Environment&Health (Dovkillia ta zdorovia)

4-7

Authors: ЧЕРНИЧЕНКО І.О., ДУМАНСЬКИЙ Ю.Д., БАЛЕНКО Н.В., СОВЕРТКОВА Л.С., БАБІЙ В.Ф., КОНДРАТЕНКО О.Є., ЛИТВИЧЕНКО О.М., СЕРДЮК Є.А., НІКІТІНА Н.Г.

Objective: We studied a genotoxicity of joint exposure of endogenic nitrosamines and electromagnetic field of industrial frequency. Materials and methods: The experiment was performed on 160 white outbred female rats of 6-8 weeks age with a weight of 140-154 g, divided into 4 groups: intact control; introduction of nitrosamines’ synthesis precursors (NAP) – sodium nitrite, 100 mg/kg; tetracycline, 20 mg/kg; irradiation by electromagnetic field of industrial frequency (EMF IF), 50 Hz, 90 µT; joint exposure of NAP and EMF IF. NAPs were introduced once a day, 5 days per week during 90 days. Irradiation by EMF was carried out at the same terms for 7 hours daily. Endogenic synthesis was controlled by the chromatographic determination of nitrosamines’ content in liver and kidneys of the rats. Genotoxicity was determined by micronucleus test in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of femoral bones within 24 hours after last introduction. Calculation of MN PCE was carried out in 3 smears from each animal. We determined individual and group indices of micronuclei frequency (%) on 2000 PCE. Obtained data were analyzed statistically with the help of Student t-test. Results: The reliable increase of micronuclei frequency (0.13 %, р < 0.05) was observed under isolated administration of NAP in comparison with intact control (0.08 %). A tendency to the increase of MN frequency (0.12 %, р > 0.05) was observed in the rats irradiated by EMF. At the same time the joint effect of the factors caused the reliable strengthening of the effect (0.18%, р <0.001) both in comparison with intact control and with isolated effect of NAP (р < 0.01) and EMF (р < 0.05). Conclusions: We established the reliable strengthening of genotoxic effect under joint exposure of studied factors in comparison with their isolated effect. It suggests the risk of joint effect of carcinogenic nitrosamines and electromagnetic field of industrial frequency (50 Hz).

14-16

Authors: БУЗИННИЙ М.Г.

Objective: We analyzed the methodological approaches to the control of drinking water radioactivity, rationalized functions and scopes of the action of various standards and methods. Material and methods: In the study of water we applied the various radiometric and spectrometric methods that satisfied the rules of sufficient selectivity and sensitivity that allowed to perform the limitation on the normalized value of radioactivity and / or dose. Results: Methodical approaches to the control of radioactivity of drinking water in Ukraine were analyzed. The priorities of the application of the requirements of NRBU-97, DSanPin 2.2.4-171-10, Directive 98/83 / EC on water radioactivity were differentiated. The algorithms of the studies for the fulfillment of the requirements of existing standards and features of the dissemination of mentioned standards were rationalized. Conclusions: Existing standards NRBU-97, State Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.2.4-171-10, concerning the radioactivity of drinking water, include or complement each other, and for the expansion of the scope of the Directive 98/83 /EC requirements in Ukraine, the corresponding changes in State Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.2.4-171-10 should be approved first of all.

22-26

Authors: АКСЬОНОВ М.В., ПАВЛЕНКО Т.О., ФРИЗЮК М.А., ГЕРМАН О., ФЕДОРЕНКО О.В., МИХАЙЛЕНКО О.В.

