Environment&Health (Dovkillia ta zdorovia)

15-22

Authors: ОМЕЛЬЧЕНКО Е.М., ПОЛЬКА О.О., ЄЛІЗАРОВА О.Т., КАРТАШОВА С.С.

Smoking is at one of the first places among the factors of lifestyle that negatively affect human health, including indicators of the respiratory, reproductive, digestive and cardiovascular systems. A relationship between smoking and morbidity, prevalence and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), taking into account the age structure of the Ukrainian population, was a subject of the study. These diseases were selected as an indicator of the negative effects of smoking. Objective: We identified the trends in the variability of cardiovascular pathology among the population under the influence of both active and passive smoking, established the degree of relationship between these indicators and assessed «cause-effect» relationships as well. Materials and methods: The data analysis was performed on the basis of the official state statistics and own retrospective genetic monitoring data. Results: In Ukraine, since 2009, current legislation significantly restricts smoking in public places. Due to the reduction of smoking intensity, the above measures were expected to lead to a reduction in the incidence (mortality) from CVD during a long period after the enactment of legislative changes. The share of smokers in Ukraine (age 12+) for the period 2013-2016 is lower by 17.4% (t=4.6; p<0.01) than for the period 2004-2012. The share of the smokers in Ukraine (age 12+) for the period 2013-2016 is lower by 17.4% (t=4.6; p<0.01) than for the period 2004-2012. At the same time, there was a decrease in the proportion of those who smoke 1-5 or more 20 cigarettes a day. From 2009 to 2016, the incidence of CVD decreased by 23%, and the mortality rate from CVD decreased by 9%. This decrease was due both to a decrease in the number of smokers (almost by 32%) and to a decrease in cigarette sales (at least by 39%). The relationship between a decrease in the proportion of smokers in the population and a decrease in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (p<0.05) has been established. Conclusions: The enactment of the Law of Ukraine on Tobacco Control had a positive systemic effect, its impact affected the reduction of morbidity and mortality of the population of Ukraine from cardiovascular diseases, which significantly improved the demographic situation.

28-35

Authors: BANDAZHEVSKYI YU.I., DUBOVA N.F.

Objective: We compared thecontent of homocysteine, hormones and minerals of the blood in the children with different levels of physical development living in the settlements near Chornobyl exclusion zone. Methods: We used instrumental, laboratory, mathematical and statistical methods in the study. Results: 158 children (78 boys and 80 girls) from Polisskyi district, Kyiv oblast were examined within the projectsof the European Commission in Ukraine «Health and Ecological Programmes Connected with Chornobyl Exclusion Zone: Development, Training and Coordination of Health-Related Projects» and Rhône-Alpes Regional Council (France). The studied territory has remained contaminated with radioactive substances after Chornobyl accident until the present day. 137Cs incorporation was shown to affect negatively the physical development (PD) of the children. 137Cs radionuclides cause the disorders of cellular energy, affect negatively thyroid hormone genesis.A significantly high level of free triiodothyronine (T3), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and P was established in adolescents with abnormal low PD in comparison with the children with abnormal high PD. Correlations between the indices of PD, endocrine system and mineral metabolism, registered in a group of examined children, reflect the physiological response of the organism to the cell damage associated with an exposure to 137Cs radionuclides. Comparison of the values of separate metabolic indices with the reference values does not always reflect objectively the severity of metabolic disorders. To identify the metabolic disorders under conditions of constant incorporation of 137Cs radionuclides in a child’s organism, it is necessary to use the information on the associations among several metabolic indices in a group of children living in the territory suffered from the accident at Chornobyl nuclear power plant.

44-55

Authors: ЧЕРНИЧЕНКО І.О., БАЛЕНКО Н.В, ЛИТВИЧЕНКО О.М., БАБІЙ В.Ф., ГЛАВАЧЕК Д.О., КОНДРАТЕНКО О.Є.

Objective: We determined the possible effects of priority chemical environmental carcinogens on the incidence of hormone-dependent tumors and the mechanisms of their effect on the basis of the analysis of literature data and our own research. Results: The performed analysis demonstrates the scanity of the research devoted to the study of chemical carcinogens which are concerned only with the class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzo(a)pyrene (BP), atmospheric pollution, emissions from vehicles, the cadmium heavy metal and products of smoking containing these substances. The connection with PAH (BP) and the development of breast, ovarian cancer, cadmium with the development of breast, endometrial, ovarian cancer in women and prostate cancer in men was established. Epidemiological data, combined with experimental ones, suggest a possible contribution of carcinogens into the increase of the incidence of hormone-dependent tumors. At the same time, mechanisms of action of PAH and cadmium on the development of hormone-dependent tumors are unclear. The accumulated experimental and epidemiological data allow us to conclude that the oncological danger of these carcinogens lies in the combination of genotoxic and hormone-mimetic properties; the main mechanisms, involved in the realization of the effect of BP and cadmium, are associated with changes and disorders at different levels of the structural and functional organization of the organism, including the endocrine system, which can lead to the development of tumors. The urgency of the problem of the incidence of hormone-dependent tumors and the potential role of the studied chemical carcinogens as pollutants of the environment of human functions indicate the need to take these circumstances into account when developing and implementing preventive measures.

62-71

Authors: МАХНЮК В.М., ЧАЙКА Г.В., ЧОРНА В.В., ВОЛОЩУК О.В., МЕЛЬНИЧЕНКО С.О., ПЕЛЕХ Л.В.

Background: Health care facilities located in built-in non-residential premises of residential buildings are medical institutions of a new type. There are no sanitary-and-hygienic requirements for their placement in the Ukrainian legislation for them. The above was a basis for the conduction of the comprehensive hygienic research on this issue using the T. Saati method. Objective: We performed an expert assessment of the impact of architectural planning decisions and maintenance conditions of health care facilities built into residential buildings on the medical workers’ feel and the conditions of the stay of visitors and residents by means of the in pair comparison of hierarchies (the T. Saati method). Materials and methods: In our study we used the materials of the research on the architectural-and-planning decisions on the location and maintenance of built-in residential buildings of health care institutions which were a subject for expert assessment by the T. Saati method. Conclusions: According to the results of the research, the changes into the regulatory framework of urban planning legislation - SBSB.2.2-10-2001 «Health Care Facilities» on the standardization of the special purpose area for temporary mini-parking, built-in health care institutions for medical workers and visitors were substantiated.