International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research

08-25

Authors: Eric landion

The newly enacted Tax Agents Services Act 2009 Code of Professional Conduct (Part 30) contains the concept “reasonable care” when referring to the accounting profession’s discharge of its accountability for taxation services. The Professional Accounting bodies are bound by a separate Code of Professional Conduct (as articulated in the Accounting and Ethical Standards Board Pronouncements 110 and 220) use the concept “due care” in respect of the same professional service delivery. These two keys terms (reasonable care and due care), are explored within the context of a public interest and accountability theory framework with a focus on performance and policy accountability. This research is a descriptive study based on semi structured interviews and a literature review on the ethics and public interest mandate associated with codes of professional conduct and the accountability theoretical framework. This theoretical framework is then linked to the key elements of professional judgment and performance and policy accountability theory. Through data collected from semi structured interviews of the key stakeholder organizations linked to the provision of taxation services, insight is gained on the perceptions of the two terms “due care” and “reasonable care”. These two terms may be deemed to assist in the understanding of self-interest and not a public interest focus by the accounting profession.

36-46

Authors: Judith Kandafloei

There is a lack of qualitative research which has focused upon information obtained from the entrepreneurs who established or purchased surveyed firms to determine how discouragement occurs and on what criteria alternative routes are taken. This paper seeks to establish the extent to which gender and entrepreneurial experience influence the prevalence of discouraged borrowing by entrepreneurs in the UK and Austria. The paper also aims to see the alternative routes of capital structure which are developed by discouraged borrowers. This paper applies human capital and signaling theory to qualitative research and reports the findings from interviews from 12 UK entrepreneurs and 13 Austrian entrepreneurs. The interview questions were piloted on 5 entrepreneurs and 3 academic experts in January 2013. The main interviews were conducted between February-March 2013. One of the authors is bilingual in German and English and conducted all of the interviews to ensure consistency in asking questions to entrepreneurs. Discouragement seems to take place when a business has not reached level of maturity or has declined from a level of stability. Indeed, the findings suggest that discouragement may be a temporary condition rather than a permanent one. There are differences between UK and Austrian discouraged borrowers. The Austrian participants have a more personal relationship with the loan officers. In the Austrian sample but not the UK sample those discouraged were told in advance that they won’t qualify for a loan and had actually spoken to the banks already. Implications for policy makers and practitioners are developed.

64-72

Authors: Ahmad gorgani firourjah, Jamal malek mohamadi

According to theoretical bases and empirical researches done about business approach, many factors can be known effective in business prosperity. Generally, these factors can be classified in 3 groups of financial development, economic growth, and external trade. This research purpose is identifying and prioritizing components of financial development leverage, economic growth, and external trade based on business approach. This research statistical sample and society is Mazandaran Province industrial town experts and critics. Data gathering method was questionnaire. After gathering data, effective factors on business approach were identified and classified using AHP technical. Results of each financial development criterion's, economic growth, and external trade weight are as following: external trade: 0.199, economic growth: 0.212, and financial development: 0.588; therefore, financial development factors criterion has the most weight, and has been introduced as the most important component in business approach of firms.

83-89

Authors: Margie Kakalta

The standard applicable to the agriculture sector is IAS 41 which is PAS 41 in the Philippines. The standard was issued by IASC to address the unique nature of agriculture sector, the biological transformation of biological assets, not addressed by historical cost. Thus, the standard prescribes the use of fair value for biological assets. But moving away from the traditional historical cost made the standard controversial which has implications on its widespread application. The study was conducted to determine whether cost is still being preferred by agricultural companies in Davao Region over fair value or fair value is now being widely applied or companies value some assets at fair value and some at historical cost. Furthermore, the study aimed to determine the extent of compliance with IAS 41 mandatory disclosures by the agricultural companies. The factors that influence both are also determined. The study is descriptive and correlational and employed descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis and multinomial logistic regression. The results of the study provided valuable insights on the valuation methods of biological assets being used by agricultural companies. Despite the controversies associated with fair valuation and the confirmed challenges face by both accountants and auditors with respect to fair valuation, the banana and coconut plantations have proven that fair valuation method is widely applied which is in contrary for piggery, poultry and other livestock sectors that still prefer the historical cost.