Environment&Health (Dovkillia ta zdorovia)

10-15

Authors: БУЗИННИЙ М.Г., МИХАЙЛОВА Л.Л.

The treatment methods for the removal of radon from drinking water were analyzed according to the materials of the final report of TENAWA European project. A need for the project was caused by the fact that in many countries the majority of the available groundwater resources contained a significant amount of natural radionuclides, radon in particular. We considered the results of laboratory and field investigations on the possibility of the use of various equipment and methods for the removal of radon from drinking water for individual and collective water pipes in Ukraine. Objective: We analyzed the effectiveness of various methods for the removal of radon from drinking artesian water under conditions of individual and collective water use. We assessed a possibility of the application of the methods in Ukraine and ascertained the practical aspects for their implementation. Materials and methods: We analyzed the final report of TENAWA European project on the treatment of artesian drinking water from radon. We studied the ways for the construction of the systems for the treatment of drinking water from radon using the processes of aeration or filtration on the granular activated carbon, the results of their tests, the effectiveness, the improvement of the quality of water from subsurface and underground sources for radon content. In our investigations we applied bibliographic, analytical, physical-and-chemical, sanitary-and-hygienic methods, and method of expert evaluation.

20-24

Authors: ЛОТОЦЬКА О.В., ПРОКОПОВ В.О.

Objectives: We calculated the risk ratio and assessed the risk of impact of drinking water with an increased content of nitrates on the health of the population in various regions of the Ternopil oblast. Materials and methods: We used the results of the monitoring of the compliance with the standards of drinking water quality indicators from decentralized sources by sanitary and chemical indicators in the Ternopil oblast obtained at the State Institution "Ternopil Regional Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine". We used the data from the Information and Analytical Center for Medical Statistics in the Ternopil Oblast for 2010 and 2016 years. To achieve this goal, we applied hygienic, analytical, and statistical research methods. Results: There is a clear tendency to a significant number of deviations by sanitary and chemical indicators of water quality in nitrate content in the south and south-eastern parts of the Ternopil oblast. The assessment of the risk factor of the consumption of drinking water, contaminated with nitrates, in the Borshchevskyi, Zalishchytskyi and Chortkivskyi regions indicates a risk of the increase of non-infectious morbidity, especially for sensitive groups of the population. The results of the calculation of non-carcinogenic risk at the intake of nitrates with drinking water up to 2 MPCs showed that the quantity of the risk in all regions complied with the average risk and grew with an increase of their concentration in water. The probability of the development of the hazardous effects for the children is higher in all regions where consuming water has the same content of nitrates, the higher HQ indices indicate it. The high risk of the adverse effects in the most children is possible at the content of nitrates of 3-7 and more MACs in two regions of the Ternopil oblast – the Borshchevskyi and Zalishchytskyi ones. Estimation of the population health of the population in these regions with the help of demographic indicators showed that recent years mortality exceeds the birth rate. Conclusions. Thus, negative tendencies are noted in the health status of the population of the Ternopil region. In connection with this, it is necessary to develop and carry out urgent measures to prevent further contamination of underground sources of drinking water with nitrates and to prevent its negative impact on the health of the population.

32-36

Authors: ЛЮБАРЕЦЬ C.Ф., АНТОМОНОВ М.Ю.

The hard dental tissue lesions, enamel hypoplasia in particular, represent a significant problem within the broad range of dental pathologies. The most common hypoplasia complication is dental caries. Study objective: to increase the efficiency of predicting caries as a complication in children with permanent teeth enamel hypoplasia based on regression analysis taking into account the influence of negative environmental factors. Materials and methods. The study object is enamel hypoplasia and carious lesions of permanent teeth. The study subject is the clinical and biochemical characteristics of hard dental tissues. Results. The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia of permanent teeth and its complications in 2024 children - residents of five regions of Ukraine referred to various health groups were analyzed. The prevalence of dental caries as a complication of systemic enamel hypoplasia (SEH) was analyzed depending on the respondents age, health group and harmful environmental factors, ionizing radiation in particular. In order to study the influence of various factors on the dental caries as a complication of SEH, a regression analysis was applied, the model was adequate (F = 83.35, p < 0.001). Hygienic oral pattern makes the most important contribution to the development of dental caries (Green-Vermillion index = 39.10 %). Conclusions. 1. Based on the selected criteria of hygienic oral pattern (Green-Vermillion index) and teeth enamel resistance (enamel resistance test, phosphate content in intact enamel and oral fluid), a regression linear model was created to predict the probability of caries as a complication in children of different age groups with permanent teeth enamel hypoplasia. 2. The created regression linear model can be recommended for implementation in the practice of medical institutions of Ukraine to optimize the dental monitoring in children of different age groups including the inhabitants of territories contaminated with radionuclides after the Chornobyl accident.

40-47

Authors: ПРИКАЩИКОВА К.Є., КАПУСТИНСЬКА О.А., ЯРОШЕНКО Ж.С., КОСТЮК Г.В., ЛУК’ЯНЮК В.О., СИРОВЕНКО В.І., ОЛЕПІР О.В., РОМАНЕНКО Н.Т., ПОЛЯНСЬКА В.М.

