Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology

241-242

Authors: Anil Kumar.

Biomedical statistics is essential part of any scientific study; a review of the current scientific literature indicates that statistical analysis is an area that frequently needs improvement. To address this, we put forward some of the most common errors in statistical analysis of ophthalmic data. In ophthalmic data generally when statistical tests are performed, the correlation generally present between observations made for the right and left eyes of a subject, is ignored or is not taken account for. The error leads in a consequence of over statement of the precision of the study that is resulting incorrect P values indicating a greater measure of statistical significance than the data warrant.”

249-251

Authors: CN Madhusudhana, Apoorva N, Varna V Shet.

Introduction: To identify the cause of penetrating ocular trauma; demographic, clinical profile and visual outcome of the patients presenting with penetrating ocular trauma to a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: It is a hospital based- prospective study that was conducted over a period of one year. 146 eyes of 146 patients attending outpatient in the department of ophthalmology with penetrating ocular trauma were included. Demographic data like age and gender, cause of penetrating injury, nature of work that was being carried out at the time of injury, time duration between injury and presentation to the hospital, visual acuity and diagnosis were recorded. Evaluation of anterior and posterior segment was done at time of presentation. Final visual outcome was recorded at the end of 6-8 week follow up after complete treatment. Results: Penetrating ocular trauma was found to be more common in adults in the age group of 35-45 years and in males (71.23%). Most of them were working in agricultural field (42.46%) at the time of injury. The most common mode of injury was wooden stick. 52% of patients presented in 24-48hrs after injury, which were highest among the groups studied. Visual acuity of 6/60 or worse recorded at the time of presentation was 56.80%. After complete treatment and follow up at the end of 6-8 weeks, the best-corrected visual acuity ranging between 6/18 to 6/60 in co-relation with the time of presentation is 59.20%. Conclusion: Most common cause of ocular morbidity in village set up are found to be in people working in agricultural field without adequate protective measures. Hence the need to explore workplace strategies to minimize ocular trauma becomes a priority. Educating the community regarding the protective measures to be undertaken at the workplace is of utmost importance. Visual outcome was found to be better in patients in whom only anterior segment was involved and who presented to the hospital within 24hrs of trauma.

260-262

Authors: Manmohan Bhanot, Preet Sood, Gagan Chalana.

Introduction: Cataract surgery has become one of the most common and successful procedures in ophthalmology. In addition to improving visual acuity (VA), one of the goals of modern cataract surgery is to reduce pre-existing astigmatism (PEA), a factor that may reduce VA and affect the quality of vision. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective, interventional study conducted at a tertiary care center. The study population consisted of 142 cataract patients admitted in hospital and underwent manual small incision cataract surgery. Patients were randomized and divided into two groups(group A –superiotemporal, Group B –temporal) Patients were examined on post-operative Day 1, 1week, 40days Uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity was recorded. Slit-lamp examination, auto refractometer and keratometry examination were done. Results: The mean SIA in Group1 was found to be 0.532±0.317 and in Group 2 it was 0.435±0.338. The p value accordingly was less than 0.05, which is statistically non significant. T-test was applied to compare the two groups. Conclusion: SICS with the temporal approach provides a better stabilization of the refraction with a significantly less SIA than superior approach.

267-269

Authors: Manmohan Bhanot, Preet Sood.

Purpose: The study was to compare the effectiveness and patient tolerability of two strengths of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution i.e. 0.4% vs 0.5% in post-operative small incision cataract surgery patients. The study was conducted in Sri Guru Ram Dass institute of medical Sciences and research Amritsar. Materials and Method: This is a randomized single blind investigator masked study. Total fifty patients (25 in each group) screened for cataract surgery were enrolled. The patients were randomized and either of study medication was used. Study medications were ketorolac 0.4% and ketorolac 0.5% eye drops. One drop of each drug was instilled in operative patient in each group thrice day. Thereafter, Slit-lamp examination was done for aqueous cell and flare. Intraocular pressure was checked. The patients were evaluated for subjective tolerance postoperatively at days 1, 3, 5 7, 15and 30. The results were compared between the groups, also with baseline. Results: Only difference between two strength ketorolac is less stinging, discomfort and better ocular tolerability of ketorolac 0.4%. The patient operative outcome is same in the both strength. Ketorolac 0.4% has proven to better tolerated on the visual analogue scale. Ocular comfort was also much better. Although this difference is not statistically significant. In other parameters, difference were not observed between the two groups for best-corrected visual acuity, IOP& slit-lamp assessment of cells and flare measured. Conclusions: 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution is equally effective as 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution in reducing post cataract inflammation. But Patients with 0.4% ketorolac reported less discomfort.