Objective: We assessed the indoor radon concentrations of residential buildings, radon concentrations in soil air, and natural radionuclides’ (NORM) concentration in soil for the selection of radon protection measures. Materials and methods: The measurements of the indoor equivalent equilibratory concentration of 222Rn (EERC) in indoor air of residential buildings, 222Rn concentration in soil air, and the concentration of natural radionuclides (NR) in soil near the selected buildings were included in the studies. Measurements of indoor radon-222 EERC were carried out with the help of passive track radonometry method with nitrate-cellulose film LR-115 as a detector. Calculation of the tracks was carried out with the help of spark counter. Measurements of radon-222 concentrations in soil air were carried out by the express method with the help of portable radon monitor Alpha GUARD under field conditions. To determine the NORM (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) concentration in soil, we applied the gamma-spectrometry method. Results: The studies were performed in the village of Bakumovka, Rokytne region, Kyiv oblast. The EERCs in the indoor air of residential buildings were established to be exceeded the hygienic standards of 100 Bq•m-3 in 71 % of cases. The range of indoor EERC made up from 14 Bq•m-3 to 521 Bq•m-3, the arithmetic mean was 159 Bq•m-3, the geometric mean was 134 Bq•m-3 at a standard deviation of 93 Bq•m-3. Radon concentration values in soil air were 13-32 kBq•m-3. 226Ra concentrations accounted for 10-34 Bq•kg-1 at soil surface and 22-37 Bq•kg-1 at depth. Thus, the soil at the location of the buildings belongs to the area with a low radon risk (< 50 kBq•m 3) and low concentration of 226Ra (< 50 Bq•kg-1). So, the high levels of 222Rn in residential buildings are due to their design features. For the reduction of the population’s exposure in this region, the radon protection measures, directed on the correction of buildings’ design features, may be recommended.

31-37

Authors: ГУЩУК І.В., БРЕЗЕЦЬКА О.І., ГУЩУК В.І., ДРАБ Р.Р.

Objective: We performed the ecological-and-hygienic assessment of the state of water supply, including a quality of drinking water for the urban population of the Rivne oblast, by sanitary-and-chemical and sanitary-and-microbiological indicators, tendencies in dynamics. Materials and methods: In our study we used the materials of the WHO, the State Sanitary-and-Epidemiological Service of Ukraine, as well as the results of the laboratory investigations of drinking water samples from the sources and the networks of centralized water pipelines in the settlements of the Rivne oblast. Results: A systematization and analysis of the data of drinking water quality, carried separately from the sources and the network of centralized water- pipes to the urban population in the regions of the Rivne oblast in the period from 1999 to 2015, was performed in the study. There was a disparity of sanitary norms and rules in the operation of centralized water pipes mainly due to the non-observance of sanitary protection zones of water sources, lack of necessary complex of treatment facilities and sewage treatment plants. A percentage of the non-conformance of drinking water samples from the sources and the network of centralized water supply by sanitary and chemical indicators increased 1.6 times in dynamics over the period under study. At the same time, a discrepancy between drinking water samples and microbiological indicators increased (almost 4-fold) last years.

40-43

Authors: KOНДРАТЮК M.В., БЛАГАЯ A.В., OMEЛЬЧУK С.T., СТЕЦЕНKO О.В.

Objective: In the article we raised a question of the relevance of the hygienic approach to the assessment of the solatenol based combined fungicide application safety to human and environment and its effect on the sanitary regime of water bodies for domestic-drinking, cultural-household purposes. Results: Hygienic studies of solatenol influence on the processes, taking place in water of the model water bodies, were carried out. The amount of studied active substance, affecting the biochemical oxygen consumption, the dynamics of the saprophyte microflora, the nitrogen content of ammonia, the nitrogen of nitrites and nitrates, was determined, as well as the content of dissolved oxygen in water and the active reaction of water (pH).. Statistical calculations of the arithmetic mean and the error of mean were also performed. As a result of the conducted studies, it was established that concentration of solatenol in water at 0.0007 mg/dm3 (the limiting index is the effect on nitrification processes) is the threshold by the general sanitary index of hazard. Conclusions: The proposed value was taken into account in the development of the hygienic standard of solatenol maximum permissible concentration in water of the bodies for domestic-and-drinking, cultural-and-household purposes.

48-52

Authors: БЕРДНИК О.В.