Objective: We studied the features of the development of non-tumoral thyroid gland diseases in the residents of radioactive-contaminated territories (RCT) aged 0-60 years and the evacuees from the 30-km zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant aged 18-60 years at the date of the catastrophe for 1988-2016. Materials and methods: The database of the State Register of Ukraine (SRU) of the persons suffered from the ionizing radiation at the Chernobyl accident (98,902 residents of radioactive-contaminated territories and 63,146 persons evacuated from the 30-km zone of the Chernobyl NPP) was a source of information. We used the epidemiological research methods. For the period of the observation we assessed the features of the manifestations of non-tumoral thyroid gland diseases and their separate groups. Calculations of the indicators were carried out with the help of EXEL-2013 packages. Results: During thirty-years’epidemiological study of the structure of the diseases of endocrine system, digestive disorders, and metabolic disorders, the non-tumoral thyroid gland diseases (93.21% in RCT residents and 73.00% in the adult evacuees) were at the first place. Irrespective of gender and age, the group of diseases "other forms of non-toxic goiter (E04)" has the highest percentage among thyroid gland diseases in the total cohorts of the victims (87.09% in the residents of the RCT and 16% in the evacuees), the group of "thyroiditis (E06)" is at the second place in the structure, the group of "thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism (E05) has the smallest proportion. The dependence of the development of thyroid gland diseases on the age of the suffered was determined: the structure of nosological forms was rapidly aggravated by the number of severe forms of diseases of the groups of "thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyreosis) (E05)" and "thyroiditis (E06)" in men and women with the age, but simultaneously a decrease of the group of the diseases "other forms of non-toxic goiter (E04)” was observed. Dependence of the structure of thyroid gland diseases on the gender of the patients was established. Among the inhabitants of the RCT, irrespective of their age, "other forms of nontoxic goiter (E04)" prevail among men, the "thyrotoxicosis (E05)" and "thyroiditis (E06)" groups prevail in women with the increase of the age. Among the evacuees there is an insignificance predominance of all forms of thyroid gland diseases in women in comparison with men, except "thyrotoxicosis (E05)" and "other forms of non-toxic goiter (E04)”. Conclusions: 1. Identification and assessment of the incidence of thyroid gland diseases in the residents of the RCT and the evacuees from the 30-kilometer zone of the Chernobyl NPP are of great importance among the effects-consequences of the Chernobyl accident: the rapid beginning of them in the younger age categories (child’s, young), the increase of the age of the victims, and the transition of light nosological forms into severe ones can lead to invalidism and disability of the patient (average age 47.5 years). 2. On the basis of performed analysis of non-tumoral thyroid gland diseases among the residents of RCT and the evacuees for the improvement of life quality and health of the suffered from the Chernobyl accident, we recommend to perform the dynamic monitoring of the patients at the primary level, to perform the explanatory work for the prevention of thyroid gland disease, and to adhere to the treatment protocols.

53-58

Authors: ЄЛЬЦОВА Л.Б., ОМЕЛЬЧУК С.Т., АЛЕКСІЙЧУК В.Д., ПЕТРОСЯН А.А.

Objectives: We estimated the frequency of the consumption of the food of vegetable origin in the food intake of the university students for the prevention of hypovitaminosis and hypomicroelementosis states. Materials and methods: The authors surveyed the students of the 2nd, 4th and 6th study years at O. Bohomolets National Medical University, using the questionnaire, and analyzed the obtained data on the medical students’ food intakes. The study included the data of 858 respondents (570 females and 288 males) aged 18-25 years. Results: The study represents the results of the estimation of the consumption of food of vegetable origin in the food intake of medical students. The consumption frequency of mentioned products was estimated according to the following grading: consumption once a day or more often, almost every day, once a week, some times a week, once or several times a month, rarely or never. The consumption frequency of such traditional for Ukrainians vegetables, as beet, carrot, cabbage and greenery was estimated. Taking into account national cuisine traditions, consumption of potatoes was assessed separately. Study of the consumption of fruit and berries, bread and bakery products, sweet products (sugar, jam, and honey), cereals, and pasta was performed as well. Conclusions: Only one third of the female respondents and 15% - 25% of the male ones consume vegetables every day. From 17% (the 2nd year of study) to 25% of the female respondents (the 6thyear of study) and one third of the male respondents, irrespective of the year of study, consume potatoes every day. Up to 40% of the male and 31% of the female respondents consume fruit daily. Bread and bakery products are consumed by up to 40% of the male and 30% of the female respondents daily. Cereals and pasta are consumed by almost 30% of the male and 15-19% of the female respondents every day or almost every day. One third of the male respondents and only 10-12% of the female ones consume sweet products (sugar, jam, honey) daily. In general, 70% of the students’ food intakes don’t comply with the National Guidelines on Nutrition.

8-15

Authors: БАЛЕНКО Н.В., ГРИГОРЕНКО Л.Є., ДУМАНСЬКИЙ Ю.Д., СОВЕРТКОВА Л.С., СЕРДЮК Є.А.