274-276

Authors: M Gitanjali, Mirza M M Baig, Mohammed Ather, G Kulashekara Rao.

Aim: To assess prognosis of Amblyopia by evaluating and interpreting visual evoked potential changes before and after treatment. Objective: To identity a relation between VEP changes in amblyopic patients before and after treatment. To identify the relation between VEP changes (latency and amplitude) and visual outcome. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective interventional study conducted at the department of paediatric ophthalmology, Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Hyderabad. The study was conducted from June 2009-Dec 2011. 30 amblyopic patients of age group 4-12 years with different etiologies presenting at Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Hyderabad were selected for the study. The etiology was 8 Strabismic amblyopia, 11 Anisometropic amblyopia, 11 Isometropic amblyopia. Sex ratio was 21 female to 9 male. The patients who were not treated earlier for refractive error, amblyopia or ocular disease were considered for study. Clear media and normal fundus on ophthalmoscopic examination was a prerequisite for selection. Children below 3 years of age, Non Co-operative and children with toxic amblyopia were excluded from study. All cases were thoroughly evaluated by an experienced Ophthalmologist by using, Torch and Loupe, Slit lamp, Direct and indirect Ophthalmoscope, Prism bars. Visual acuity was recorded by using Snellen’s chart or Allen’s Pictorial chart. Cycloplegic refraction was done in all cases. Post mydriatic test was done to prescribe glasses. All subjects were subjected to VEP test using Nicolet Viking Select Neuro diagnostic system Version 10. Occlusive amblyopia therapy was given for six month taking care about normal eye by avoiding occlusion for 2 days in a week. Post patch VEP was done and visual acuity recorded and conclusions were drawn. Results: Mean age of the patients is 7.46 + 1.98 years. 44 amblyopic eye of 30 patients underwent occlusion amblyopia therapy for six months. All amblyopic patients had decreased visual acuity, increased VEP latency decreased VEP amplitude, and had improvement following patching indicates increased response of higher centres. All cases showed more than two Snellen’s lines visual acuity improvement Conclusion: Paired T-Test was done with sample collections comparing pre patch and post patch VEP P100 values and found statistically very significant (RE and LE P values 0.003 and 0.031 respectively). On curve fit analysis the pre and post patch VEP P100values of right eye showed F value 10.335 and P value 0.003 on curve fit analysis post and pre patch VEP P100values of left eye showed F value 5.692 and P value 0.024 both of which are highly significant.

282-286

Authors: Abha Sinha, Somya Dulani.

Introduction: India is home to 310 million children between the age of 5-16 years accounting for 25.6% of country’s population. Eye diseases in children are important cause of medical consultation. Children should receive prompt & proper eye care in order to avoid vision problems & eye morbidities, which could affect their learning ability, personality & adjustment in school. Data on the pattern of presentation of childhood eye diseases are needed for planning & evaluating preventive & curative services. Materials and Methods: The present prospective study was conducted in department of ophthalmology Government Medical college, Rajnandgaon (C.G.), India during the period 30 January 2016 to 29 January 2017. All the patients less than 15 years of age coming for consultation in OPD during the study period were included in our study. A complete history was taken from patients and their parents. Full ophthalmological evaluation was done by consultant ophthalmologist at first visit, refraction was done by optometrist. Data were collected from the past records taken at the time of patient’s visit & collected data were analyzed. Results: A total of 530 children were enrolled for the study including 52.45% males & 47.55% females. In the present study overall refractive error was the most common (29.25%) ocular morbidity followed by allergic conjunctivitis (17.92%) & infection of eye and adnexa (14.72%). Allergic conjunctivitis was the second most common cause of ocular morbidity in children. Infections of eye & adnexa, which was the third most common cause of ocular morbidity in present study. Conclusion: In conclusion the most common causes of ocular morbidity in children were refractive error, allergic conjunctivitis, infection of eye & adnexa, congenital eye diseases & ocular trauma which can be either prevented or treated.

291-295

Authors: Heena C. Radadia, Ashwini A. Sapre, Priya P. Joshiyara, Dhaval M. Shah, Nittal A. Ninama.

