Environment&Health (Dovkillia ta zdorovia)

8-15

Authors: БАЛЕНКО Н.В., ГРИГОРЕНКО Л.Є., ДУМАНСЬКИЙ Ю.Д., СОВЕРТКОВА Л.С., СЕРДЮК Є.А.

Objective: We studied the immunological effects of the exposure of endogenic nitrosamines and their precursors jointly with the electromagnetic field of industrial frequency (50 Hz). Materials and methods: The experiment was performed in 160 white outbred female rats aged 6-8 weeks divided into 4 groups: 1- intact control; 2 -introduction of the precursors of nitrosamines (sodium nitrite - 100 mg/kg, tetracycline - 20 mg/kg); 3 - irradiation with magnetic field of 50 Hz, 90μT; 4 – introduction of the precursors of nitrosamines and irradiation with magnetic field of 50 Hz. The precursors were introduced once a day, 5 days a week during 3 months. Magnetic field irradiation was carried out for 7 hours daily at the same terms in specially equipped chambers. Endogenic synthesis of nitrosamines was controlled by means of their determination in liver and kidneys. Immune system state was assessed in 1 and 3 months after exposure to studied factors with the help of the complex of the tests: determination of the number of leucocytes and their qualitative composition, a number of T- and B-lymphocytes; reactions of phagocytosis, degranulation of basophiles (after Shelly), inhibition of macrophage spreading. Obtained findings were analyzed statistically with the help of Student’s ratio. Results: The more profound changes in the immune system under joint effect of endogenically formed nitrosamines, their precursors and magnetic field of industrial frequency were established in comparison with the isolated action of these factors. These changes were manifested in a stable suppression of T- and B- cell chains, expansion of their spectrum due to the activation of unspecific factors and development of mildly expressed reactions of autosensibilization and sensibilization, hypersensitivity of delayed type. The cell chain of the immunity was the earliest sensitive one to the effect of studied factors, suppression of the immunity was revealed in a month and was stable for 3 months during the whole experiment. The correlation, previously established by us, between the levels of early suppression of T-lymphocytes and genotoxic effect, both at isolated and joint factors’ effect, was confirmed. The maximum decrease of the level of suppression was noted under joint effect of the factors and complied with the maximum frequency of micronuclei in a bone marrow. The less expressed suppression was observed under isolated effect of the factors and accompanied by the lower level of the frequency of micronuclei. These results demonstrate the possibility of the use of the complex of early parameters of immunosuppression and genotoxicity as the early criteria for the prognostication of the hazard of the effect of the industrial frequency magnetic field and chemical carcinogens of nitrosamine class. Conclusion: The increase of the suppression of T-cell chain of the immunity and genotoxic effect was established under joint exposure of the levels of endogenic nitrosamines, forming at the introduction of the precursors of their synthesis (sodium nitrite, 100 mg/kg; tetracycline, 20 mg/kg) and magnetic fields of the industrial frequency (50 Hz, 90μT; ), in comparison with isolated effect, which indicates a larger potential oncogenic hazard of joint effect of chemical carcinogenic nitrosamines and magnetic field.

22-26

Authors: ЗОРІНА О.В.

Objectives: We scientifically substantiated and developed the basic criteria for the assessment and algorithm of the decision-making for informing of the consumers about quality of drinking water and state of drinking water supply, based on the requirements of European legislation. Materials and methods: We analyzed European and Ukrainian normative documents on the quality of drinking water and the need for informing of the consumers and evaluated the questionnaire survey of the population on the quality of tap water (658 questionnaires) in different settlements of Ukraine. We used bibliographic, sociological (questioning), sanitary-and-hygienic methods and method of expert assessment. Results: This paper is the first to unify and to show schematically the algorithms of the procedure of customer informing about the quality of drinking water and the state of drinking water supply according to the requirements of Directive 98/83/EU on drinking water quality for human consumption in order to establish the customer information mechanism and to prevent the use of water sources without quality control. First in the country, we proposed to introduce the unified forms for informing of the customers of drinking water and defined the conditions of informing. Criteria for drinking water quality assessment in case of the over-standard content of “indicator parameters” were developed.