Objective: We studied the immunological effects of the exposure of endogenic nitrosamines and their precursors jointly with the electromagnetic field of industrial frequency (50 Hz). Materials and methods: The experiment was performed in 160 white outbred female rats aged 6-8 weeks divided into 4 groups: 1- intact control; 2 -introduction of the precursors of nitrosamines (sodium nitrite - 100 mg/kg, tetracycline - 20 mg/kg); 3 - irradiation with magnetic field of 50 Hz, 90μT; 4 – introduction of the precursors of nitrosamines and irradiation with magnetic field of 50 Hz. The precursors were introduced once a day, 5 days a week during 3 months. Magnetic field irradiation was carried out for 7 hours daily at the same terms in specially equipped chambers. Endogenic synthesis of nitrosamines was controlled by means of their determination in liver and kidneys. Immune system state was assessed in 1 and 3 months after exposure to studied factors with the help of the complex of the tests: determination of the number of leucocytes and their qualitative composition, a number of T- and B-lymphocytes; reactions of phagocytosis, degranulation of basophiles (after Shelly), inhibition of macrophage spreading. Obtained findings were analyzed statistically with the help of Student’s ratio. Results: The more profound changes in the immune system under joint effect of endogenically formed nitrosamines, their precursors and magnetic field of industrial frequency were established in comparison with the isolated action of these factors. These changes were manifested in a stable suppression of T- and B- cell chains, expansion of their spectrum due to the activation of unspecific factors and development of mildly expressed reactions of autosensibilization and sensibilization, hypersensitivity of delayed type. The cell chain of the immunity was the earliest sensitive one to the effect of studied factors, suppression of the immunity was revealed in a month and was stable for 3 months during the whole experiment. The correlation, previously established by us, between the levels of early suppression of T-lymphocytes and genotoxic effect, both at isolated and joint factors’ effect, was confirmed. The maximum decrease of the level of suppression was noted under joint effect of the factors and complied with the maximum frequency of micronuclei in a bone marrow. The less expressed suppression was observed under isolated effect of the factors and accompanied by the lower level of the frequency of micronuclei. These results demonstrate the possibility of the use of the complex of early parameters of immunosuppression and genotoxicity as the early criteria for the prognostication of the hazard of the effect of the industrial frequency magnetic field and chemical carcinogens of nitrosamine class. Conclusion: The increase of the suppression of T-cell chain of the immunity and genotoxic effect was established under joint exposure of the levels of endogenic nitrosamines, forming at the introduction of the precursors of their synthesis (sodium nitrite, 100 mg/kg; tetracycline, 20 mg/kg) and magnetic fields of the industrial frequency (50 Hz, 90μT; ), in comparison with isolated effect, which indicates a larger potential oncogenic hazard of joint effect of chemical carcinogenic nitrosamines and magnetic field.

22-26

Authors: ЗОРІНА О.В.

Objectives: We scientifically substantiated and developed the basic criteria for the assessment and algorithm of the decision-making for informing of the consumers about quality of drinking water and state of drinking water supply, based on the requirements of European legislation. Materials and methods: We analyzed European and Ukrainian normative documents on the quality of drinking water and the need for informing of the consumers and evaluated the questionnaire survey of the population on the quality of tap water (658 questionnaires) in different settlements of Ukraine. We used bibliographic, sociological (questioning), sanitary-and-hygienic methods and method of expert assessment. Results: This paper is the first to unify and to show schematically the algorithms of the procedure of customer informing about the quality of drinking water and the state of drinking water supply according to the requirements of Directive 98/83/EU on drinking water quality for human consumption in order to establish the customer information mechanism and to prevent the use of water sources without quality control. First in the country, we proposed to introduce the unified forms for informing of the customers of drinking water and defined the conditions of informing. Criteria for drinking water quality assessment in case of the over-standard content of “indicator parameters” were developed.

33-39

Authors: КАРТАШОВА С.С., КАНЕВА Т.В., ОМЕЛЬЧЕНКО Е.М., ПОЛЬКА О.О.

Background: By the level of mortality of the external causes, Ukraine passes ahead of the countries of the European Union more than twice. The role of the external causes in our state is underestimated and insufficiently taken into account in the determination of the priorities of the policy directed to the reduction of the mortality and the increase of lifetime. Objective: We determined the demographic and socio-economic losses of the state through external causes of death (ICD-10: V01-Y98), including their individual nosologies (ICD-10: X45, V01-V99, X60-X84). Materials and methods: The data of the system of national accounts, forms of state statistical records: f. P-8 "Distribution of the deceased by sex, age groups, and causes of death" and f. A-1 - "General results of natural movement" and on the significance of the NBU discount rate of the Ministry of Finance were used as the sources of primary information. Results and conclusions: According to the classical structure of mortality, the external causes occupy the third ranked position after diseases of circulatory system and neoplasms while by the parameter of the YPLL (Years of Potential Life Lost) - the second one, and at this time their share increased 3.7 times. The latter is because the average age of the dead of the external causes is smaller by a factor of 1.9 than those who died of the circulatory system diseases. Among all external causes of death, special attention should be given to the accidents, the accidental poisoning, and the effects of alcohol, suicides: their share among external causes is ≈ 50%. At the analysis and assessment of the structural changes in the class of the external causes, an increase in the share of suicides in 2009-2016 was detected among both the female (by 42.2 ± 1.2%) and the male one (by 37.1 ± 0.8%) population. Performed ranking of the regions of the state in terms of relative risk established the territories of increased risk both for all external causes of death and individual nosologies (accidents, suicides, accidental poisoning and the effects of alcohol). Reduction of the risk of death of those causes to the average state would save about 7 thousand persons while the lost profit of the state would exceed 14 billion UAH only in 2015 – 2016.

45-59

Authors: ТУРОС О.І., ПЕТРОСЯН А.А., МАРЕМУХА Т.П., МОРГУЛЬОВА В.В.