Aim: The aim of this study is to measure keratometry and axial length to get normative data for different age group population. That will help us to see for variation in corneal power and axial length in different age group, gender and between right and left eye. That will also allow us to compare this data with different ethnic population. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with measurement of keratometry with keratometer and axial length with contact A scan biometry of 294 eyes of 147 patients. Age distribution of patients are 11 to 75 years. Patients were selected randomly from daily OPD. Changes in keratometry and axial length were calculated by using paired sample t test, independent sample t test and T- test assuming equal variances. Results: As per different age population normative data for keratometry in diopter in our age group A, B, C and D is mean±SD is 44.7082±1.4179, 44.3073±0.8552, 45.3186±1.4984 and 44.4210±1.2683 respectively. The normative data for axial length distribution in mm for the age group A, B, C and D is 23.089±1.0395, 22.5378±0.9570, 22.5561±0.8118 and 22.9575±1.0535 respectively. In present study there is no correlation between right and left eye keratometry and age as r value is (r=0.08, r=0.04)(p=0.29, p=0.59) (95% CI for r= -0.1961 to 0.1273 and 0.2203 to 0.1024). There is no co relation between right and left eye axial length and age as r value(r=-0.06, r=-0.03) (p=0.46, p=0.67) (95% CI for r = -0.1961 to 0.1273 and -0.2203 to 0.1024) In our study mean keratometric value for a given age group A, B, C, and D for right eye is 44.8006±1.5401 D, 44.2802±0.8156 D, 45.3727±1.4987 D and 44.3822±1.2437 D respectively. While mean keratometric value for left eye for a given age group is 44.6165±1.3084 D, 44.3345±0.9021 D, 45.2645±1.5135 D and 44.4597±1.309 D respectively. In paired t test for right and left eye keratometry difference is not statistically significant (p=0.6849)(95% CI -0.1192- 0.1810). For axial length mean±SD value for age group A, B, C and D for right eye is 23.0880±1.0910 mm, 22.5302±0.9724 mm, 22.6156±0.7861 mm and 22.9705±1.0636 mm respectively. While for the left eye axial length for group A, B, C and D is 23.0857±1.0069 mm, 22.5454±0.9532 mm, 22.4965±0.8416 mm and 22.9445±1.0585 mm respectively. In paired t test for right and left eye axial length difference is not statistically significant (p=0.1509)(95% CI -0.013- 0.089). In our study mean value for keratometry for a given age group A,B,C and D for male is 44.2076±0.5691 D, 44.1892±0.6806 D, 45.5231±1.3972 D and 44.0661±0.9158 D and for female is 44.2088±1.8045 D, 44.4050±0.9729 D, 45.1632±1.5669 D and 44.7561±1.4638 D respectively. Difference in right and left keratometry in male and female is not statistically significant as (p=0.1551,p=0.1281)(95%CI-0.7437 to 0.1195, -0.7629 to 0.0970) While for mean values for axial length for a given age group A,B,C and D for male 23.0546±0.8297 mm, 22.5447±1.1112 mm, 22.4497±0.8446 mm and 23.0464±1.0868 mm respectively. While for female is 23.1192±1.2303 mm, 22.5321±0.8211 mm, 22.6370±0.7849 mm and 22.8736±1.0292 mm respectively. Difference in right and left axial length in male and female is not statistically significant as (p=0.9698,p=0.9829)(95%CI-0.3163 to 0.3287, -0.3246 to 0.3177). Conclusion: This study provides normative data for keratometry and axial length distribution for different age group for West Indian population. Study will help to improve current biometry practice. Study also shows no any significant difference in keratometry and axial length values in different age group included in our study and also no any statistical significant difference between right eye and left eye and in gender too.

300-302

Authors: Surohi Shah, Hemaxi Desai, Sanjeev Prasad, Kupali Raol.

Introduction: Ophthalmia neonatorum is one of the most common infections occurring in the first month of life. 1 Neonatal ocular infections have been largely associated with various poor perinatal outcomes. The purpose of this study is to describe the maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with the vertical transmission of neonatal conjunctivitis as well as examine treatment for neonates with this infection. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective as well as retrospective study of 215 neonates visiting Ophthalmology OPD of our hospital with complaint of discharge from eye, out of which 100 neonates were taken retrospectively and 115 were taken prospectively. Thorough history was taken to identify risk factors. Conjunctival swabs were taken for culture sensitivity testing. The frequencies were calculated of various risk factors in neonates with ophthalmia neonatorum and their mothers. Results: The commonest risk factor identified was had low birth weight (10%). The most commonly isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus (46%). Conclusion: Improving prenatal care to reduce sepsis and early diagnosis of STI with appropriate treatment may potentially reduce vertical transmission of neonatal conjunctivitis in this understudied population.