33-39

Authors: КАРТАШОВА С.С., КАНЕВА Т.В., ОМЕЛЬЧЕНКО Е.М., ПОЛЬКА О.О.

Background: By the level of mortality of the external causes, Ukraine passes ahead of the countries of the European Union more than twice. The role of the external causes in our state is underestimated and insufficiently taken into account in the determination of the priorities of the policy directed to the reduction of the mortality and the increase of lifetime. Objective: We determined the demographic and socio-economic losses of the state through external causes of death (ICD-10: V01-Y98), including their individual nosologies (ICD-10: X45, V01-V99, X60-X84). Materials and methods: The data of the system of national accounts, forms of state statistical records: f. P-8 "Distribution of the deceased by sex, age groups, and causes of death" and f. A-1 - "General results of natural movement" and on the significance of the NBU discount rate of the Ministry of Finance were used as the sources of primary information. Results and conclusions: According to the classical structure of mortality, the external causes occupy the third ranked position after diseases of circulatory system and neoplasms while by the parameter of the YPLL (Years of Potential Life Lost) - the second one, and at this time their share increased 3.7 times. The latter is because the average age of the dead of the external causes is smaller by a factor of 1.9 than those who died of the circulatory system diseases. Among all external causes of death, special attention should be given to the accidents, the accidental poisoning, and the effects of alcohol, suicides: their share among external causes is ≈ 50%. At the analysis and assessment of the structural changes in the class of the external causes, an increase in the share of suicides in 2009-2016 was detected among both the female (by 42.2 ± 1.2%) and the male one (by 37.1 ± 0.8%) population. Performed ranking of the regions of the state in terms of relative risk established the territories of increased risk both for all external causes of death and individual nosologies (accidents, suicides, accidental poisoning and the effects of alcohol). Reduction of the risk of death of those causes to the average state would save about 7 thousand persons while the lost profit of the state would exceed 14 billion UAH only in 2015 – 2016.

45-59

Authors: ТУРОС О.І., ПЕТРОСЯН А.А., МАРЕМУХА Т.П., МОРГУЛЬОВА В.В.

Objective: We analyzed the levels of the risk for the health of the population, living in a zone of the impact of thermal power objects at the substantiation of the sizes of sanitary-and-protective zones. Materials and methods: For the study we chose the coal-fired thermal power plant in the Kiev oblast. Determination of the control points depended on the meteorological and topographic peculiarities of the studied territory that affected the character of the spatial dissemination of the pollutants in ambient air on the boundary of residential building (at the distances from 400 to 11000 m).For the calculation of averaged concentrations (annual, monthly, daily) we used the ISC-AERMOD software complex. The calculation of risk criteria was carried out according to adopted procedure of risk assessment, recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. Results: The inhomogenity of the spatial pollution of ambient air of the TEP on the boundary of residential building from the emissions of the foreground pollutants (sulfur dioxide; nitrogen dioxide; carbon oxide; dust, undifferentiated by the composition (DUC); PM 10) is demonstrated. The levels of non-carcinogenic risk for the health of the population (at daily exposure) were established to be exceeded only for dust, undifferentiated by the composition (DUC) and PM 10 (HQ=1.1÷2.5). Additional calculations of the levels of the individual risk of the death of PM10 were performed. Those levels fluctuated at studied territories: IRМ = 3,6×10-5 ÷ 7,7×10-4 and were inadmissible for the residence of the population in 17 control points. Obtained results confirm a necessity for the monitoring investigations for PM10 and PM 2.5 in atmospheric surface layer in a zone of the impact of TPP in order to develop the environmental protective and preventive measures at the substantiation of the sizes of sanitary-and-protective zones. Сonclusions: Performed investigations prove “a hypothesis” on the correlation between long (chronic) exposure of the population with fine dust at spatial dissemination for long distances (over 4000 m) and probability of additional mortality. It requires the substantiation at the determination of sanitary-and-protective zones for thermal power objects, taking into account a specificity of spatial dissemination of the pollutants in the atmospheric surface layer, stipulated by the meteorological and topographic peculiarities of studied territory.As to the planning of measures for the reduction of risk levels in this case, they should be based on the results of more thorough evaluation of different aspects of existing problems and determination of the degree of their priority on the basis of the "benefit-harm" analysis.

