Russian Journal of Astrophysical Research. Series A

9-12

Authors: Gospodinov Slaveyko Gospodinov

The article explores instrumental space astronomy as a direction in space research. Instrumental space astronomy is closer to space geodesy and space geoinformatics than to astronomy. The trend of transformation of earth sciences into space sciences has been noted. The structure of instrumental space astronomy is shown. Instrumental space astronomy is a development of the direction of observational astronomy. However, observations are complemented by measurements and modeling. Instrumental space astronomy differs from classical astronomy in the use of spatial logic, geomonitoring and spatial modeling. Classical astronomy studies celestial objects from great distances. Instrumental space astronomy studies planets from short distances comparable to several planetary radii. Classical astronomy studies celestial objects from the surface of the earth using radio telescopes. Instrumental space astronomy explores planets from spacecraft. Classical astronomy examines celestial objects using angular measurements and navigational estimates. Instrumental space astronomy explores planets using linear and angular measurements, models and simulations. Instrumental space astronomy studies objects using the methodological apparatus of space geoinformatics and space geodesy. Instrumental space astronomy provides tools for studying planets and therefore it is also close to comparative planetology.

18-21

Authors: Vladimir V. Litvinov

The article explores space transport cyberspace as a tool for controlling ground transport and spacecraft. Space transport cyberspace has two areas of application: space and ground. Space direction is associated with the control of spacecraft, ground control is associated with the management of ground transport. The role of monitoring in the use of space transport cyberspace is shown. The components of space transport cyberspace are described. The contents of the components of space transport cyberspace are disclosed. Support systems for space transport cyberspace are described. Coordinate systems are an essential component of space transport cyberspace. One of the main types of methodological support for space transport cyberspace is geoinformatics methods. The difference between information space and cyberspace is shown. The connection between cyberspace and the information field is shown. Cyber space is considered as a synthesis of space, network organization, information field and information space. An analysis of the concept of the term “space” and its relationship to the term cyberspace has been carried out. The article introduces the term “Space transport cyber space”. A control mechanism using cyber space is described. Comic transport cyber space includes space transport and ground transport. Similar concepts are explored: network space, virtual space and cyber space of digital twins. For complex integrated management of a system of transport facilities, cyberspace is necessary.

28-33

Authors: Viktor P. Savinych

The article explores the information approach as one of the methods for obtaining knowledge in space research. The advantage of the information approach is that it systematizes research and systematizes the use of models in solving typical problems. The universality of models in the information approach allows the transfer of knowledge from one area of research to another area of research. The versatility of the models allows you to gain experience. The article describes the current state of the information approach. The main stages of the information approach are described. The main aspects of using the information approach are described. The information approach includes a set of principles and methods. Important components of the information approach include: information space, information field, information technology, information systems, onomasiological modeling, information models, information units, information situations, semasiological modeling, solving applied problems. The basic concept of the information approach uses the concept of an “information field” model. The information approach arose within the framework of earth sciences, but is fully applicable in space research. Space research uses information models and simulations. Space research uses the ideas of geoinformatics and geoinformation models. Models of spatial relationships and georeferences are important in the information approach for space research. The main objective of the information approach in space research is to obtain new knowledge and spatial knowledge. An additional task of the information approach in space research is to obtain information resources and accumulate experience in space research.

10-13

Authors: Gospodinov Slaveyko Gospodinov

The article explores the information fields in space research. It is shown that the information field is a multidimensional concept. There is no single model of the information field. There is a clear or objective information field. There is a combined information field. In an object information field, the information units of the field are units of objects. They have object semantics. In a combined information field, the information units of the field are spaces, not objects. They may or may not be meaningful. They can be clear or fuzzy. These units have no semantics. The information units of the combined information field are interpreted in a group or in a cluster. There are information fields that reflect certain physical fields. An information space is associated with information fields. The information space allows you to link and combine information fields, as well as superimpose them on each other. The information field in space research is a complex information model that contains space, spatial and parametric information.

20-23

Authors: Viktor P. Savinych

The article explores the features of digital modeling in space research. The content of digital modeling is revealed. The difference between digital modeling in terrestrial conditions and digital modeling in space research is shown. Space research technologies refer to the technologies of spatial analysis and processing of spatial information. The basis for the processing of spatial space information is space geoinformatics. Methods of space geoinformatics serve as the basis for digital modeling. In digital modeling in space research, situational analysis is used. A feature of digital modeling in space research is a significant number of angular measurements that exceeds the number of linear measurements. The features of digital modeling are noted: the transition from a continuum to a countable set and vice versa. The definition of a digital model in space research is formulated. The digital modeling of planetary surfaces is described. The application of onomasiological modeling and semasiological modeling in space research is shown.

