Rybohospodars'ka nauka Ukrayiny (Fisheries Science of Ukraine)

22-37

Authors: O. Nazarov, nazarovob@if.org.ua, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv; H. Kurinenko, kurinenkoha@if.org.ua, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv

Purpose. To investigate peled as a food product, raw material for processing and analyze traditional methods of its technological processing. Findings. The paper contains an analysis of the chemical composition of peled meat and its difference compared to other fish of pond aquaculture of Ukraine. According to the parameters of the biochemical composition of the meat of peled reared in the conditions of pond aquaculture, including: contents of fats, proteins, and moisture, belongs to the category of fish from medium to high fat content with medium protein content as well as to fish of increased nutritional value and assimilability based on water-protein, fat-protein, and water-fat balance, and based on amino-acid composition in percent, according to Score standard. Unlike cyprinids — objects of pond aquaculture, general indices of the biochemical composition and peculiarities of anatomical structure of peled as a coregonid representative, contribute to the formation of organoleptic features of native origin that are inherent to gourmet types of the products of traditional processing. It was found that unlike other coregonids, the biochemical indices of peled meat, which define the type and directions of its processing and its regime, first of all, the content of fat, protein, and moisture аre relatively stable for different age groups under conditions of pond aquaculture and they change less during the biological cycle. Main product requirements to the methods of technological processing of peled are summarized, namely: drying, smoking, salting. Full technological schemes of peled processing by traditional methods taking into account biochemical peculiarities of raw material and requirements for the finished product are presented and analyzed. Practical value. The summarized information is useful for further development of domestic aquaculture and processing. Different indices of biochemical composition and high output indices of peled meat compared to main objects of pond aquaculture of Ukraine as well as with other fish species are shown. Special attention is given to the analysis of technological schemes of peled processing by traditional methods, first of all, using traditional equipment taking into account rational regimes of the processing of raw materials and semi-products, which contribute to the formation of trade features of the finished gourmet product. The detailed analysis will contribute to the awareness of the importance of the formation of high quality properties of fish raw material for its further processing by the manufacturers of aquaculture products. Keywords: peled, drying, smoking, salting, nutritional value, protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals.

48-64

Authors: O. Zaloilo, zaloilo@if.org.ua, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv; Yu. Rud, rud@if.org.ua, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv; I. Zaloilo, zaloilo@yahoo.com, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv; І. Hrytsyniak, hrytsyniak@if.org.ua, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv

Purpose. The methods of molecular diagnostic (MMD) gradually become widespread in modern fish farming. MMD contain a wide variety of specific approaches, each of which has distinct limits of their possible applications and is characterized by individual peculiarities in practical performance. In addition to high sensitivity and the possibility of rapid diagnostics, the main advantage of molecular methods is to determine the uncultivated infectious agents. DNA amplification allows identifying pathogenic microorganisms at very small quantities even in the minimum sample volume. Molecular methods of diagnostic enable the determination of infection in latent or acute phases. These methods allow showing the differences between pathogens with similar antigenic structures. The current literature data on this subject usually show a methodology in the narrow context of the tasks or practical results obtained through such approaches. Thus, a synthesis of existing information on the mechanisms of action and the limits of the typical problems of basic methods of molecular diagnostics are an urgent task of fish breeding. In particular, the following description will more effectively choose one or several approaches to identify pathogens in fish. Findings. This paper reviews the basic molecular methods that are used in the world's aquaculture for diagnosis of various diseases in commercial fish species. Originality. This work is a generalization of data on the principles and mechanisms for the implementation of diagnostics based on modern molecular techniques. For each of the mentioned approaches, the most promising areas of application were shown. The information is provided in the form of a comparative analysis of each methodology, indicating positive and negative practical aspects. Practical value. The current review of modern methods of molecular diagnostic in aquaculture is focused on practical application. Generalizing and analytical information can be used when planning the work flow and differential diagnostic measures (both operational as well and preventive), and will be useful when creating complex diagnostic approaches of general and individual character. Keywords: methods of molecular diagnostics, PCR, DNA amplification, fish diseases.