Objective: We analyzed the issue of “comorbidity” from the viewpoint of preventive medicine and public health. Results: The issues of the distinctions of holistic and nosological approaches in medicine and their peculiarities at the characteristic of combined pathology were considered in the article; the importance of the issue of comorbidity for the population health estimation on population and individual levels was shown; social-hygienic and medico-preventive aspects of the problem of comorbidity were revealed and their role in the development of preventive programs was described. Conclusions: The problem of comorbidity is of scientific and practical importance not only for clinical medicine but also for its preventive branch. Interdisciplinary interaction in the solution of this problem will allow us not only to optimize the approaches to treatment of the patients with comorbidity pathology but also to develop the system of its registration that will improve the health care system of the population.

57-61

Authors: ЯВОРОВСЬКИЙ О.П., БРУХНО Р.П., ШИДЛОВСЬКА Т.А., ГРЕЧКІВСЬКА Н.В.

Objective: We studied the state of acoustic analyzer and morbidity in the "noise" professions’ workers of food industry. Materials and methods: We performed the hygienic studies of labor conditions, analysis of morbidity, detailed clinical examination of the state of acoustic analyzer, determination of the biological age of "noise" professions’ workers at the PJSC "Obolon". Results: Noise was determined to be a leading harmful factor of the occupational environment of the "noise" professions’ workers at the PJSC "Obolon”, noise levels exceeded the permissible values by 1-11 dBA. We revealed a deterioration of acoustic function, especially for the tones in the extended frequencies’ range, among the examined “noise” professions’ workers and signs of the impact of noise on the central parts of the acoustic analyser, manifested in the infringement of the function of its truncal and cortical structures. Frequency of the detection of sensory-neural deafness and diseases of circulatory system in the operators of beverage bottling was established to be statistically higher than in the control group (р≤0.05). Accelerated aging rates in the workers of "noise" professions were revealed. Conclusions: The causal relationship among conditions, character of labor and frequency of the detection of diseases, changes at different levels of the acoustic analyzer, rates of aging of "noise" professions’ workers was established.

68-72

Authors: ПЛАТОНОВА А.Г., ЯЦКОВСЬКА Н.Я., АНТОМОНОВ М.Ю.

Background: Provision with safe household articles, including children’s one, is one of the main factors in the population health protection. The prevention of the negative impact of the unfavourable factors on human health connected with the production and appearance of the potentially unsafe products in Ukrainian market requires the revision of methodical approaches and scientific substantiation of the necessity of the use of the new indicators for hygienic assessment of modern textile goods. Objective: We established a degree of danger of separate kinds of clothes for children’s health and suggested a domestic hygienic classification on its basis. Materials and methods: We used the method of integral assessment that allowed us to determine the safety index for separate kinds of clothes. Results: According to the technology of the construction of integral assessments, the information indicators of safety of separate kinds of clothes were determined in the first stage of investigation (such as, percentage of square of direct skin contact, age of children, duration of direct contact with a skin for a day). The weight coefficients of these indicators were calculated in the second stage. Then the assessment scales for the gradation of their changes were developed for every indication. Taking into account the ranges of changes of the informative indicators, the children’s clothes were divided into 11 classes. Thus, a determination of the degree of the potential danger of the goods for the child’s organism is a background of the domestic classification of children’s clothes. The use of integral assessment method allowed us to determine the safety index of separate kinds of clothes depending on the square of direct skin contact with clothes, age anatomical-and-physiological features of child’s organism and duration of direct skin contact with clothes for a day. Conclusions: Suggested approach is a scientific provision of methodology of the hygienic expertise of children’s clothes. According to the hygienic classification, the safety index was established for every product. It determines a risk degree of its potential impact on children’s and adults’ health.

4-8

Authors: ПРОКОПОВ В.О., ТОМАШЕВСЬКА Л.А., ЛИПОВЕЦЬКА О.Б., КУЛІШ Т.В., КРАВЧУН Т.Є., ЦИЦИРУК В.С.