56-62

Authors: ФРИЗЮК М.А., АКСЬОНОВ М.В, ФЕДОРЕНКО О.В, СЛІНЧЕНКО В.А., ЧУЧУПАЛ І.І.

Objective: We studied the levels of radon in the indoor air in pre-school and school educational institutions of Kropyvnytskyi city, Kirovograd oblast for further effective anti-radon measures Materials and methods: We studied equal equilibrium concentration (EEC) of 222Rn in the indoor air of children's educational institutions. Measurements of indoor EEC of 222Rn were carried out with the help of passive track radonometry method using nitrate-cellulose film LR-115 as a detector in heating season. The time of exposure of radon accumulators was not less than 30 days. The chemical treatment of the detectors was performed in the alkali solution NaOH (2.5 M). Calculation of tracks was carried out with the help of spark counter АИСТ. Results: Studies were carried out in the children's educational institutions of Kropyvnytskyi city, Kirovograd oblast. The range of indoor EEC of 222Rn was established to be 12 Bq•m-3 to 332 Bq•m-3, the arithmetical mean was 85 Bq•m-3, the geometrical mean was 69 Bq•m-3 at a standard deviation of 59 Bq•m-3. The levels of 222Rn exceeded the standard level for children’s institutions (50 Bq•m-3) in 64 % of examined premises, excess of the standard was greater by 4-6 fold in 8 premises there. Indoor EEC of 222Rn in the premises, located on the ground floor, was nearly twice as much than in the premises located above the ground floor. Anti-radon measures should be realized in all buildings where the hygienic levels are exceeded. Optimum protective measures are established separately for each definite premise or building and are based on the analysis and assessment of the structural characteristics of the building and the ways of radon intake into it. Effectiveness of performed protective measures is determined by the repeated measurements of radon levels in the same premises.

67-71

Authors: ЄЛІЗАРОВА О.Т., ГОЗАК С.В., СТАНКЕВИЧ Т.В., ПАРАЦ А.М.

Objective: We characterized the day activity of the city adolescents taking into account their physical activity. Materials and methods: We estimated the lifestyle of the adolescents with the help of Quantification de l'Activite Physique en Altitude Chez les Enfants adapted by us. Energy expenditures (METdaily) were calculated by The Compendium of Energy Expenditures for Youth. Physical development was assessed after Rorer formula. 247 schoolchildren aged 11-15 years of three cities in Ukraine, not engaged in organized sports teams, took part in the study. Statistical processing was performed with the help of STATISTICA 8.0 package. Results: Connection between an excessive body mass and lifestyle in the adolescents was established. The children with an excessive body mass spend energy more by 8.9% for immobile activity and less by 16.9% for motor activity in comparison with the children with harmonious physical development and reduced body weight (p <0.001). The level of motor activity decreases by 20.7% in the children with an excessive body mass from 5 to 9 grades, while an opposite tendency of the increase of motor activity level is observed in the children with harmonious physical development.

75-79

Authors: КАЛЬНИШ В.В., МАЛЬЦЕВ О.В.

Objective: In this work, we studied the restoration of working capacity and functional state of the military personnel who had returned from the area of hostilities and then were sent for rehabilitation under stationary conditions. Materials and methods: We studied the combatants at the beginning and at the end of rehabilitation. For the assessment of working capacity we chose psycho-physiological indicators reflecting the level of activation of the organism, characterizing the individual-and-typological qualities, reflecting the level of human mobilization in the performance of information tasks. Possible transformations in the regulation of cardiac rhythm at the restoration of functional reserves of the body of military personnel were considered also. Results: According to the complex of psycho-physiological indicators in the servicemen after stay in the area of hostilities, the working capacity was established to be improved significantly on average by 11.3% due to the rehabilitation measures. The level of stabilization of the variability of different psycho-physiological functions was improved on average by 32.9% that indicated an increase in their mobilization and stabilization of the functional state of the servicemen. The state of the energetic sphere in military personnel in the ATO zone was improved significantly that was indicated in the changes of the values of the complex of cardiac rhythm indices by 22.7% and in a decrease of the intra-group spread of these indicators by 21.3%. Positive changes in the energetic sphere of the servicemen can be estimated as more intensive (22.7%) than in the information sphere (11.3%).