International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering

1-24

Authors: Mohamed Syed Ibrahim, P. Shanmugaraja & Mary Theres Vini

In Adhoc network, absence of Centralized infra structure is a peculiar characteristics. The nodes in Adhoc can both acts as router and host. The topology of adhoc networks is said and meant to be more unpredictable. The most challenging issues starts from the design of routing protocol for this complex and rapid changing topology. A lot of researchers have gone through varieties of studies on these routing protocols. Actually a very good understanding of performance and characteristics of routing protocol will support the deployment of appropriate protocol for the networks based on the scenario and it extends to a better optimization. In most of the previous work complete reviews on all the suitable and available routing protocols were not done. In this paper a detailed description on all the possible routing protocols of MANET, VANET and FANET is done and this will really support to conduct a comprehension analysis on the performance of all suitable routing protocols based on its network and topology scenarios.

33-42

Authors: G. S. Uthayakumar

Fiber Optic Trans Illuminating Imaging System (FOTI) is used for analyzing the light emission spectra from the human body tissues and various cells. All the organs of human body tissues and cells contain various light absorbing micromolecules such as Water, Monosaccharide’s, Oligosaccharides, Fatty acids, Amino acids, Minerals, Nucleotides, etc. and macromolecules such as Carbohydrates, Proteins, DNA, RNA, Lipids, High energy compounds such as ATP’s and phosphate groups. The signal comes in the form of a change in the intensity or the peak position of optical absorption, fluorescence emission, reflection, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and electro-chemical potential/current under various conditions leading to the development of corresponding biosensors. All the micromolecules and macromolecules have specific absorption characteristics. The basic principle of fiber optic transilluminating imaging system is the irradiation of a sample and the analysis of the transmitted or reflected light. The measurement is noninvasive technique and it is very useful for monitoring human body tissues at molecular level for various clinical and medical diagnostic applications. Application areas include medical equipment manufacturers such as production, environmental analysis, polymer identification, analyzing the protein content of grains in medicine and biology. Biological samples are composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Each of these organic molecules has a unique chemical composition and a unique absorption spectrum. Fiber optic transilluminating imaging system allows quantification of the sample based on their absorption spectrum.

49-56

Authors: Reethu Varna P & Mary Binu

Election is one of the most important events in a democracy and it’s no different in the largest democracy of the World. Citizens are given the right to votes for one particular political candidate they like and bring them to power. The voting behavior has drastically changed over years due to the influence of media.