International Journal of Environmental Problems

97-116

Authors: Valery I. Glazko

The article highlights the scale of the personality of D.N. Pryanishnikov as a bright representative of the galaxy of the founders of the best traditions of the Petrovskaya Academy of science and of agronomy. His outstanding role as a citizen of Russia, the Creator of the moral-philosophical position of the Russian scientist were shown and his possibility to go to the end in the struggle for scientific truth, what was the noble sense of civic duty to the mother country, growing out of the mentality of Russian ethnos. Mighty roots of the spirit of Russian scientist spirit had allowed D.N. Pryanishnikov to do the outstanding contribution on the international level in the development of scientific agriculture in our country, the theory and practice of agrochemistry, agriculture and crop production. The stages and the results of years of scientific researches of scientist were presented. Thanks to the work of D.N. Pryanishnikov, achievements of agricultural chemistry in Russia had gained worldwide recognition and priority in the resolution of many problems: the importance of nitrogen, phosphate and potash in plant nutrition, application of nitrogenous, phosphoric and potassium fertilizers, liming of soils, use of green and other local fertilizers. The contribution of the agro-chemical scientific school of D.N. Pryanishnikov in the development of ideas and directions of agricultural chemistry development, in the physiology of plant nutrition, as well as the production and use of fertilizers in our country was demonstrated. D.N. Pryanishnikov was the “conscience” of science. The public confrontation D.N. Pryanishnikov to T.D. Lysenko, who as President of the agricultural Sciences Academy had turned into the "Department of barriers" to the development of science and technology in the country was discussed. He had great courage, love of freedom and the courage to achieve, with danger to own live, the restatement of the cases A.G. Doyarenko, S. Gerken, N.I. Vavilov and many other outstanding scientists of Russia.

136-153

Authors: Anatoly P. Endovitsky, Valery P. Kalinichenko, Tatiana M. Minkina

The thermodynamic model is proposed of heavy metals state in nosaline chernozem common carbonate of steppe zone of South Russia. The climate is continental semiarid, annual precipitation of 500–550 mm. The parent rocks are Carbonate and Carbonate-sulfate loess-like loam and clay. The chernozem common is thick, not solonized, humus 4.2%, physical clay 49.3%, clay 31.3%, CaCO3 0.14% (up to 3–6% at the depth of 1,3–1,6 m), pH = 7.8, exchangeable cations: Ca2+ – 342 mmol kg-1, Mg2+ – 27 mmol kg-1, Na+ – 6 mmol kg-1. The soil section in autoromorphic landscape. The soil solution water extract analyzed by standard methods. The state of ions in soil solution is influenced by ion association. The method of ion pairs in water solution is used. At high ionic force in soil solution are formed electrically neutral ion pairs СаСО3°; CaSO4°, MgCO3°, MgSO4°, charged ion pairs CaHCO3+, MgHCO3+, NaCO3-, NaSO4-, CaOH+, MgOH+. On the basis of of ion pair’s method the algorithms and computer programs were developed to calculate the real equilibrium forms of ions in the soil solution. The concentration of free and associated macro-ion’s forms were calculated by iteration procedure according to analytical ion concentration considering ion material balance, linear interpolation of equilibrium constants, Method of ionic pairs, laws of: initial concentration preservation, operating masses of equilibrium system. Concentration constants of ion pair dissociation were calculated following the law of operating masses. Were determined the quantity of macro-ion free form and coefficient of ion association γe as a ratio of ions free form to its analytical content . To interpret a behavior of heavy metal in soil solution two appraches are proposed: an additional equation for microelement to the mathematical model of macro-ions; an individual equation for microelement based on calculated quantities of macro-ions and their forms after the solution of mathematical model equations for macro-ions. The latter approach is reasonable because the quantity of microelement is for 100–1000 times less of quantity of macro-ions, and on this reason the contribution of microelement into the value of soil solution ionic strength is negligible. Besides, the latter approach help to reduce the number of equations in the system of equation, thus the calculation procedure is simpler, reliability of calculation is higher. To characterize Cd2+ Pb2+ ion’s binding was proposed the ratio of heavy metal ion’s association degree – the coefficient of association kas Me. To To characterize Sr2+ ion association an additional equation for Sr2+ was encluded to material balance equation system. The models were tested on the data of laboratory and field experiment in Krasndar krii, chernozem common, phosphogypsum utilization at dose of 10–40 t ha- in the soil layer of 20–50, 30–60 cm. According to the model, the molar fractions of associated calcium and magnesium are 2.0–6.1% (Ca2+) and 1.4–6.6% (Mg2+), carbonate and sulfate – 27.7–57.7%, 6.3–12.9%. The Cd2+ association coefficient is of 0.919–1.243. The association coefficient of Pb2+ is 25.193–31.207. At the phosphogipsum dose of 40 t/ha the molar fraction of the active concentration of free ions is: Cd2+ – 28.0–38.1%; Pb2+ – 3.66–5.06. The level of the Sr2+ ion binding into associates in original soil is 1.5%, after apply of phosphogypsum increases respectively to dose for 12.5; 15.0; 19.3%. The activity of the Sr2+ ion in the control variant is 83.3%, after apply of phosphogypsum it is of 60.4%; 55.6%; 48.4% respectively. The recycling of phosphogypsum in soil is ecology safe, concentration of heavy metals supplied to the soil with phosphogypsum are lower than Clark. Utilization of pollutant increases the soil fertility, ensures the environmental stability of soil and landscape, gives high biological production of soil and recreational result.

166-182

Authors: Viktor F. Starcev, Valery P. Kalinichenko

The cause of dangerous human environment is degradation of biological waste disposal measures, in particular, slaughtering waste. The method is proposed for disposal of slaughtering waste, which includes their grinding, rotary milling intra-soil machining ripper with cutters on a horizontal shaft-driven, feeding the water pulp of slaughtering waste into the soil, the distribution of slaughtering waste pulp within the soil during its rotary milling subsurface loosening. Disposable slaughtering waste’s particle size of 2–5 mm are mixing with water or containing disinfectant water at a ratio from 1: 1 to 3: 5. The resulting pulp is made into the soil at a depth of 30–50 (40–80) cm while soil rotary milling intra-soil machining. The soil’s particle size is of 1–25 mm. The soil-pulp mix ratio is from 1:6 to 1:20. The topsoil following the passage of the rotor drive is treated with disinfectant. The method allows recycling the slaughtering waste according to the priority of secondary resources processing over their dumping and incineration. Are breaking the food chains of dangerous biological objects and pathogens by reliable burial at a depth of at least 30 cm; accelerating decomposition of biological material utilized by increasing biological active of soil, particulate biological material distribution in the disperse system of soil; increasing the surface contact of biological material with soil; stimulating activity of decomposers – native soil saprophytes. A high animal health and environmental effect, low energy consumption, high biological effect is obtained.