Objective: We determined the specific features of the biological action of chloroform and monochloroacetic acid with drinking water on the organism of the experimental animals according to the biochemical parameters. Materials and methods: A 6-month sanitary-and-toxicological experiment was performed using 10 groups of white, mongrel rats: 1 – control (they were given artesian water), 6 experimental groups drank water with chloroform, monochloroacetic acid, and their combination at levels 3 and 5 MPC, respectively, and 3 experimental groups that consumed drinking water with a standard content of both isolated substances and their combinations. The functional state of the animal body was assessed by the change in creatinine content, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and blood plasma. Results: Drinking water with the content of chloroform (CF) and monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) at the level of 1 MPC of both individual substances and their combination did not cause significant changes in the biochemical indices of the experimental animals. The dose-time dependence of changes in biochemical indices was revealed especially in the groups of animals drinking water with CF content at the level of 3 and 5 MPC and a combination of CF and MCAA (3 and 5 MPC). When drinking water is used with a combination of CF and MCAA the changes in biochemical parameters take place primarily due to the toxic effect of chloroform. The toxic effect of CF and MCAA in the excess concentrations causes changes in metabolic processes in the organism of animals, is manifested by the significant changes in the biochemical parameters of the blood, and, with an increase in the exposure time, can lead to the emergence of pathological processes in organs sensitive to the action of organochlorine compound (liver, kidney, heart).

14-21

Authors: БАЛЕНКО Н.В., ЦИМБАЛЮК С.М., ЧЕРНИЧЕНКО І.О., ЛИТВИЧЕНКО О.М., ГУЛЬЧІЙ М.В., ОСТАШ О.М.

Objective: We determined the possible mechanisms of the effect of the foreground carcinogenic metals of the atmospheric pollutions (chrome, nickel, cadmium, lead) on the formation of thyroid cancer morbidity in the population. Materials and methods: We used a method of theoretical analysis (generalization, synthesis, abstraction) of literary data and our investigation data concerning with the peculiarities of the bioeffects of carcinogenic metals and regularities of their manifestation. Results: The results of the performed analysis allow us to consider that metals, under chronic combined intake into the organism, resulting in numerous effects at various levels (molecular, biochemical, organ, systemic) , can affect the formation of thyroid cancer morbidity in the population by two ways: I - by means of the induction of direct and indirect (oxidative) DNA damages and epigenetic disorders in unchanged thyrocytes with a further development of genome instability, beginning of mutations, cancer; II- by means of the induction of similar damages in the primary induced knot neoplasms (goitrogenic effect), their proliferating cells are a sensitive morphological substratum for their beginning. Prolonged existence of the complex of these changes against a background of the disorders of the immune system functions, typical for all metals, can encourage a risk of the growth and the acceleration of the development of the malignant tumors of thyroid glands among the population.

25-28

Authors: СВЄТЛОВА О.Д.

Background: During the last decades a process of the deterioration of the schoolchildren’s health state has been observed in Ukraine. For the period from 1986 to 2015 a number of schoolchildren with pathological disorders of all ages increased by 2.2 fold at primary school, by 2. 0 fold at middle, by 2.2 fold at senior. Therefore the issues of the schoolchildren’s health state control are extremely relevant today. Objective: We identified the preconditions of chronic diseases formation in the contemporary schoolchildren. Materials and methods: 382 schoolchildren of middle school age took part in the study, 274 schoolchildren with chronic somatic diseases and 108 without health problems were among them. Assessment of relative risks of some pathological changes in the children with chronic diseases was performed in comparison with the healthy ones. We used a multivariate regressive analysis for the determination of the dependence of the indices from operating factors. Results: The functional markers of the relative risk of chronic somatic diseases formation in the children and an insufficient level of physical readiness were identified. A method for the rough evaluation of the children’s health state only by functional indices of the organism and level of physical readiness was found, this allowed us to identify a group of "risk" of the emergence of pathological pathology.

34-38

Authors: ДАНИЛЕНКО Г.М., ШВЕЦЬ А.М.