28-31

Authors: Roman V. Volkov

The article studies the use of remote sensing for real estate management. The advantage of remote sensing in the observation of global processes on the earth's surface is shown. It is shown that the greatest effect from the use of remote sensing is obtained with a comprehensive study of objects and territories. The importance of processing space images for solving ground-based problems is determined. The feature of multispectral shooting and its use is shown. The difference between active and passive methods of remote sensing is shown. Weak use of this technology for real estate management is revealed. An analogue of this technology has been found. These are precision agriculture technologies. Technology of precision agriculture is based on the application of remote sensing of the Earth. They are aimed at the study of territories and the analysis of land resources. Remote sensing technologies for property management are also aimed at the exploration of territories. But then they are directed to properties. Remote sensing technologies for property management use space-based methods to monitor objects and determine their condition. The article introduces a new concept of “real estate field”. It is analogous to the concept of “monitoring field”. The concepts of using remote sensing in real estate management are described.

12-22

Authors: Stanislav A. Kudzh

The article discusses the development of space monitoring. It is shown that space monitoring is based on the integration of methods of terrestrial monitoring and the integration of earth sciences into space research. The software can be extended to outer space. Space monitoring uses remote sensing technology and instrumental visual observations. Space monitoring is greatly influenced by: space geodesy, geodetic astronomy, comparative planetology, space geoinformatics and the use of systems analysis in space research. A necessary factor in modern space monitoring is the use of different types of modeling. The article gives the systematics of space monitoring carried out in different aspects. Space monitoring has two directions. The first group is aimed at exploring extraterrestrial space. The second group aims to support the exploration of the Earth from space and a portion of near-Earth space. The article introduces a new term "information monitoring situation". The article shows the delineation of the scope of application of geoinformatics and space geoinformatics. The article reveals the content of outer space as objects of space monitoring research. The difference between sublunary and for the lunar spaces is shown in the aspect of meteorite hazard. The article reveals the content of the coordinate support of space monitoring. Space monitoring uses: galactic, heliocentric, geocentric and topocentric systems. The content of these systems is revealed. The difference between the galactic latitude and longitude and the heliocentric one is shown. The features of determining the position of space objects in different coordinate systems are noted and recommendations are given on the use of these coordinate systems.

28-31

Authors: Shota Qobalia

This paper presents a doctrine analysis established in the criminal law – Actio Libera in Causa – i.e. “action free in its cause”, namely against the background of “Ethics of authenticity” by Charles Taylor, philosopher of politics, the conception “unfree in action” is reinterpreted. The leitmotif of the paper is the idea that events shall fit the conceptions in the normative dimension and not concepts with the events, which means the reality in itself is beyond the value assessment, moreover, it can be neglected for normative standardization of events. For defining the social organization criteria, the initial point is not the ideal of truth in itself, but a substantiated model of balance of interests in the form of so-called “agreed truth”. Hence the need to subordinate the events to concepts is the core point in analyzing “action free in its cause”.

40-47

Authors: Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov, Igor' P. Deshko

The article examines the photogrammetric method for determining the characteristics of a moving body in space research. The object of research is comets. The method belongs to the field of space photogrammetry and space geoinformatics. A comet is considered as a moving body, but the technique can be used to track meteorites and other small celestial bodies. Stroboscopic shooting is proposed as a method of observation and measurement. A simple stroboscope in the form of a circle with a circular hole at the edge is proposed. Stroboscopic shooting allows not only photographing sections of the trajectory, but also linking them to time. Stroboscopic shooting allows you to change two parameters: shooting frequency and exposure time. These parameters are selected for the speed of the moving object and its distance from the shooting point. The basic diagram of stroboscopic shooting is described. Three qualitatively different sections of the trajectory of a moving object, which are obtained during stroboscopic shooting, are described. The plots characterize the approach of the subject to the shooting point. The most informative is the second section of the trajectory, which corresponds to the middle of the trajectory. A schematic diagram of photographing a moving object is described. Estimation formulas for determining the velocity of a space body are given. A practical example of shooting with an open shutter and using a stroboscope is given. The method allows one to study the dynamics of an object's movement, including its destruction or collision with another object. The method can be applied to survey ground objects, for example, aircraft or missiles of any range.