306-309

Authors: Gopal S. Pillai, Manoj Prathapan.

Aim: Primary Objective: To evaluate the macular GC-IPL layer thickness in Type 2 DM patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR) and compare its thickness with normal eyes. Secondary Objective: To identify any possible relationship between the GC-IPL thickness and grade of DR, duration of detected DM, age and gender of the patient. Materials and Methods: Patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Ophthalmology at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India Inclusion criteria 1. Type 2 Diabetes with Mild Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (Mild NPDR) and Early Proliferative Diabetic Retinopath (Early PDR) without traction or vitreous hemorrhage (ETDRS classification) 2. Early proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) was defined as presence of either neovascularisation of disc /elsewhere or preretinal hemorrhages or both (ETDRS) 3. Controls: Age-gender matched subjects free of ocular disease, diabetes, hypertension or other systemic diseases were recruited as controls from those who accompanied patients visiting the out patient clinic Statistically significant reduction of thickness of GC-IPL layer thickness between patients mild DR when compared to age matched controls (p=0.006). Results 1. Statistically significant reduction of GC-IPL thickness was seen in early PDR compared to controls (p<0.001). 2. GC-IPL layer were thinner in patients with mild NPDR when compared to age matched controls. 3. Difference in thickness between GC-IPL thickness between mild NPDR and early PDR was not statistically significant. 4. There was no relationship between GC-IPL thickness and duration of detected DM, age and gender of the patient. Conclusion 1. There was a statistically significant reduction of thickness of GC-IPL layer thickness between mild NPDR and Early PDR when compared to age matched controls. There was no significant difference between GC- IPL thickness between mild NPDR and early PDR. 2. These results support the concept that diabetes has an early neurodegenerative effect on the retina which occurs even before the vascular component of DR occurs. This reduction of GC-IPL thickness changes do not cause vision loss, but only supports neurodegenerative theory.

315-318

Authors: Sandhya R., Remy Jose Stephy H.

Introduction: This study was conducted to analyse the colour vision abnormalities among medical students. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 225 undergraduate medical students in the age group of 19-25 years (21.54±1.40)were screened for colour vision deficiency using Ishihara‘s Pseudoisochromatic chart 24 plate edition. Students with defective colour vision were identified and further classified according to its types. The data collected was entered and analysed using SAS 9.2, SPSS 15, Stata 10.1, MedCalc 9.0.1, Systat 12.0 and R environment ver.2.11.1. Results: After careful screening it was noted that, out of the 225 students, colour blindness was seen in 7 students(3%) including 6 males and 1 female. Among them, Deuteranomaly was detected in 4 males and Protanomaly in 2 male students and 1 female student. Conclusion: Present study shows higher prevalence of colour blindness in males than females which is similar to the previous studies done. CVD commonly remains undetected and hence students of health sciences must be screened for colour vision deficiency and made aware of their defect, so that they can take special care in clinical practice.

325-328

Authors: Sandeep K., Swetha Kumari C.

Aims: To assess the 1. rise of IOP without use of pre procedure and post procedure anti glaucoma medication 2. and to note the improvement in visual acuity. 3. to observe other complications. Materials and Method: This study comprise of total 100 eyes of 98 patients who had Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy. Visual acuity and ocular pressure were recorded before procedure using Snellen’s chart and applanation tonometry respectively. Capsulotomies were done using Nidek YAG laser system. Post-operative vision was recorded after 24 hrs. Post operative IOP was recorded at 4th hr, and 24hr. None of the patients were treated with IOP lowering medication. Results: Total 100 eyes of 98 patients with mean age between 40-76 yrs (53 males & 45 females) were studied. The improvement of visual acuity was excellent with > 90% of patients with > 2 lines of Snellen’s chart after 24 hrs. Max rise of IOP occurred with in first 4 hrs of post op period mean IOP decreased steadily and reached based line by 24 hrs. Conclusion: Although the improvement in visual acuity is excellent after Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy certainly there is rise of IOP during early post op period max in 4 hrs. This deviation of IOP appears to be self limited.

333-336

Authors: T. Venkatesh Kumar, Prasanth Hannah Ranjee, Sanjana Elfride Farokh.

