in the sturgeon species (Acipenseridae). Outline the common anatomical and morphological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract. Consider the activity of digestive enzymes and the influence of various factors. Findings. Review of scientific papers reveals that although the digestion of sturgeon are broadly similar to those of the cartilaginous and bony fish, there are a number of species specificity. In particular, sturgeon enzymes have a wider temperature and hydrogen ranges. It is confirmed that temperature adaptations of digestive system poikilothermic organ-isms are realised mainly thanks to reorganisations of fermental systems. It is shown that enzymes in sturgeons are adjustable, as their activity level significantly changes under the influence of divalent metal ions (Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+). The assumption that evolutionary adaptation of hydrolytic function of intestines of fishes to temperature conditions of an inhabitancy takes place, apparently, is made. The paper describes the effect of sex and age factors on the level of activity of enzymes of sturgeons. Set out the regularities of circadian rhythms of the fish of this family. Showed specific features of the liver and its involvement in lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system. Practical value. The knowledge of hydrolysis characteristics of a diet of sturgeon species is important for the efficiency estimation of feeding and understanding of evolutionary and ecological aspects of digestion physiology. Systematized data on the digestive system of fish sturgeon species are of interest a wide range of research in two main areas. Firstly, although the sturgeon are relict species, but the adaptation of their digestive system is still going on, allowing you to analyze the evolutionary development of the species. Secondly, the digestive system of sturgeon species in their structure is close to a tailless amphibians, differing cartilaginous and bony fishes. Generalized mass of information will be important for scientists studying the features of feeding of sturgeon species, their adaptation devices and biochemical features.