13-19

Authors: Gospodinov Slaveyko Gospodinov

The article proposes a method for determining the coordinates of points on the planet's surface using a single camera. The technique consists of two parts. The first part describes the process of shooting a rotating body in terrestrial conditions from a stationary camera. The principle of relativity of motion allows you to model this situation as a situation of moving the camera with a stationary object. This idea is used when photographing the surface of a planet from a space carrier or spacecraft. For this case, the rotation of the planet and the movement of the spacecraft can be reduced to one relative motion of the spacecraft. The solution of the problem uses the formulas of connection between the coordinates of the image and the points of the terrain, which are used in aerial photography. The specificity of satellite imagery makes it possible to simplify photogrammetric dependencies and obtain new formulas for linking the coordinates of the image and the terrain. Finding the angle of the camera from the second point becomes a problem. This problem is solved by the ballistic method. It is proposed to measure the coordinates of the auxiliary point approximately in the middle of the trajectory section between the survey points using inertial devices. Three points make it possible to determine the motion curve of the spacecraft and determine the derivatives at the survey points. The angle of tilt of the camera at the second point of the survey is determined by the difference in the angles of the derivatives at the points of the photograph or the difference in the angles of the normal at these points. The methodology and calculation formulas allow calculating the coordinates of a point on the planet's surface in a conventional coordinate system associated with the orbit of the spacecraft.

28-34

Authors: Viktor P. Savinych

The article proposes a technique for determining the linear diameter of a planet by measuring the angular diameters of the planet. Ballistic characteristics of spacecraft motion and phase angle change are used as additional characteristics. The article reflects the general problem of astronomy, space geoinformatics and geodetic astronomy – the determination of linear characteristics through angular measurements. It is recommended to use the concept and model of the information situation in private observations of space bodies. The article offers two options for determining the planet's diameter by angular measurements. The first option is called normal. It describes the situation of a spacecraft moving along a straight line connecting the observation point with the center of the planet. He describes the situation of displacement of the comic apparatus only vertically. The second option for determining the diameter of the planet is called oblique. He describes the situation of displacement of the comic apparatus vertically and horizontally relative to the center of the planet. To solve the problem in the second case, it is recommended to use a change in the phase angle.

43-48

Authors: Alexey M. Tyagunov, Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov

The article introduces a new concept of the logic of space observations. Space observation logic is interpreted as a synthesis of space logic and space exploration. The article shows and proves that space images show not the real hemisphere of the planet, but its smaller part. The article introduces new concepts: the apparent diameter of the planet and the "spherical shadow" of the planet. Formulas are given for calculating the real diameter from the "apparent diameter" of the planet. Formulas are given for calculating the "spherical shadow" in the center plane of the planet. The article analyzes the dimensions of the spherical segment on the surface of the planet, which is the closest to the observation point. This segment is shown with exaggeration in satellite images. The article provides working formulas for calculating the real dimensions of a spherical segment. On the basis of the research carried out, the logical rules of the logic of space observations are introduced. The article states that the logic of space observations can be a section of space geoinformatics and a section of spatial logic.

7-14

Authors: Takaaki Musha

General relativity theory predicts that the star of greater than 2.5 solar masses collapses into a black hole when it burns up all its nuclear fuel. But some scientists are skeptical about the existence of a black hole. The author studied the possible existence of faster-than-light phenomena for highly accelerated elementary particles. By applying his theorem to the collapsing star, it can be shown that negative gravity due to tachyons created inside the star prevents all the star’s matter to be completely crushed into a singularity and it is considered that the collapsing stars become unstable by their negative gravity forces generated by created tachyons and they may be finally exploded.

23-34

Authors: Viktor P. Savinych

The article examines space visual-instrumental observations used in observing space objects and phenomena. Visual instrumental observations include: observation by the human eye, the human eye and an optical device, only an optical or photogrammetric device. The article describes the features of observation of moving objects in outer space. The article proves that there is a distorted perception of the size of fast-moving objects in outer space. The article describes the distortion of the color perception of fast objects in space. The article proves that the purpose of visual-instrumental observations is to build scenes and achieve a holistic perception or gestalt. The article shows the importance of perception, reception and apperception in visual and instrumental observations. Experimental observations of space objects are given. The article proves that the angular measurements of space objects are a stable quantity and can be the basis for visual space observations. Angular measurements of space objects can be used in comparative analysis and comparative planetology.

46-52

Authors: Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov

The article describes a method for determining the coordinates of points on the planet's surface if there is a laser altimeter and a photogrammetric system on board the spacecraft. Both devices are linked and coordinated in the spacecraft system. There is a possibility of converting the ranges of the laser altimeter into a photogrammetric coordinate system associated with the front nodal point of the camera. The altimeter marks points on the planet's surface. These points are recorded by the photogrammetric system in the image. Measurements of the coordinates of the points of the images make it possible to determine the spatial configuration of points on the planet's surface in real scale. Spatial configuration is analogous to a hanging geodetic network. An estimate is given of the errors caused by the movement of the spacecraft relative to the planet. The field of application of the method in terrestrial conditions is described.