Introduction: Contact lens usage is associated with various complications, many of which are preventable if the user is aware of them and strictly follows their ophthalmologists instructions with regard to hygiene and regular replacement of the lenses. The purpose of this cross sectional study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of medical students using contact lens. As the participants were medical students, we expected a high level of knowledge regarding contact lens usage. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the medical students using contact lens. A sample size of 50 was chosen. This was a questionnaire based study and a pre tested questionnaire was given to the participants to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice of contact lens use. Questions about the use of contact lenses, how to maintain them and awareness of the complications they may encounter due to improper use of contact lenses were asked in the questionnaire. Data was collected and tabulated in MS Excel, and further analyzed using SPSS software version 22.00. Results: Consultation of ophthalmologist on finding deposits on the lens was significant (P<0.05), 33.33%(1st year), 70.58%(2nd year), 58.82%(3rd year), 16.66%(4th year), 25%(CRRI) continued to use the contact lens. Use of contact lens following conjunctivitis was significant (P<0.05), 83.33%(1st year), 82.35%(2nd year), 100%(3rd year), 33.33%(4th year), 100%(CRRI) continued to use their contact lens. Knowledge of over-wear syndrome was significant (P<0.05), 50%(1st year), 29.41%(2nd year), 17.64%(3rd year), 66.66%(4th year), 75%(CRRI) had knowledge of over-wear syndrome. Conclusion: The main aim of the study was to assess awareness among the users about the lens care practices, regular cleaning and replacement of lens cases. Many students were found to be unaware of these complications. In conclusion, though health care professionals have knowledge about contact lens, they did not show correct practice of using contact lens with compliance being the major factor. Education, improving communication, behavioral modifications are important to improve the compliance.

342-345

Authors: Dipak B. Patel, Jyotindra N. Brahmbhatta, Hemal V. Jasani, Aditya P. Desai, Parin K. Mehta.

Introduction: Dry eye disease is a multifactorial disorder of the tear film due to tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation, which causes damage to the ocular surface leading to tear film instability and is associated with visual disturbances and symptoms of ocular discomfort. The prevalence of dry eye ranging from 5 to 35% Worldwide, while in India it is 29.25% based on OSDI data. Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Destructive nature of trachoma causes dry eye in its chronic course. Materials and Methods: Total 100 patients were included in the cross-sectional study in the duration of one-year duration from February 2010 to February 2011 at Dhiraj General Hospital. They were subjected to slit-lamp biomicroscopy, Schirmer’s test I and TBUT. Prevalence of trachoma in diagnosed cases of dry eye was also studied. Results: Prevalence of dry eye during 2010-11 was 17.77%. Amongst them, the prevalence of trachoma was 5%. Mean age of patients was 44.7±14.09 years. Discussion: Dry eye is leading cause of ocular discomfort in OPD patients. Prevalence of dry eye increases with age. There is a definite correlation between dry eye and trachoma. Trachoma is associated with dry, dusty environment, low socio-economical condition, overcrowding and poor hygiene.

351-355

Authors: Avisha Mathur, Arvind Chauhan.

Childhood blindness are group of conditions that occurs in childhood or early adolescence (<16 years of age), and if left untreated, results in severe visual impairment or blindness that is likely to be not treatable later on. The prevalence ranges from 0.3 per 1000 children aged between 0 and 15 years in prosperous countries to 1.5 per 1000 children in extremely poor communities. Materials and Methods: This study was done at Department of Ophthalmology at Mathura Das Mathur Hospital, Jodhpur. It is non randomized, observational study conducted from January 2015 to June 2016 (18 months) and all blind or severely visually impaired children with less than 16 years age attending Ophthalmology OPD or children living in blind schools near and within Jodhpur city were enrolled after receiving informed written consent by their parents/guardian. Results: In this research study, we found that hereditary causes were accountable for blindness in 160(56.34%) patients but we were not able to specify any inheritance pattern in 153(53.87%) patients. Intrauterine factors such as rubella and toxoplasmosis were responsible in 6(2.11%) patients. Perinatal/Neonatal factors such as cerebral hypoxia/injury and ROP were responsible in 6(2.11%) patients. Postnatal factors such as trauma, measles, neoplasms and meningitis were responsible in 14(4.93%) patients. In 98(34.51%) cases factor/factors causing cataract and glaucoma could not be determined but probably genetic factors appear to be responsible. Conclusions: We concluded that the most important causes of preventable blindness were genetic in 160(56.34%) patients followed by TORCH infections in 6 (2.11%), trauma in 4(1.41%), measles in 4(1.41%) and meningitis in 3 patients i.e. 1.06%. The most significant cause of disease which can be treated was cataract in 76(26.76%) patients followed by glaucoma in 12(4.23%) and ROP in 2(0.70%) patients. Timely recognition and treatment is necessary to prevent advancement of dense amblyopia.