Objective: We analyzed the levels of the risk for the health of the population, living in a zone of the impact of thermal power objects at the substantiation of the sizes of sanitary-and-protective zones. Materials and methods: For the study we chose the coal-fired thermal power plant in the Kiev oblast. Determination of the control points depended on the meteorological and topographic peculiarities of the studied territory that affected the character of the spatial dissemination of the pollutants in ambient air on the boundary of residential building (at the distances from 400 to 11000 m).For the calculation of averaged concentrations (annual, monthly, daily) we used the ISC-AERMOD software complex. The calculation of risk criteria was carried out according to adopted procedure of risk assessment, recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. Results: The inhomogenity of the spatial pollution of ambient air of the TEP on the boundary of residential building from the emissions of the foreground pollutants (sulfur dioxide; nitrogen dioxide; carbon oxide; dust, undifferentiated by the composition (DUC); PM 10) is demonstrated. The levels of non-carcinogenic risk for the health of the population (at daily exposure) were established to be exceeded only for dust, undifferentiated by the composition (DUC) and PM 10 (HQ=1.1÷2.5). Additional calculations of the levels of the individual risk of the death of PM10 were performed. Those levels fluctuated at studied territories: IRМ = 3,6×10-5 ÷ 7,7×10-4 and were inadmissible for the residence of the population in 17 control points. Obtained results confirm a necessity for the monitoring investigations for PM10 and PM 2.5 in atmospheric surface layer in a zone of the impact of TPP in order to develop the environmental protective and preventive measures at the substantiation of the sizes of sanitary-and-protective zones. Сonclusions: Performed investigations prove “a hypothesis” on the correlation between long (chronic) exposure of the population with fine dust at spatial dissemination for long distances (over 4000 m) and probability of additional mortality. It requires the substantiation at the determination of sanitary-and-protective zones for thermal power objects, taking into account a specificity of spatial dissemination of the pollutants in the atmospheric surface layer, stipulated by the meteorological and topographic peculiarities of studied territory.As to the planning of measures for the reduction of risk levels in this case, they should be based on the results of more thorough evaluation of different aspects of existing problems and determination of the degree of their priority on the basis of the "benefit-harm" analysis.

56-62

Authors: ФРИЗЮК М.А., АКСЬОНОВ М.В, ФЕДОРЕНКО О.В, СЛІНЧЕНКО В.А., ЧУЧУПАЛ І.І.

Objective: We studied the levels of radon in the indoor air in pre-school and school educational institutions of Kropyvnytskyi city, Kirovograd oblast for further effective anti-radon measures Materials and methods: We studied equal equilibrium concentration (EEC) of 222Rn in the indoor air of children's educational institutions. Measurements of indoor EEC of 222Rn were carried out with the help of passive track radonometry method using nitrate-cellulose film LR-115 as a detector in heating season. The time of exposure of radon accumulators was not less than 30 days. The chemical treatment of the detectors was performed in the alkali solution NaOH (2.5 M). Calculation of tracks was carried out with the help of spark counter АИСТ. Results: Studies were carried out in the children's educational institutions of Kropyvnytskyi city, Kirovograd oblast. The range of indoor EEC of 222Rn was established to be 12 Bq•m-3 to 332 Bq•m-3, the arithmetical mean was 85 Bq•m-3, the geometrical mean was 69 Bq•m-3 at a standard deviation of 59 Bq•m-3. The levels of 222Rn exceeded the standard level for children’s institutions (50 Bq•m-3) in 64 % of examined premises, excess of the standard was greater by 4-6 fold in 8 premises there. Indoor EEC of 222Rn in the premises, located on the ground floor, was nearly twice as much than in the premises located above the ground floor. Anti-radon measures should be realized in all buildings where the hygienic levels are exceeded. Optimum protective measures are established separately for each definite premise or building and are based on the analysis and assessment of the structural characteristics of the building and the ways of radon intake into it. Effectiveness of performed protective measures is determined by the repeated measurements of radon levels in the same premises.

67-71

Authors: ЄЛІЗАРОВА О.Т., ГОЗАК С.В., СТАНКЕВИЧ Т.В., ПАРАЦ А.М.

Objective: We characterized the day activity of the city adolescents taking into account their physical activity. Materials and methods: We estimated the lifestyle of the adolescents with the help of Quantification de l'Activite Physique en Altitude Chez les Enfants adapted by us. Energy expenditures (METdaily) were calculated by The Compendium of Energy Expenditures for Youth. Physical development was assessed after Rorer formula. 247 schoolchildren aged 11-15 years of three cities in Ukraine, not engaged in organized sports teams, took part in the study. Statistical processing was performed with the help of STATISTICA 8.0 package. Results: Connection between an excessive body mass and lifestyle in the adolescents was established. The children with an excessive body mass spend energy more by 8.9% for immobile activity and less by 16.9% for motor activity in comparison with the children with harmonious physical development and reduced body weight (p <0.001). The level of motor activity decreases by 20.7% in the children with an excessive body mass from 5 to 9 grades, while an opposite tendency of the increase of motor activity level is observed in the children with harmonious physical development.

75-79

Authors: КАЛЬНИШ В.В., МАЛЬЦЕВ О.В.

Objective: In this work, we studied the restoration of working capacity and functional state of the military personnel who had returned from the area of hostilities and then were sent for rehabilitation under stationary conditions. Materials and methods: We studied the combatants at the beginning and at the end of rehabilitation. For the assessment of working capacity we chose psycho-physiological indicators reflecting the level of activation of the organism, characterizing the individual-and-typological qualities, reflecting the level of human mobilization in the performance of information tasks. Possible transformations in the regulation of cardiac rhythm at the restoration of functional reserves of the body of military personnel were considered also. Results: According to the complex of psycho-physiological indicators in the servicemen after stay in the area of hostilities, the working capacity was established to be improved significantly on average by 11.3% due to the rehabilitation measures. The level of stabilization of the variability of different psycho-physiological functions was improved on average by 32.9% that indicated an increase in their mobilization and stabilization of the functional state of the servicemen. The state of the energetic sphere in military personnel in the ATO zone was improved significantly that was indicated in the changes of the values of the complex of cardiac rhythm indices by 22.7% and in a decrease of the intra-group spread of these indicators by 21.3%. Positive changes in the energetic sphere of the servicemen can be estimated as more intensive (22.7%) than in the information sphere (11.3%).