Objective: In the article we disclosed a concept and a content of the professional self-determination in the teenagers. The results of the study of the formation of professional self-determination in the senior pupils are presented in it. As a result of the study performed among the 9th grade pupils of the secondary schools of Ukraine aged 14-15 years, we determined that under equal conditions of the planning of the professional activity the further phased self-determination of the future specialty was stipulated not only by the psychological readiness for conscious choice but also by the state of health and the level of psychophysiological adaptation. Materials and methods: 982 pupils of secondary schools of Ukraine aged 14-15 years (493 boys and 489 girls) took part in the study. To study the level of the formation of professional readiness, we performed a survey with the help of the questionnaire, developed by the SI “Institute for Protection of Children’s and Teenagers’ Health, NAMS” which contained both alternative and ranked questions about the educational activity, planned education determination of the professional future, and professional awareness. Statistical processing of study materials was carried out with the help of MS Excel and SPSS-17. Results: The results of the study showed that professional intentions of the 9-graders are a key feature for the solution of the problem of higher school choice and future vocational activity. These intentions are contradictory in the most students due to the objective reason, such as a lack of school opportunity in the organization of the vocational guidance. The achieved level of the professional self-determination of the 9-graders differs depending on gender. The girls demonstrated higher indices of their professional self-determination. Age differences of the 9-graders don’t affect the process of the professional self-determination. The parents, Internet, teachers and school psychologists, classmates and friends are the main sources of the information about professional future. Radio, television, books, medical staff of the educational institution don’t affect significantly the choice of the profession and the level of professional self-determination in the 9-graders. Performed survey is sufficient for the analysis of the vocational guidance of the students. The professional choice of the students is formed under the effect of many factors which adjust both desire and aspiration. Therefore the studies on the vocational guidance require an integrated approach.

42-45

Authors: ДУМКА І.В., ТКАЧИШИН В.С., ТКАЧИШИНА Н.Ю.

Objective: We examined the stress resistance and the level of anxiety in the underground train drivers (UTD) and developed the scheme for treatment of the vegetative dysfunction. Materials and methods: We examined two groups of individuals: 26 - UTD (main group), 26 - employees of the engineering unit (control group). All examined persons of main and control groups were men. Spielberger test was used to study the stress resistance and anxiety level. Results and discussion: Analysis of the study results showed that medium and high levels of anxiety were mentioned in the majority of UTD (88.5%), in contrast to the personnel of engineering unit (23.19%, respectively). There is a significant difference (p <0.05) between similar values in both groups. This indicates that the majority of drivers suffer from the constant impact of stress factor in the workplaces, taking into account the specificity of their work, it leads to a decrease of stress resistance and increase of the level of situational anxiety among the UTD. There was no such a tendency in the control group, this indicated that their work is not connected with excessive impact of the stress factor on nervous system of the engineering personnel. By Spielberger test results, it may be noted that the UTD who have a low resistance to stress and a high level of anxiety, may be proned to imbalance, lack of attention, low self-control, it is dangerous for their profession, taking into account that they provide safe movement of trains. According to the medical histories collected in 26 underground train drivers (100%), above pathological states arose as a result of stress situations (in medical history it is the hitting on a person with a fatal outcome). For the correction of identified disorders a treatment scheme was proposed, its main task was a recovery of the normal functioning of nervous system in general and a disappearance of its somatoform symptoms. Thus at the beginning of the treatment the percentage of the persons with a depressive syndrome was 84.61 ± 7.07%. At the end of treatment this index made up 3.84 ± 3.77% that was significantly less (p <0.01) in comparison with the same index at the beginning of the treatment. At the beginning of the treatment the percentage of the persons with the asthenovegetative syndrome made up 92.30 ± 5.22%. At the end of treatment, this index was 7.69 ± 5.22% that was significantly less (p <0.01) in comparison with the same index. Conclusions: In a survey of the UTD and identification of the psychophysiological vegetative dysfunction risk factors we established medium and high levels of anxiety in the majority of UTD (88.5%), in contrast to the engineering personnel (23.19%, respectively). The difference of values has a reliable (p <0.05) character. Developed scheme for the correction of pathological changes of nervous system in the UTD, due to stresses, can be used effectively for the recovery of the functioning of nervous system, a positive dynamics of the state of health of the drivers before and after treatment indicates it.

