Jurnal Sosioteknologi

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Authors: Chandra T. Putra

Dalam masa globalisasi dan internet, informasi datang dari segala penjuru, gaya berkomunikasi pun telah berevolusi dengan melibatkan angka-angka sebagai penunjang argumentasi penyedia informasi untuk meyakinkan pembacanya. Masalah kemudian muncul ketika kebenaran yang dicoba untuk diwakili oleh angka tersebut bertemu dengan konsumen dengan berbagai jenis kualifikasi kepekaan terhadap informasi. Angka yang sejatinya bersifat eksak, menurut Blastland dan Dilnot, ketika menjadi agen informasi bisa menjadi tidak sepasti sifat aslinya. Kadang terkandung motif-motif politis atau marketing di dalam angka, atau juga hanya kesalahan interpretasi penyalur informasi terhadap suatu angka. Kadang juga informasi yang terkandung sudah benar, tapi tidak menyeluruh sehingga pembaca sulit mengetahui apa sebenarnya informasi yang ingin disampaikan media yang bersangkutan.

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Authors: Asep Wawan Jatnika

An ambiguous sentence is a sentence which has more than one possible meaning. In Bahasa Indonesia, an ambiguous sentence can be avoided by (1) putting the hyphen (-) within the phrase that is being referred to, (2) placing the word – in the ambiguous phrase – to which it is being referred to the front, (3) placing the word which is being referred to in the beginning of the sentence, (4) modifying or determining the ambiguous phrase, and (5) putting comma within the ambiguous phrase to determine the meaning

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Authors: Teuku Reiza Yuanda

The scientific community faces many challenges, from the funding of scientific research to the public communication of science and technology. A better understanding of science and technology’s complex dynamics and interactions with the society, taking the opinions of the general public into account, has also been found useful for the endeavour to increase access to knowledge and move towards social control of science and technology’s innovation. Such research will contribute to better knowledge of how knowledge operates in society, as well as serving the practical needs of those concerned with improving public understanding of science and technology.

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Authors: S. Hendriatiningsih, A. Budiartha, Andri Hernandi

Land has a real important meaning and function. Customary communitie obtains the right to master deep soil meaning of exploiting land. Existence of this customary land generates various form of land tenure in customary communities In consequence boundary a plot of land and also regional become of vital importance. So do like in Bali, countryside pakraman is federation of customary law which still growing in Indonesia which the existence accompaniment with desa/kelurahan which is notched by goverment. Pakraman has various customary land types and the boundary object. With classification will be seen land right which stick with the customary land and the determination type of boundary applied. Classification will referens from various customary land types in UUPA. Pakraman arranges its region and arranges usage of his own customary land, but ownership of by pakraman and stipulating of boundary can be told is unclear by the national law. Kata kunci : desa pakraman, tanah adat, batas. Keyword : countryside pakraman, customary land, the boundary.

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Authors: Chandra T. Putra

Backman hadir lagi dengan bahasan yang telah menjadi spesialisasinya, Asia. Sudah lima buah buku (termasuk buku ini) yang dia hasilkan, dan kesemuanya mengulas mengenai Asia dari segi ekonomi, bisnis, dan politik. Backman memang terkenal karena keahliannya ini. Dia memiliki kolom tetap Asian Business di koran Melbourne Age, menulis berbagai artikel lepas mengenai bisnis, budaya dan pengelolaan perusahaan Asia yang khas, dan juga menjadi pembicara rutin di seminar dan konferensi yang diselenggarakan berbagai media ternama dan pemerintah di penjuru dunia. Spesialisasi bahasannya tentu akan menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi calon pembaca buku ini.

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Authors: Lusia Marliana Nurani

There are two basic characteristics of ethnography: (1) the observation takes place in natural setting, (2) researchers must understand how an event is perceived and interpreted by the people in a speech community. In other words, the researchers try to interpret the situation being observed from the perspective of the participants. Ethnography also relies on observations of interactions and interviews with participants in naturally occurring situation. The next characteristic of ethnography is the characteristic of “holistic” which means seeing the data as a whole in order to get a basis for explanation about the observable fact. Another characteristic is that ethnographic approach does not formulate the hypothesis prior to the research. The hypothesis will emerge as the data collection occurs. Ethnographic research has one main drawback related to reliability. It is difficult to replicate ethnographic research because an event in natural setting cannot be reproduced. There is also one main problem dealing with validity. Unlike another research where the researcher can maximally control external variables, the ethnographic research does not have this facility because the research is carried out in natural setting and due to the long time period of observation. Despite the limitations of the ethnographic approach, it has benefits for research in naturalistic setting such as class room research, language learning process in a particular speech community, and so forth because the finding is more real than a research that manipulates variables by using external experiments. Key words: ethnography, observation, natural setting