361-364

Authors: Rahul Deshpande, Varsha Mangiraj, Madan Deshpande, Khurshed Bharucha, Rajiv Khandekar.

Introduction: Low vision (L. Vn) rehabilitation for adults is a part of our service oriented eye hospital. We studied changes in visual function (VF) & vision related quality of life (VQL) of adults with low vision at least three months after providing them rehabilitative services. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in H V Desai Eye Hospital, Pune during 2010-2011. L. Vin disabled aged 16 years and older attending clinic were Our study population. Their distance and near Visual acuity presented and best corrected (BCVA) were noted. Other VF included contrast sensitivity, colour perception, dark adaptation and glare effects. The L Vn rehabilitation services (both optical and non-optical) were provided. Six months after intervention, the participants were interviewed using close ended questionnaire to determine their VQL and HQL. VF were also reassessed to estimate the impact. Result: We assessed 67 L Vn disabled. The distance vision improved by using L Vn devices in 48 (72%) disabled. The near vision improved with help of LVn devices in 57(85%) disabled. VF of all 59 (88%) participants with contrast defect improved by using filters, illumination changes and environmental changes in their workplaces. The participant's perspective suggested that marked improvement in VQL were for the outdoor and indoor activities, reading and Writing. There was decline in emotional distress due to the Visual impairment. Conclusion: Low vision rehabilitation improved VF, VQL and HQL of adult six months after use of low vision services

369-372

Authors: Sangeeta Agarwal, Akash Srivastava.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of computer vision symptoms in professional computer users working under acceptable ergonomics condition. Materials and Methods: A spot survey was carried out on subjects using computer in institutes, colleges and banks. A questionnaire was used and all filled proformas were collected and checked for the response. Result: Ocular symptoms are very common among the computer users with a prevalence of 82.46%. There is no remarkable sex disparity in prevalence of symptoms. It may vary from being occasional to routine. The presbyopic persons are more symptomatic, the prevalence of symptoms in them is 88.96% in comparison to 81.48% of pre-presbyopic persons. Eyestrain is the most frequently reported symptom by the computer users and it affects 61.67% subjects. Occasional double vision is the least reported symptom and it affects 8.67% subjects. As the per day working hours at computer increase, the prevalence and frequency of symptoms felt everyday.

377-379

Authors: Sandeep K, Vekkatram.

Background: Psuedoexfoliation syndrome involves all ocular structures and poses greater risk of eventful surgeries. Materials and Method: 50 patients with both Cataract and PEX were studied about50 eyes are studied. Results: Mean age group of these patients were 66. 28 years and more in males with higher incidence of bilaterally. Major patients had PEX material with 100% patients having different grades of trabecular pigment deposition. Intraoperative complications like, PC rent, Vitreous prolaapse, ZD or all was present in 20% of cases. Conclusion: poor dilation of pupils is one of the major pre-op finding in eyes with psudoexfoliation. Adequate surgical modifications may reduce the intra op complications.

384-386

Authors: Manmohan Bhanot, Rajan Bhatia.

Introduction: Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbances and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface. Typical symptoms of dry eye syndrome are dryness, burning and a sandy-gritty eye irritation that gets worse as the day goes on. Symptom assessment is a key component of dry eye diagnosis - to the extent that many believe dry eye syndrome to be a symptom-based disease. Materials and Method: This study was carried out at ophthalmology Outpatient department of Sri Guru Ramdass Institute of Medical Sciences Amritsar. All the patients visiting for any ocular disease were screened for the presence of the dry eye over the period of 6 months i.e. June –Nov 2016. The patients were examined by Tear Film Breakup time and Schrimer’s test. The patients found positive were then asked to answer a pre-validated questionnaire. Results: Intially, out of total 12144 patients 4572 patients presented with symptoms of dry eye. After screening with Tear film breakup time (TBUT) and schirmer’s test, 2418 patients (19.91%) were diagnosed to be having actually dry eyes. Prevalence was found to be 12.55%in males and 7.41%in females. The association of various dry eye signs with smoking, anti arthritis treatment and antipsychotic drugs were found. Total 43.05% of the patients were involved in outdoor work. 19.72% were actively computer users, only 3.97% were using with screen while15.75% were using computer without screen. Conclusion: In our study due to more number of working women has highly influenced the result. The incidence of dry eye found highly variable depending upon the geography, living style as well as with the work profile of the patient complaining of dry eyes.