49-54

Authors: ТЕТЕНЬОВА І.О.

Objective: We presented a sanitary–and-hygienic assessment of modern methods for recycling and disposal of solid domestic waste (SDW) and prospects of their implementation in Ukraine. Materials and methods: The unutilized residue of SDW after industrial sorting was the material of the study. Investigations of the influence of waste sorting on the composition and properties of the unutilized residue of solid waste were carried out by us under field condition at the garbage sorting station of JSC "Greenco-Center", Kyiv. The study was performed according to the standard procedures. Heavy metals were determined by the atomic absorption method with the help of spectrophotometer of CAS-120.1type. The biological activity of the waste was determined by the index of dehydrogenase activity. The dehydrogenase activity of the waste was determined by the modified methodology in accordance with the Patent of Ukraine No. 22364. Influence of biological preparations on the acceleration of the decomposition of organic waste was evaluated by the dynamics of the reduction of SDW weight and the release of filtrate in time. Results: There is an analysis of modern methods for recycling and disposal of SDW in the work. It is shown that unutilized part of SDW after sorting is safer for disposal. The content of heavy metals decreases in the content of unutilized SDW after sorting and, vice versa, a certain increase of microelements’ content is registered in it. After sorting, in the unutilized part of SDW a content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt) doesn’t exceed their clarkes and MAC in soil in contrast to native SDW. The methods for the optimization of handling with the unutilized part of SDW after sorting are proposed. Compaction of the mixture (10 parts of waste to 1 part of ash) up to 1 kg / cm3 causes a minimization of biological decomposition of the organic substances. When enzyme (oxyzine) and microbial preparations (EM-1) are used for the recycling of SDW after sorting, the decomposition’s depth of organic substances is greater by 1.5 (oxyzine) - 1.7 (EM-1) fold than under natural destruction.

60-63

Authors: БУЗИННИЙ М., МИХАЙЛОВА Л.

Title: Estimation of deposit of natural radionuclides on the soil surface in the vicinity of Trypillya TPP The purpose of research. Estimation of the loss of natural radionuclides as a result of emissions during the long-term operation of the Trypillya TPP. Materials and methods of research. Trypillya TES is located 40 km south of Kyiv. To study the magnitude of radioactive fallouts caused by the Tripolskaya TPP, three pine forest areas were selected for 1.5 km, 1.8 km to the north and 3.0 km to the northwest north of the station, which correspond to the dominant wind directions. The investigated forest profiles of the surface included a layer of forest flooring and two layers of soil 5 cm in thickness each. To ensure the statistical accuracy of the results, 5 to 8 profiles were selected on each site. For comparison, we investigated forest profiles outside of the influence of thermal energy objects near the village. Yasnogorodka Vyshgorodsky district, about 60 km north of Kiev, or more than 100 km from the station. The forest floor samples were burnt to a compact shape, and the soils were dried in the air at room temperature for two weeks until a steady sample weight was reached. The radionuclide content was measured using the ORTEC Gamma Spectrometric System, which contains 3 precision pure germanium detectors and 919 multichannel buffers. Research results. The results of the measurements showed that the value of the average aggregate level of precipitation of natural radionuclides on the surface due to regular emissions from the Trypillya TPP at a distance of 1.5-3 km is 34 50; 37 73; 48 66; 447 1216 Bq • m2 for 226Ra, 232Th, 238U and 40K. The corresponding maximum values ​​are at least twice as high: 63 125; 84,169; 103 180; 725 2430 Bq • m2 for 226Ra, 232Th, 238U and 40K. The predominant amount (80-95%) of activity of radionuclides is deposited in the upper 5 cm layer of soil, the rest - in the forest floor. The vast majority of 210Pb landings are of natural origin, where 55-95% belong to the upper layer of soil. Conclusions As a result of state emissions, the Trypillya TPP is enriched with natural radionuclides by the surface of the soil around the station. The maximum number of deposited radionuclides is concentrated in the upper 5 cm layer of soil, the rest - in the forest flooring. The study of forest soil profiles in the TPP impact zone provides information on the integral levels of natural radionuclides deposited on the surface during its period of activity. To obtain statistically weighted results, it is necessary to study 5-8 profiles. Keywords: Trypillya TPP, fossil fuels, coal, natural radionuclides, radioactive releases, radioactive deposition.