11

Authors: Yedi Purwanto

Al-Ghazālī‟s complete name was Abū Hāmid Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Ghazālī Al-Ţūsī (450-505H/1058-1111M). He contibuted greatly to the development of taşawwuf mastered the majority of Islamic traditional knowledge, such as Fiqh, Tafsir, Kalam and taşawwuf with his wide and deep knowledge at least in Muslim Sunni‟s perspective, he was considered, at least in Muslim Sunni prespective, as the most complete Muslim thinker who answered most at Islamic questions, especially in sufism. It is not surprising that his works, especially in sufism has exerted great the influences on Islamic world generally and Indonesia especially in interpreting sufi doctrines for long time. The influence of al-Ghazālī‟s thought can be seen from the great numbers of studies on sufism conducted by educated Muslim society from the Islamic boarding high school till university or college. With observing several works of al-Ghazālī thought in many boarding schools and the tendency for student college to study the thought of al-Ghazālī, the writer conclude that concerning religious matters Indonesian Muslim community have considered al-Ghazālī‟s works as reference more authoritative than the other thinkers in this field. Al-Ghazālī dominated the study of it in educated Indonesian Muslim are : Ihya‟ „Ulūm al-Dīn, Bidāyah al-Hidāyah and Minhāj al-„Ābidīn. These works had been translated into Indonesian language. Furthermore, the last two works have been explained with Arabic language, first the book „Bidāyah al-Hidāyah‟ by Nawawi Banten with title al-Marāqi al-„ubūdiyyah, secondly the book „Minhāj al-„Ābidīn‟ by Ihsān Ibn Muhammad Dahlān (d.1330H/1952M), a „alim from Jampes, Kediri with titled Sirāj al-Tālibīn. Al-Ghazālī‟s Minhāj al-„Ābidīn is interesting and very important to study. This book is a short composition but contains the esential doctrines (at sufism). It was the last work of al-Ghazālī before he passed away, just his extraordinary friends who listen directly from al-Ghazālī. This book summons its readers to reflect the essence of Ibādah (Worship) and its various steps to make it perfect. There are seven steps: 1) knowledge and gnosis (al-„ilm wa al-ma‟rifah), 2) repentance (al-tawbah), 3) permanent barriers (al-„awā‟iq), 4) temporary barriers (al-„awārid), 5) encouraging factors (al-khawf wa al-raja‟), 6) blaming spirit (al-qawādih) and 7) praising God (al-hamd wa al-shukr). The worship is the form of obedience and slavery at man to his Lord, so that worship would be most valuable thing which guides man to the heaven, but to reach a perfection in worship, a man must go through many blocks, and it needs sacrifice, al-Ghazālī called the stages and the barriers in worship with „Aqabah. The result of this research shown that in reality the whole difficulties which must be passed through by worshiper in his worship, the difficulties which must be faced is comparable with the path, full of barriers and temptations which can deviate the worshiper in his worship, „Aqabah in worship could only be through with a hard struggle of Mu‟min. With this theory al-Ghazālī wants to show us how to cope with all difficulties in worship. As far the method to pass through the „Aqabah are:] „Aqabah in knowledge and gnosis (al-„ilm wa al-ma‟rifah) can be throug by seeking for knowledge and education in theology, science of law, ethics, exact sciences, history, etc. „Aqabah in repentance (al-tawbah) is pass through by relizing bad effect of sins, the severe punishment of Allāh for sins doers and his weakness to defend from Allāh‟s punishment. „Aqabah in permanent barriers (al-„awā‟iq)is passed through by hard struggle to go through the many kind of barriers like the world, creation, men, devil, and desire which followed by praying for the help from Allāh. „Aqabah in temporary barriers (al-„awārid) is passed through by fearness and please to Allāh‟s windows. „Aqabah in encouraging factors (al-khawf wa al-raja‟) is passed through fearness and hope to Allāh SWT. „Aqabah in blaming spirit (al-qawādih), is passed through by sincerty of intention to Allāh SWT in worship. And „Aqabah in praising God (al-hamd wa al-shukr) is passed through by replacing our thank to Allāh SWT for his mercies and blessings He has given. Hopefilly this research will be useful as the sources information and the basic theory and practice in doing worship in accordance with Islamic shari‟ah. To apply or to implement this information in this research needs the practical measure to create a conducive environment for concentrating worship, in the form of institutions which can lead the education in good worship by applying „Aqabah Theory of al-Ghazālī.