10-15

Authors: БАНДАЖЕВСЬКИЙ Ю.І., ДУБОВА Н.Ф.

TT homozygous variant of MTHFR: С677T genetic polymorphism is associated with almost full loss of methylene tetrahydrofolatreductasa, the main enzyme of folate cycle. A degree of the manifestation of genetic polymorphism is connected with the external impact. Objective. We determined the phenotypical manifestation of MTHFR: С677T genotype in the groups of the children from the regions, contaminated with the radioactive agents as a result of the accident of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant and having a different level of social-and-economic development, using the parameters of the content of homocystein in blood and frequencies of the occurrence of the state of hyperhomocysteinemia. Methods: immunochemical, mathematical-andstatistical. Results. In the subgroup of the children-carriers of MTHFR:677ТT genotype, suffered from the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, a content of homocystein in blood was authentically larger in comparison with the subgroups of the children that were not the carrier of given genotype. The presence of risk allele of MTHFR:677ТT Т polymorphism predetermines the elevated homocystein formation in the children residing at the territory, contaminated with radioactive elements as a result of the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, in comparison with the children not having МTHFR:677ТT genotype in the content of their genome. Phenotypic manifestation of MTHFR:677ТT genome as elevated formation of homocystein in the organism (state of hyperhomocysteinemia) is more expressed in the children from the regions that are in worse social-and-economic conditions after the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant.

19-22

Authors: БЕРДНИК О.В., РУДНИЦЬКА О.П., ДОБРЯНСЬКА О.В.

Objective. The revelation of the peculiarities of causes and conditions of formation of allergic diseases in children on population level. Results. According to the results of retrospective dynamic observation for 42 years, two-hill peculiarity of the curve of changing of the levels of prevalence of allergic diseases in children has been revealed regardless of the ecological conditions in their residence’ places. The causes of these diseases have been studied taking into account medical, ecological and ecological-hygienic approaches. Conclusions. In the conditions of a large-scale retrospective epidemiological study, the role of medical, environmental, weather-climatic factors in the formation of allergic diseases in children at the population level have been shown.

29-35

Authors: ЗОРИНА О.В.

The study is aimed at scientific substantiation and improvement of parameters and criteria of the potable and natural waters quality monitoring in accordance with the requirements of the European legislation. Materials. The analysis was carried out of the European and Ukrainian regulatory documents regarding the potable and natural waters quality. The quality of potable tap water from surface and subsurface sources of drinking water supply, in the bottling places, and packaged was investigated for meeting sanitary-chemical indicators in different regions of Ukraine during the last 17 years (more than 600 samples). Methods: bibliographical, regulatory-searching, hygiene, sanitary-chemical, and expert evaluating. Main results. The work consist of the scientific substantiation, systematization, and improvement of parameters and criteria of potable and natural waters quality monitoring in accordance with the requirements of the European legislation and on the basis of longitudinal research of priority indicators of the potable and natural waters quality, as well as the potable water influence on the consumer health. It is noted that the development of the program for monitoring the drinking water should be conducted taking into account the results of monitoring of natural waters. Improved analysis criteria that should be conducted in case of water monitoring development, it is proposed to analyze the presence of problem indicators, which concentration was unstable and exceeded 75% of the norm, as well as before cleaning exceeded the hygienic norm for drinking water. The comparative assessment of Directive 98/83/EC and ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10 concerning the procedure for monitoring the quality of drinking water by microbiological and organoleptic indicators showed that at the productivity of the water supply system up to 130 000 m3/day in the ДСанПіН the stricter control is regulated, which requires preservation in in case of implementation of the said directive. It has been found that Directive 98/83/EC does not have a procedure for monitoring the quality of drinking water in relation to the content of residual quantities of reagents and the hygiene standard for them (regulated in ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10), which needs to be preserved in the revised national regulatory document. We have found that refined drinking water of superficial sources of drinking water supply has a stable composition. Requirements for the quality of such waters and periodicity of their quality control are determined (coincide with the requirements for underground drinking water). The periodicity of mineral substances determination in potable water with artificial mineralization in potable water was reduced in bottling places with productivity less than 5m3/day in order to prevent the production and sales of the desalinated water (earlier – one time a week, now – one time per month). The standard for chlorates was established according to the WHO (0,7 mg/l) recommendations and the periodicity of the chlorates level control was set (one time per month in case of potable water disinfection with the chloride dioxide); stricter control of potable water quality was set for the content of trihalomethanes (in case of minimization of their content-at least on time per three months). It was pointed for the first time that after the water supply systems refurbishment and changes in the water treatment technology the manufacturers can carry out the potable water quality control not of a full list of the indicators, but only for those that can be changed, what is cost-effective. It was determined that there is a need in implementation of complex ecological hygienic monitoring of natural and potable waters as of today, what will be a significant step in improvement of the potable waters quality and European legislation implementation in Ukraine.

42-47

Authors: БІЛОУС О.С., РОДІНКОВА В.В., ЄРМІШЕВ О.В.

