International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications

129-138

Authors: May Sayed A. Nouh, Salwa H. El-ramly, M. Zaki, Husein A.A Elsayed

The Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the most famed reactive routing protocols, which is used in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) for routing purposes, where the routes are built only when it is required. The AODV is related to the problem of route constructing and maintaining among any two-node in the presence of the dynamic topology of a network. High routing control packets, during route construction, is a limiting factor of AODV. Also, the route created during route discovery process may not be optimum (in terms of the number of hop counts between the originating and target node). The construction of non-optimal route arises from many reasons such as temporary congestion of one or more links in the short path to the target node, or nodes in those paths may contend the channel late, or the nodes may be busy for that moment to entertain other engagement. Moreover, during the route discovery phase, a large amount of unnecessary control packets may be generated which result in the debasement of the performance and the efficiency of the protocol by congesting the network and increasing the overhead. In this article the cases at which non-ideal routes are created and unimportant control packets generated during route discovery process will be identified. The modified AODV (AODV_MOD) with enhanced route discovery mechanism is proposed that will be used to avoid these cases by suppressing unimportant control packets and avoiding non-ideal routes formation. Simulation results, conducted in network simulator (NS2), prove the skillfulness of the proposed enhanced route discovery scheme from point of view of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and normalized overhead.

95 - 107

Authors: Salah Abdel Mageid

Vehicle to Vehicle communication (V2V) has taken place in research interest for many purposes such as road safety and traffic management. An accurate estimation for vehicular node position is important for such type of communication. A vehicular node can be equipped with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to estimate its position. In practice, many vehicular nodes may lose GPS signals in rural regions due to dense foliage, or in urban regions due to compact high buildings. In this paper, the received signal strength indication (RSSI) is exploited to assist vehicular nodes to estimate their locations using inter-vehicle communication. High dynamic network topology in V2V is expected due to high node mobility. As a result, the localization error due to signal strength measurements clearly increases compared to low dynamic network topology. The proposed scheme is self-correcting solution which studies the network topology scenarios that increase localization errors and introduces optimal techniques to minimize such errors. Performance evaluation and simulation results show that this work improves localization accuracy and increases the number of vehicular nodes that estimate their locations compared to existing localization schemes.

118 - 128

Authors: J. Sybi Cynthia, D. Shalini Punithavathani

Sensor nodes set out in malicious surroundings and are susceptible to pickup and pact. An intruder may reach confidential hidden particulars from these sensors, clone and cleverly spread out them in the network to put up a variety of insider attacks. This attack mode is mostly defined as a clone attack. We propose a new layout for clone attack detection that comes up with successful and well-organized technique called PAWS (Pair Access Witness Selection) technique to detect such clone attacks. Selecting common nodes in between the pairmate as a witness node is the key idea of PAWS to detect clones in the network. The witness selection plays a vital role to overcome the redundancy and reachability problem. The proposed framework results in detecting clones and detection performance depends on the proper selection of witness nodes. Performance analysis and simulations also reveal that our new scheme is more proficient than extant schemes from communication cost and energy consumption.

44-56

Authors: Neha Tayal, Sangeeta Dhall, Shailender Gupta

Steganography is an art and science of hiding the secret information into a carrier such as image, audio etc. in order to conceal the existence of the data. It can be broadly classified into two categories: Spatial (Time) and Frequency domain. The former technique preserves the quality of the cover image while the latter technique provides robustness during the embedding process. As mentioned, both the techniques have their certain pros. Therefore, in this paper a hybrid scheme based on the merits of the two has been proposed. The scheme is implemented in MATLAB-10 and various performance metrics such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Correlation coefficient, Time Complexity, Bit Error Rate(BER), effect of Gaussian Noise & salt & paper noise on image are used to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed mechanism in comparison to others in literature. The results show that the proposed mechanism is highly robust to various kinds of attacks and has low time complexity.

63-69

Authors: Priyanka Joshi, Madhumita Chatterjee

With an upsurge in the use of internet, there are various attacks being launched every day. These attacks target the vulnerabilities of various computer resources, such as, the operating system, web browsers, toolbars, etc. along with the susceptibility of the users due to lack of awareness about the possible scams. The existing solutions suffer various drawbacks. The website phishing solutions fail when JavaScript is used in the webpage. The email phishing solution propose use of a special web browser instead of the existing popular ones, in order to secure the user from phishing emails. The tabnabbing solutions follow visual cues which are prone to false negatives. The proposed approach aims to resolve these issues and provides a solution to phishing through websites, email phishing and tabnabbing using web browser monitor and an email phishing detection module that uses Bayesian classifier, but in a way different from the way it was used in a solution proposed earlier. The system keeps sending popups to the user until the user closes the phishing page detected by the system, hence reducing the chance of the user getting masqueraded.