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Authors: Dana Waskita

This study examines men’s and women’s ESL academic writing in their written assignments at the University of Melbourne. Three sets of men’s and women’s academic writing were analyzed for several common features of academic writing including syntactic complexity, means of integrating cited information, and methods of presenting arguments. The findings showed significant differences between the men’s and women’s texts in those three aspects. The structure of the women’s texts tended to be more complex than the men’s. The women also used more paraphrases to integrate cited information, and presented better organized arguments. Those characteristics of the women’s texts presumably would be advantages for their success in academic writing, and indicate a higher level of proficiency in ESL academic writing.

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Authors: Siti Kusumawati Azhari, Tri Sulistianingtyas

Buku ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang pernah dilakukan oleh Kelompok Peneliti Sumber Daya Air Pusat Penelitian Geoteknologi – LIPI, Membaca buku ini menyentakkan kita betapa teknologi maju dalam pemrosesan air bersih belum diterapkan, seperti memproses air laut jadi air tawar. Juga belum ada dukungan penuh terhadap penelitian sumber daya air di wilayah Indonesia, terbukti dengan sedikitnya pustaka yang ditulis oleh ilmuan kita dalam dekade terakhir ini. Air merupakan salah satu aspek geografi dalam ketahanan nasional, dan secara umum telah diketahui bahwa aktivitas manusia selalu berhubungan dengan air untuk memenuhi hajat kehidupannya. Oleh karena itu, pola permukiman biasanya mengikuti pola pematang di daerah tersebut, sehingga air merupakan suatu kekuatan nasional dalam menghadapi segala tantangan, ancaman, hambatan serta gangguan dari luar maupun dari dalam, langsung ataupun tidak langsung di dalam kehidupan bernegara(hal 204). Seperti di Jakarta jumlah pemakaian air diperkirakan berkisar antara 60 sampai 150 liter per orang per hari (45 m3 per orang per tahun) (hal 137). Secara kualitatif parameter air yang paling mudah diketahui adalah warna, bau, kekeruhan, dan rasa. Umumnya pengguna air mudah mencapai kesepakatan dalam menilai, tetapi untuk rasa lebih sulit dari ketiga parameter di atas (hal. 296). Permasalahan langkanya sumber daya air bersih bertambah, dengan adanya perubahan iklim akibat pemanasan global (global warming) dan pembalakan hutan secara liar. Di buku ini banyak rumus atau istilah yang sangat khusus untuk bidang ilmu yang mengkajinya saja, disayangkan sedikit sekali muatan solusi dari keadaan lingkungan yang diteliti.

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Authors: Dicky Rezady Munaf, Thomas Suseno, Rizaldi Indra Janu, Aulia M. Badar

The development in Indonesia’s borderlands which relies on the capability of their local community in constructing appropriate technologies is one of the key factors in promoting their living standard and in boosting their self confidence. This capability, as one of the forms of the the local community empowerment, is composed of such factors as the attitude, capability and capacity level, ability to allocate their available resources, and level of understanding on technology of the local community as well as the availability of the institutional infrastructures in their local government. The borderlands may integrate the concept of appropriate technological development into their community empowerment program whose aim is to improve their local people’s living standard.

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Authors: Acep Iwan Saidi

Hermeneutics is a theory that deals with text interpretation. This theory is commonly used as a method to understand a text although Hermeneutics itself does not explicitly formulate the practical steps to understand a text. Among the theories of interpretation, Hermeneutics has various sub-interpretation theories. In the perspective of Hermeneutics, the initail stage of interpretation involves the objective interpretation of a text before symbolization is made. The message of the text is then related to the other elements of the texts such as the sender of the text, other related disciplines, and socio-cultural aspect of the text. The understanding of a text will eventually be identical with the quality improvement of the interpreter’s own self. However, in practice, Hermeneutics can be used to intrepret various texts. This paper will only discusses the text of artistic and literary work. These two different texts will be analyzed by using one of the perspectives of Hermeneutics in a simple and applicable formulation. Key words: interpretation, objective text teks, symbolization, methapora, layers of meaning, one own’s self quality

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Authors: Tri Sulistyaningtyas

An appropriate step to maintain national resilience & unity of the NKRI is by linguistic approach. In this case, the frontier community on Batam island. The basic assumption is to analyze their language, then, characteristic of the speakers might be acquired. By understanding their language, enables a strategy to be carried-out properly in guiding & socializing bahasa Indonesia to encourage awareness of nationalism & patriotism. This research-based theory consists of at least three scientific-fields. First a theory which relates to linguistic (especially sociolinguistic). Secondly, sociological-anthropology (essentially cultural). Finally the third is science of communication (particularly dynamic-communicatiion).