72-77

Authors: ХОМЕНКО В.І.

Number of hemopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) increases worldwide. However, the increasing use of this expensive treatment modality has an economic aspect. Transplant activity rates (number of HSCT per 10 million inhabitants) differ significantly between middle and high income countries in Europe and Eastern Mediterranean/Africa. Any HSCT was not performed in low income countries. In these countries and regions the transplant rates (total, for allogenic and autologous HSCT) are associated with a gross national income per capita, health care expenditures (total and governmental) per capita, number of transplant teams per 1 million inhabitants. Тransplant activity was concentrated preferentially in high income countries of Western Europe in comparison with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Commonwealth of Independent States, Eastern Mediterranean/Africa. The described differences of transplant activity present differences in the resources between low and high income countries and the significant regional differences as well. These data provide a basis for health care planning and development of normative acts for the development of HSCT as a cost effective treatment modality in Ukraine.

4-7

Authors: Яворовський О.П., Стеченко Л.О., Солоха Н.В., Кривошеєва О.І., Чухрай С.М.

Data of our experimental studies on the detection of the effect of titanium nitride nanoparticles on the body of the operators working with nanofacilities are presented in the article. Objective: We studied the effect of titanium nitride nanopowder on the ultrastructures of the lungs of the experimental animals at the intratracheal introduction in the chronic experiment. Materials and Methods: We performed the electronic microscope study of the ultrastructural changes in the lungs of white rats of 170-200 g weight. Material for the study (lungs) was taken within definite terms from the moment of introduction. Ultrathin sections were made on ultratom LKB III (Sweden). They were painted and photographed under electronic microscope PEM-125K at a magnification of 4.8-20 thousand diameters. Results: Ultrastructural analysis of the lungs showed that in 1 day after the introduction of titanium nitride nanoparticles they were identified in the part of alveoli and their effect was directed to the damage of aerohematic barrier; respiratory, alveolar epithelium partially suffered a desquamation. In 7 days an edema of the respiratory epithelium and its detachment from the basal membrane were noted, a number of collagen and elastic fibers were increased. Increase of the observation period to 6 months after the introduction of nanoparticles demonstrated the edema of respiratory epithelium, basal membrane expansion, and proliferation of collagen fibers. Plasma cells, responsible for humoral immunity, were observed in the lumen of the alveoli. Pneumosclerosis was noted in a year after the beginning of the experiment as well. Conclusions: Thus, increase of the period of observation points to the development of pneumosclerosis in lung parenchyma and, as a result, the violations of gas exchange and hemomicrocirculation.

13-16

Authors: Дідик Н. В.

Objective: We studied pro- and antioxidant indices in blood and tissues of the organs of the experimental animals under effect of the magnetic field (50 Hz) of different intensity levels. Materials and methods: The effect of the magnetic field of 50 Hz (10, 30 and 90 μT) was studied in the experiments on white Wistar rats using biochemical methods, such as determination of the content of malonic dialdehyde and catalase in blood. Results: The obtained results show the accumulation of MDA-products of lipid peroxidation. The increase in catalase activity as an enzyme of the antioxidant protection system was not sufficient to inactivate LPO. The noted violations were dependent on the intensity level and the action time of the MP 50 Hz. Conclusions: Under the influence of the magnetic field intensification of the processes of lipid peroxidation in the organs and blood of rats occurs and is accompanied by the activation of catalase. This may indicate a certain imbalance between pro- and antioxidant processes, since the induction of free radical processes is not balanced by the antioxidant protection system.

22-26

Authors: Полька О.О., Омельченко Е.М., Качко Г.О., Педан Л.Р.