73-81

Authors: R. Palamarchuk, feeding@if.org.ua, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv; O. Deren, deren@if.org.ua, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv; G. Kachay, rybalyubin@ukr.net, Lviv Research Station of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Velykyi Liubin

Methodology. The study was conducted at Lviv Experimental Station of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS according to generally accepted aquacultural rules of experiments and repeats. The object of the study were age-2 carp. The weight part of protein was determined acc. to Kjeldahl method, fat content acc. to S. Rushkovsky method. Hemoglobin content in fish blood was determined using hemoglobin-cyanide method (with atsetonninhidryn). The number of red blood cells was counted in a Goryaev chamber. The obtained data were processed statistically using standard statistical package of Microsoft EXCEL. Findings. The use of amaranth in the feeding of age-2 carp has positive effect on their growth and survival, nutritional value of fish flesh, and results in an increase of hemoglobin in blood. It was found that the addition of 10% ground amaranth seeds and 5% amaranth oil during the entire growing season resulted in an increase of mean weight of carp by 4.2 and 5.2% and in an increase of fish productivity by 5.9% and 7.1%, respectively. Feeding of carp with a feed supplemented by amaranth contributed to an increase in protein content in fish muscles by 2.07% (P <0.01) and 1.30% (P <0.05), respectively. The number of red blood cells in the blood of carp fed with ground amaranth seeds increased by 10.2%, while in those fed by amaranth oil - by 3.7% compared to the control group of fish. Hemoglobin content after feeding of fish with amaranth oil increased by 6.79%. Amaranth is added to the fish feed mixture to replace cereal component after heat treatment. Originality. Despite high nutritional, food and medicinal properties, amaranth is not used in fish farming as a feed additive. According to the obtained results, we developed the norms and methods of supplementing the basic diet of age-2 carp with this additive. Practical value. Implementation of the obtained results will provide an opportunity to increase fish productivity in ponds through feeding of fish with artificial feeds of improved composition. This will allow reducing the cost of artificial feeds, obtaining higher growth rate, and improving physiological parameters of cultured carp. Keywords: age-2 carp, feed additive, amaranth, fish productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters.

97-122

Authors: M. Simon, seemann_sm@gmail.com, Institute of Fisheries NAAS, Kyiv

Purpose. To review scientific sources on the technological and biological characteristics of the use of brine shrimp (Artemia) in the feeding of sturgeon juvenilse (Acipenseridae). To highlight the common biotechnological bases of the enrichment of brine shrimp with biologically active substances necessary for the full development of sturgeon juveniles. Findings. The review of scientific papers showed that the technology is the use of brine shrimp in the feeding of sturgeon speices not only had not lost its relevance in aquaculture, but also continued to evolve in response to new challenges. The review contains a description of the peculiarities of the biological structure of brine shrimp eggs and methods of their quality assessment in the field. It describes the nutritional characteristics of Artemia. It is shown that brine shrimp is the best food organism for the use in the feeding of sturgeon fingerlings. The calculation scheme for Artemia decapsulation and incubation is provided. The main technological stages of of the preparation of shrimps before their use in feeding – activation, hydration, decapsulation, incubation, dehydration were described. The effect of brine shrimp nauplia enriched with biologically active substances enriched brine shrimp on sturgeon juveniles was highlighted. Practical value. Fish farm owners search for cost-effective, easy to use, and available food that is preferred by sturgeon juveniles (Acipenseridae). Brine shrimp nauplii obtained from cysts can be readil used to feed fish just after one-day incubation. Instar I (the nauplii that just hatched and contain large yolk reserves in their body) and instar II nauplii (the nauplii after first moult and with functional digestive tracts) are more widely used in aquaculture, because they are easy for operation, rich in nutrients, and small, which makes them suitable for feeding fish larvae as live feed or after drying. The generalized information will be important for scientists studying the peculiarities of the feeding of sturgeon juvenile including natural foods. The data on the application of the biotechnology of brine shrimp use for the feeding of sturgeon juveniles will be useful for fish farmers. The importance of the use of Artemia for the feeding of sturgeon juveniles is due to its biological and economic characteristics and is diescribed in the article. The ability of the brine shrimp to produce dormant eggs, known as cysts, facilitated the extensive use of Artemia in aquaculture. The cysts may be stored for long periods and hatched on demand to provide a convenient form of live feed for larval fish. Brine shrimp nauplii constitute the most widely used food item, and over 2000 tonnes of dry Artemia cysts are marketed worldwide annually. Keywords: sturgeon species (Acipenseridae), brine shrimp (Artemia), Artemia nauplii, feeding of fish fry, enriching brine shrimp, polyunsaturated fatty acids, biologically active agents, decapsulation of brine shrimp eggs.