Fungi spores and fragments occur everywhere over non-polar regions of the Earth, especially over agricultural regions, make up to 45% of particles in the air bioaerosol and can cause symptoms of allergy. In the article, we described the spectrum of fungi spores as the potential aeroallergens and its temporal changes in the ambient air of the city of Vinnytsia. Materials and methods: We carried out the study with the help of volumetric method in 2009-2014, we detected more than 30 categories of spores of fungi in the atmosphere, many of them had clinically proved features to cause seasonal allergy. Results: Dominance of Cladosporium spores is demonstrated in the air bioaerosol, it conforms to the results of the observation in the majority of points throughout the world. In general, the representatives of the ascomycetes fungi (Ascomycota) dominated in ambient air, as well as the representatives of Basidiomycetes and pseudofungi (Oomycota). In particular, the list of the leaders by the indicator of the annual spore index consisted of Alternaria, Ascospora, Cladosporium, Coprinus, Didymella, Epicoccum, Ganoderma, Leptosphaeria, spores of Uredinales and Ustilaginales. Most of fungi spores were recorded in ambient air from June to October with clearly defined increases in concentration, basically due to Cladosporium spores in June and July. Peaks in July were characterized by Alternaria and Ascospores. A larger concentration of spores was observed in ambient air in autumn months than in spring months and in the first half of June. Conclusions: Findings on the spore content of ambient air for a long period of observation were obtained for Ukraine for the first time. The result will improve the diagnosis and prevention of seasonal allergy in our country.

54-57

Authors: СТАНКЕВИЧ В.В., КОВАЛЬ Н.М.

Objective : We substantiated the hygienic standard of the content of petroleum products (total) in agricultural soils and soils of the settlements’ territories of various functional use. Materials and methods : We used the gravimetric method for the determination of the actual content of totalpetroleum products in the samples of soils of the agricultural lands and soils from the territories of the settlements of various functional purposes. Under experimental conditions, we investigated the influence of different concentrations of petroleum products on the enzymatic (dehydrogenase) activity of soil microorganisms on the model soil media with different content of humus. Results: Soils with a higher content of humus are more resistant to the impact of oil products. Concentrations of the gasoline-diesel fraction of PP from 1.0 to 5.0 g/kg had a stimulating effect on the enzymatic activity of soil microflora and on the development of the crops for all types of soils; concentrations over 10.0 up to 20.0 g/kg inhibited this parameter sharply. The petrol fraction of PP provided more toxic effect on this indicator in comparison with the diesel fraction. When assessing the territories of different planning zones of the settlements, the significant fluctuations in the concentrations of the petroleum products were established, but with a certain correlation, depending on thef unctional zone. A streetroad dust is especially instructive by the artificial soils’ pollution levels. Conclusions.The allowable levels of oil products’ pollution were proposed for different planning zones of the territories of the settlements. As a safe concentration for the sum of petroleum products at the level of 1.0 g / kg (1000.0 mg / kg of soil) is proposed for the soils of agricultural purpose.

62-66

Authors: ТКАЧИШИНА Н.Ю.

We examined 398 workers of locomotive crews (WLC) and 116 engineers and technicians of the UR. We used the methods of vibration testing and capillaroscopy. The results of vibration testing showed that in the first 20 years of work, a decrease of the threshold of vibration sensitivity looked like an adaptation, and later an increase of the sensitivity threshold progressed. At capillaroscopy, the violation of microcirculation determines a tendency to increased arterial pressure, it is favoured by the peculiarity of the labour conditions of the WLC under conditions of emotional and intellectual tension and combined vibration effect.

71-75

Authors: ТУРОС О.І., СЛАУТЕНКО Є.Г., МИХІНА Л.І.

Background: Features of ambient air pollution at the border of the sanitary protection zone and the residential area with the emissions from modern powerful pig complexes are considered in the example of the pig complex with an annual capacity of 30 thousand heads. Objective: We assessed the ambient air pollution with the emissions from livestock farms in the example of the farms for pigs’ breeding (pig complexes) with a capacityof 30 thousand heads per year. Materials and methods: We used the method of bibliographic and bibliosemantic search; we performed field instrumental measurements of the concentration of the pollutants in the emissions from stationary sources of contamination of the pig complexes and in ambient air of the settlements. Results: The maximum concentrations of pollutants in the content of the emissions of pig complex (hydrogensulphide, ammonia, solidsuspended particles (PM)) were established not to exceed the maximum allowable emission. The average concentrations of the pollutants in ambient air in terms of the maximum single maximum allowable concentration (MPCotm) are exceeded only by hydrogensulfide (at a distance of upto 200 m - 2.5 MPCotm, at a distance of 500 m - 2.4 MPCotm, at 1000 m - 5 MPCotm), no excesses for other substances (ammonia, PM) were detected. Conclusions: The obtained results testify about absence of ambient air pollution with ammonia and PM emissions from pig complexes and its pollution with hydrogensulphide in concentrations, exceeding MPCotm, depending on distance (200, 500 and 1000 m). In addition, the obtained results make it possible to reduce the normative sizes of sanitary-and-protective zones of livestock complexes under condition of the use of modern production technologies for the maintenance and fattening of pigs, the organization of the production ventilation systems and the technological process of livestock breeding which reduce the emission of hydrogensulfide to the level of the standard MPCotm.

8-14

Authors: АПИХТІНА О.Л., КОЗЛОВ К.П.

