International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research

08-14

Authors: Fezeh Noupour holare, Meysam Hasanzadeh, Atefeh Sarfi

Technological development in the third millennium has created a wealth of resources that this breaks the balance of urban surfaces. The study examines the role of economic efficiency and the distribution of population in urban services in different areas of Babol. This study is analysis-applied; we used SPSS software and LIKERT scale measurement and meaningfulness test (Chi-Square). The Cronbach's Alpha showing the number (0.533) is indicative of the dynamics of the measures. The results emphasize that the distribution utilities in urban areas were not based on social justice and affected by the economic status of the inhabitant and land value. Study results of target locals of Babol that had been elected one of the wealthiest neighborhoods and other areas with lower economic prosperity suggest that between economic powers of residents in each region there is a relationship in interest and distribution of municipal services from managers and city officials that requires a review by city managers.

25-40

Authors: Monai Ajbihtor

The law incorporates the guidelines of the Basel Accords and governance principles, and was declared a major step forward into facing global banking competition and driving financial growth in Yemen. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between governance quality and cost of capital comprising the cost of equity and cost of deposits. We create two multivariate cross–sectional time–series regression models to test this relation. Our main results show that there is a highly significant relation between bank governance and cost of capital. Banks with large board size and more executive directors on board are able to obtain finance from cheaper resources. This indicates that cost of equity of Yemenian banks is not just related to financial performance and risk but also related to how well a bank is run. Furthermore, the cost of deposits decreases significantly with high governance quality, especially for the high proportion of foreign ownership.

52-65

Authors: Ordano Khatriz

Contrary to prior studies that put the cart before the horse in investigating the impact of exchange rates on balance of payments, this study as one of the limited few painstakingly investigate specifically the impact of oil and non-oil balance of payments on exchange rates of the Indonesia Ringgit and the India Naira. This study used the USD ($) to bench mark for foreign currencies because of its universal applicability and acceptability in the foreign exchange market. Data were collected for period 1971-2010 and regression equations defining oil, non-oil and total balance of payments as independent variables and exchange rates as dependent variable is employed to analyze data. Augmented Dickey-Fuller Tests equation was employed to perform unit root tests for stationary and co integration tests. From the analysis, oil, nonoil and total balance of payments contributes immensely to the strength of the Ringgit against the USD$ in the international market. Contrary, only the oil and total balance of payments accord the Naira strength against the USD$. The India non-oil balance of payments on the whole has performed below expectation thereby impacting adversely on the exchange rate of the Naira. Though India total balance of payments show a better results, sectoral impact of the non-oil sector is much more significant a determinant of the exchange rates of a country’s currency. This study therefore recommends that India should enhance her export promotion strategies and diversify her economy far away from crude oil.

77-89

Authors: Nusikor Nomistoy

The paper looks at the actual performance of IBs and CBs in Indonesia where the portion of market share is still four percents and addresses two broad questions (i) have IBs performed differently than CBs during the financial crisis?; and (ii) what challenges has the crisis highlighted as facing IBs going forward? The existing research is still inconclusive regarding the relationship between financial crisis and Islamic banks performance. For this study, samples of two Islamic banks and ten conventional banks were chosen. The study covers the period 2003 to 2011. We shall apply a regression analysis using the panel data comprising 10 conventional banks and 2 Islamic banks for 9 years. The research shows that both Islamic banks and conventional banks in Indonesia are not affected by global financial crisis 2007-2009. Both are resilient and Islamic banks have a same performance with conventional banks.

08-25

Authors: Eric landion

The newly enacted Tax Agents Services Act 2009 Code of Professional Conduct (Part 30) contains the concept “reasonable care” when referring to the accounting profession’s discharge of its accountability for taxation services. The Professional Accounting bodies are bound by a separate Code of Professional Conduct (as articulated in the Accounting and Ethical Standards Board Pronouncements 110 and 220) use the concept “due care” in respect of the same professional service delivery. These two keys terms (reasonable care and due care), are explored within the context of a public interest and accountability theory framework with a focus on performance and policy accountability. This research is a descriptive study based on semi structured interviews and a literature review on the ethics and public interest mandate associated with codes of professional conduct and the accountability theoretical framework. This theoretical framework is then linked to the key elements of professional judgment and performance and policy accountability theory. Through data collected from semi structured interviews of the key stakeholder organizations linked to the provision of taxation services, insight is gained on the perceptions of the two terms “due care” and “reasonable care”. These two terms may be deemed to assist in the understanding of self-interest and not a public interest focus by the accounting profession.

36-46

Authors: Judith Kandafloei

There is a lack of qualitative research which has focused upon information obtained from the entrepreneurs who established or purchased surveyed firms to determine how discouragement occurs and on what criteria alternative routes are taken. This paper seeks to establish the extent to which gender and entrepreneurial experience influence the prevalence of discouraged borrowing by entrepreneurs in the UK and Austria. The paper also aims to see the alternative routes of capital structure which are developed by discouraged borrowers. This paper applies human capital and signaling theory to qualitative research and reports the findings from interviews from 12 UK entrepreneurs and 13 Austrian entrepreneurs. The interview questions were piloted on 5 entrepreneurs and 3 academic experts in January 2013. The main interviews were conducted between February-March 2013. One of the authors is bilingual in German and English and conducted all of the interviews to ensure consistency in asking questions to entrepreneurs. Discouragement seems to take place when a business has not reached level of maturity or has declined from a level of stability. Indeed, the findings suggest that discouragement may be a temporary condition rather than a permanent one. There are differences between UK and Austrian discouraged borrowers. The Austrian participants have a more personal relationship with the loan officers. In the Austrian sample but not the UK sample those discouraged were told in advance that they won’t qualify for a loan and had actually spoken to the banks already. Implications for policy makers and practitioners are developed.

64-72

Authors: Ahmad gorgani firourjah, Jamal malek mohamadi

According to theoretical bases and empirical researches done about business approach, many factors can be known effective in business prosperity. Generally, these factors can be classified in 3 groups of financial development, economic growth, and external trade. This research purpose is identifying and prioritizing components of financial development leverage, economic growth, and external trade based on business approach. This research statistical sample and society is Mazandaran Province industrial town experts and critics. Data gathering method was questionnaire. After gathering data, effective factors on business approach were identified and classified using AHP technical. Results of each financial development criterion's, economic growth, and external trade weight are as following: external trade: 0.199, economic growth: 0.212, and financial development: 0.588; therefore, financial development factors criterion has the most weight, and has been introduced as the most important component in business approach of firms.

83-89

Authors: Margie Kakalta

The standard applicable to the agriculture sector is IAS 41 which is PAS 41 in the Philippines. The standard was issued by IASC to address the unique nature of agriculture sector, the biological transformation of biological assets, not addressed by historical cost. Thus, the standard prescribes the use of fair value for biological assets. But moving away from the traditional historical cost made the standard controversial which has implications on its widespread application. The study was conducted to determine whether cost is still being preferred by agricultural companies in Davao Region over fair value or fair value is now being widely applied or companies value some assets at fair value and some at historical cost. Furthermore, the study aimed to determine the extent of compliance with IAS 41 mandatory disclosures by the agricultural companies. The factors that influence both are also determined. The study is descriptive and correlational and employed descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis and multinomial logistic regression. The results of the study provided valuable insights on the valuation methods of biological assets being used by agricultural companies. Despite the controversies associated with fair valuation and the confirmed challenges face by both accountants and auditors with respect to fair valuation, the banana and coconut plantations have proven that fair valuation method is widely applied which is in contrary for piggery, poultry and other livestock sectors that still prefer the historical cost.