25-31

Authors: Saima Zafar, Hina Tariq, Kanza Manzoor

Mobile ad hoc networks are envisaged to play a vital role in ubiquitous networking owing to their mobility support without relying on infrastructure-based design. Conversely, the same feature makes routing in these networks challenging as compared to the typical wired networks. As a result typical routing protocols designed for wired networks are not appropriate for these networks. A number of routing protocols have emerged over the last few years which can be generally classified as proactive and reactive routing protocols. In this research, we analyze and compare three most important routing protocols from both categories in terms of throughput, end to end delay and packet delivery fraction. This comparison is useful in understanding the requirements and challenges for routing protocols in mobile and ad hoc setting and forms the basis of designing a new routing protocol which we plan to present in future. Our simulation results based on simulations carried out using Network Simulator (NS2) show that Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol gives best performance as compared to Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols when network size is large and node mobility is high.

38-43

Authors: Priyaganga Guruswamy, Madhumita Chatterjee

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless ad hoc network comprising of mobile devices which undergo peer to peer routing, to provide network connectivity instead of preexisting network infrastructure. Despite its simplicity of network infrastructure, however it poses challenges of variable link capacity, dynamic topology, exhaustible battery power of nodes and limited physical security. In MANET, broadcasting is a conventional mechanism carried out to deliver messages from source node to all other nodes in MANET. Flooding is commonly used method for broadcasting of Route Request (RREQ) packet which is prone to broadcast storm problem. As a result, there is a need of an efficient routing strategy to build a reliable route which can neglect high variation of signal strength, collision and draining of battery power. In this paper, a new approach is introduced to rebroadcast based on an efficiency factor called delay and to provide a route repairing procedure against link failures. Our approach also focuses on disseminating neighbor coverage knowledge within nodes in order to avoid duplication problem of RREQ packets. Simulation results of our approach reveal better performance in terms of metrics such as packet delivery ratio, energy consumption and control overhead.

70-77

Authors: A.Nithya, B. Ramakrishnan, Resul Das

Cloud computing is the mass storage area that helps the user to access the data anywhere. There are so many platforms provided by the cloud service provider. They are SaaS (Software as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) etc. Though security is not fully provided by the cloud service provider to reshape the advances in information technology, cloud computing is expected as an updated technology. The data was securely stored in the cloud and if it is corrupted then the proxy is implemented to regenerate the corrupted data in the cloud. Thus security and integrity is successfully achieved. This is further extended by implementing efficient file fetching by the third party user. To maintain efficient file fetching system Multi authority cloud model is proposed. The model is continuing with the proposed entities such as Attribute authority (AA), Certificate Authority (CA) and Third party end user. The data is encrypted by the owner and stored in the cloud server. CA is used to delegate the Secret Key (SK) to AA and Public Kay (PK) to user. After Checking the authentication of the owner CA provides PK to the owner only then the owner is allowed to upload the data in cloud, the data is encrypted and outsource to the cloud server. Using SK the third party user is allowed to view the data from the cloud. If the user enter the wrong key or misuse the data, user will be revoked. If the User needs to download or update or delete the data in the cloud the user need to send a Data Access Privilege (DAP) request to the respective owner. Certificate authority is responsible to generate a key to the entities such as User, Data Owner and attributes.

86-94

Authors: M. Kavitha, B. Ramakrishnan, Resul Das

Packet loss is a major issue in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) data transmission which is caused by malicious packet dropping and link error. In conventional methods, the malicious dropping may result in a packet loss rate that is comparable to normal channel losses, the stochastic processes that characterizes the two phenomena exhibited in different correlation which would affect the network performance i.e. detection accuracy. By detecting the correlations between lost packets, we will decide whether the packet loss is purely due to regular link errors, or is a combined effect of link error and malicious drop. In order to overcome these issues, we have proposed a HLA (Homomorphic Linear Authentication) based on routing protocol which is a collusion proof mechanism and resolves the public auditing problem. Here, the proposed technique will be implemented in OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) Protocol. The actual status of each packet transmission i.e., the packet loss information can be described by our technique. The network simulation results describe the performance of the proposed method in terms of detection accuracy in low computation complexity. Our HLA based OLSR protocol is compared with existing AODV, RIP and other protocols.