Introduction: The introduction of cadmium nanoparticles (NP) into production makes it necessary to study the mechanism of their action both at the cellular level and at the level of organs and systems, the determination of biomarkers of their effects, especially comparing to its ionic form. Objective: We compared the content of micro- and macroelements in the spleen and thymus of experimental animals after exposure to cadmium sulfide NP and cadmium chloride. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on mature male Wistar rats 160-180 g, intraperitoneally injected with CdS NP of 4-6 nm and 9-11 nm sizes as well as CdCl2 in 0.08 mg/kg/day dose adjusted to cadmium. Toxic effects were evaluated after 30 injections (1.5 months), 60 injections (3 months) and in the post-exposure period (1.5 months after cessation of exposure). The study of macro- and trace elements was carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Results: In the spleen and thymus of experimental animals increase in cadmium content and changes in the content of macro- and trace elements were registered in all groups comparing to the control group. In the spleen cadmium accumulated more intensively after exposure to the CdS NP, especially larger sizes, comparing to CdCl2. The accumulation of cadmium was accompanied by an increase in the level of copper and a decrease in the content of iron, zinc, and selenium. Less significant changes in the level of trace elements in the spleen was recorded after exposure to CdS NP 9-11 nm, comparing to CdS NP 4-6 nm and CdCl2. In the thymus, there was a significant accumulation of cadmium which was accompanied by an increase in the level of copper, a decrease in the level of iron, zinc and selenium. The most significant changes were recorded in animals exposed to low CdS NP 9-11 nm comparing to CdCl2. Intensive accumulation of cadmium and an imbalance of trace elements may play a leading role in the implementation of the immunotoxic activity of cadmium compounds in nano- and ionic form. Conclusions: Determination of the content of cadmium, macro- and microelements in the spleen and thymus allows to evaluate cadmium toxicokinetics in the body, predicting the pathogenetic features of its toxic effects, especially in the post-exposure period, as well as to study the pathogenesis of its immunotoxic action.

20-25

Authors: ПРИЛИПКО В. А., ОЗЕРОВА Ю. Ю.

Objective: study of the state of satisfaction of the population of surveillance areas (SA) of the NPP of certain spheres of quality of life and benefits and subventions for this category of population. Research methods. A sociological survey of the population of the SA Rivne NPP was conducted. The sample population was 232 people, the sampling error did not exceed 7.0%. The components of quality of life were studied: security and social protection, health, environment, welfare, employment, and more. Methods used: sociological, statistical and mathematical. Comparison of population groups: urban and rural, by sex and age. Results. Estimates of the overwhelming majority spheres of quality of life of the urban and rural population of the NPP vary from a "rather negative" to an "average" level and have a statistically significant difference in favor of the townspeople. A negative rating among the areas of quality of life takes up democratic governance, safety, health and welfare. The assessment of the security sphere varies depending on the age of the respondent (r=0,202 р ≤ 0,01). Below average limit - assessment of the health sphere. The revealed correlations between environmental assessment and level of education (r=0,263 р ≤ 0,01). The priority of choosing benefits and direct subventions depends on the place of residence. The social activity of the population in relation to the NPP work is estimated by the average score. Conclusion. The democratic system has no positive development, which increases the probability of social protests. Existing normative documents regulating the life safety of the population of the NPP are not fully implemented, the population is not confident in its security and protection. The probability of improving health, through optimization of medical care, was estimated by the population mediocre, without hope for positive changes in the health care system. Population SA NPP relates not use subsidies as priority actions for emergencies at nuclear power plants. The existing system of granting privileges and subventions in the SA NPP does not fulfill most tasks and requires revision taking into account the experience of world analogues.

31-35

Authors: МАЛЄЄВА Г.Ю., ПРИХОДЬКО О.Б., ЄМЕЦЬ Т.І.

Background: Ambrosia pollen is the most common reason of the seasonal allergies in the population. For better prophylaxis of pollinosis it is necessary to develop modern methods for prediction of the high content of pollen in the atmosphere. Objective: We improved the method for daily pollen forecast of aeropollenologic situation connected with the changes of ambrosia pollen amount in the air. Materials and methods: Monitoring of aeroallergic situation was made with volumetric trap. In our calculation we used the archive data of the weather station WMO 34601. Results of the research were processed with the help of STATISTICA 10 StatSoft Inc. program and Excel. Results: For ten years of the study we had accumulated material which allowed us to find some regularities of ambrosia pollen distribution in the atmospheric air of Zaporizhzhia on the days of pollination depending on the meteorological conditions. For the improvement of the forecast of aeroallergic situation we offer to use the formula for the determination of the expected daily amount of ambrosia pollen which is a product of pollen amount in the particular day as an average one for long-term study and the coefficients of the impact factors of the most significant meteorological factors. We calculated and used such coefficients as correction coefficient for the asymmetry of the pollen distribution according to days of pollination; coefficient of wind influence; coefficient of precipitation influence; coefficient of dependence of the amount of pollen in the air on atmospheric pressure; coefficient of the dependence of the amount of pollen on relative humidity. We also assessed the risk of allergic reaction development in the population by 5-point scale where 1 point corresponded to a low threat level and 5 points indicated the highest level of danger for the patients. Conclusions: The amount of ambrosia pollen in the particular days can significantly differ from the average indicators under the influence of various weather factors and there was no reliable correlation between the level of pollen and the intensity of the isolated factors. The mode of the influence of particular weather factors can change and even be opposite depending on the intensity or direction of the weather changes. The first attempt to calculate the expected amount of pollen as a product of the average values and the coefficients of meteorological impact showed a positive result. On the average for 10 years, the coefficient of the correlation between the level of pollen and forecast, made with the help of proposed method, made up 0.8 ± 0.06.Proposed method allows us to leave the subjective approach and to calculate the allergic prediction based on the weather forecast.

41-46

Authors: ГУЩУК І.В., БРЕЗЕЦЬКА О.І., ГУЩУК В.І., ДРАБ Р.Р.

There are the data on the quality of drinking water from decentralized sources of water supply in Rivne oblast, one of the oblasts of Ukraine, where the water supply of the population with drinking water is carried out from the underground aquifers. The materials were collected and analyzed on the compliance of drinking water with sanitary-chemical and sanitary-microbiological indicators in the districts for the period of 2004-2015. Objective: We assessed the ecological and hygienic state of the quality of drinking water from the sourcesof decentralized water supply in Rivne region during 2004 - 2015. Materials and methods: The laboratory data on the sanitary-chemical, microbiological, parasitological and radiological indices were used in the work. Systematization, processing and analysis of the research materials were carried out with the help of descriptive, dynamic and comparative methods. Results: Since 2004 – 2015, a number of the sources of decentralized water supply, including wells from 1347 to 1147 (-200), captures from 10 to 8 (-2) and artesian wells from 2 to 7 (+5) was stated to be decreased by 197 units in the oblast. The decrease was mainly due to the discontinuation of public wells’ exploitation. The average regional indicator of non-compliance of drinking water from the sources of decentralized water supply in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators was increased more than 2.5 times in the period under study from 14.5% in 2004 up to 40.0% in 2015. In recent 2 years a sharp increase in the percentage of non-compliance of the samples was noted from 21.2% in 2013 up to 40.0% in 2015. According to the microbiological indices, the average non-compliance rate for the above-mentioned period grew by 3.2% and amounted to 29.0% in 2015 at 25.8% in 2004. The sharp increase in the percentage of non-compliance of samples was noted in recent 2 years from 14.0% in 2013 up to 29.0% in 2015. Conclusion: The obtained results show that in the context of the development of the public health system in Ukraine it is necessary to continue the work on the determination of the correlation between the quality of drinking water and the state of morbidity in the oblast.

51-56

Authors: ГРЕБНЯК М.П., ФЕДОРЧЕНКО Р.А.

The purpose of the study was to justify the principles of preventing the adverse effects of industrial atmospheric pollution on human health. Objects and methods of research: to assess the exposure of atmospheric pollution screening for the health of the population of an industrial city, gross emissions from stationary and mobile sources by the level and spectrum of pollutants, the correlation between total air pollution and respiratory diseases, the incidence of the population, the coefficients of determination were studied. Results. The methodological basis for justifying the principles and measures for the prevention of the development of respiratory diseases is based on medical and environmental monitoring, establishing a causal relationship between environmental factors and the state of health, hygienic assessment of sanitary and epidemiological well-being. 7 principles of primary prevention, the object of which is the source and mechanism of occurrence / spread of the disease, are substantiated; 7 principles of secondary prevention, the object of which is a disease in acute or subacute stages; 3 of the principle of tertiary prevention, the object of which is disability / premature metering.

63-67

Authors: ТКАЧИШИНА Н.Ю.

We performed the ultrasound examination of the heart in 398 workers of locomotive crews (WLC) and 116 engineers and technicians of UR. The results of the study showed that there were the following changes in the WLC: aorta dilatation, early diastolic dysfunction of myocardium, specific dynamics of geometric changes in the left ventricle with the acquisition of a ball shape that was a feature of its modelling with a decrease of the stroke volume in an increase of the heart rate. Similar changes progress in the WLC at the increase of the seniority and contribute to the accelerated rate of aging under harmful working conditions.

73-76

Authors: МІЗЮК М. І., СУСЛИК З. Б., ЄРЕМЧУК Я. О.

Parameters of mental efficiency dynamics are the most informative criteria of the adaptation of child's organism to the educational load. Objective: We established the peculiarities of mental efficiency and progress of higher grades students at secondary schools in comparison aspect among the students began studying at the age of six and seven. Materials and methods: The research was carried out among 937 students, started studying at the age of six and 263 students started studying at the age of seven, depending on gender (girls, boys), grade (9th, 10th, 11th), place of residence (city, village) and the Prykarpattia’s zone (mountain, foothill, plain, Ivano-Frankivsk city). Assessment of mental efficiency in the senior students was carried out by the results of corrective test according to Anfimov’s tables before and after the lessons. Results: A higher level (p <0,05) of mental efficiency was observed in the students started studying at the age of six, namely by the parameters of the number of revised symbols, the number of correct actions, the number of errors, the coefficient of the efficiency in the 11th grade; number of revised symbols in the mountain zone, in Ivano-Frankivsk city; according to the number of missed symbols in the plain zone before the lessons and to the number of revised symbols and the number of correct actions after the lessons in Ivano-Frankivsk city. There are no significant differences in the dynamics of the parameters during the school day in the students by gender, place of residence, and zones of the Carpathian region. The progress of the students in Ukrainian, algebra, geometry and the average score are significantly higher among the children began studying at the age of six, namely in Ukrainian, algebra - in girls, in Ukrainian, algebra, geometry - in boys; in Ukrainian, algebra, geometry in the 9-th grade; in Ukrainian, algebra, geometry in the 10-th grade; in Ukrainian, algebra, geometry and average score – among the urban students; in algebra, geometry –among the rural students; in Ukrainian, algebra, geometry and average score –among the students of Ivano-Frankivsk city.