Purpose: evaluation folic acid fortification of flour as a method of mass prophylaxis of congenital pathology. Materials and methods: analytic, bibliographic. Results: There is evidence of a reduced risk of congenital neural tube defects in children born to women who took 800 micrograms of folic acid in the preconception period. To the development of the insufficiency of this vitamin can result in a low content of food, a dysbacteriosis of various etiologies (for example, prolonged intake of sulfonamides) and a disturbance in the metabolism of folic acid, which changes during carrier С677Т and А1298С polymorphisms of the gene of methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHR). The frequency of MTHFR with reduced activity in Ukraine is quite high. At the population level, this leads to inefficiency of its use and toxicity, as the accumulation of folate metabolites leads to the development of dyspeptic phenomena, allergic reactions and vitamin deficiency B12. Consequently, its use for prophylactic purposes requires an individual approach to each patient, especially when considering the possible carriage of allelic variants of the MTHFR gene. Their prevalence in the territory of Ukraine and clinical significance for today remains insufficiently investigated. Conclusion: We consider it advisable to conduct large-scale research in Ukraine on the content of folate in the diet, digestibility and content in blood plasma in different age groups. Received results will be an evidence base for decision about fortification.

31-35

Authors: Гребняк М.П., Федорченко Р.А.

Objective: We analyzed toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic aspects of the industrial air pollution. Materials and methods: We studied a character of the industrial emissions from stationary and mobile sources of pollution into the air basin of the city of Zaporizhzhia. We analyzed the total emissions for 1990-2013. Hygienic, analytical, mathematical-and-statistical methods, and method of causal analysis were applied. Results: More than 40 toxicants, including 6 compounds of the 1-st class and 14 substances of the 2-nd class of danger, affect the residents of the industrial city with developed metallurgical industry. Specific features of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of the foreground atmospheric pollutants are presented in the article. The spectrum and volume of the industrial emissions are responsible for the specificity of toxic process. Naphthalene, benzopyrene, lead, acetic and nitric acids, phenol were established to have the most ramified correlative galaxies. Threats to the health of the population are enhanced with a simultaneous environmental pollution with 13 substances with a synergism of the effect and 11 substances characterized by summing of harmful effect.

39-44

Authors: Давиденко Г.М., Петросян А.А. Близнюк В.В.

Objective: We performed a cost evaluation of the losses in the economy of Ukraine from premature mortality caused by respiratory diseases. Materials and methods: Social damages connected with the respiratory diseases are considered from the point of view of health losses resulting in reduced quality of life, rising prevalence, and mortality. Economic damages allow the social damages to be presented in numerical expression. Assessment of life cost and loss of the potential years of life (LPYL) are the significant components in these calculations. Mentioned calculations were performed with the help of comparative, medico-statistical, demographic, economic-and-mathematical, structural-and-logical analysis methods of investigation. The official data of the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine, State Statistics Service and Social Security Fund for 2010-2015 were used in the study. Results: We assessed the loss of the potential years of life (LPYL) as a result of premature mortality according to the classes of diseases connected with the respiratory system. Obtained data show that 36.2% cases of deaths of pneumonia, 35.6% deaths of malignant tumors of tracheal, bronchi, and lungs, 10.4% cases of deaths of chronic diseases of lower respiratory tracts make up a significant part in a total number of the loss of the potential years of life. By all selected diseases, at one cases of death, 8.87 years of potential life is lost per year. Obtained calculations of the quantitative assessments of the loss of the potential years of life with the application of the feedback index of the use of human capital as a cost evaluation of human life (it made up 46413 UAH or 2124, USD in 2015) allowed to get a sum of economic losses -11.4 billion UAH or 523.8 million USD. While using the element-by-element approach to the data of 2015, the economic losses of the state because of premature mortality of the respiratory diseases made up 1.2% GDP or 24.03 billion UAH.

50-55

Authors: Федоренко В.І., Кіцула Л.М.

Objective: We studied the regularities of the dynamics of physical development of the children aged 6 years in Lviv city for the period from 1969 to 2015 by the anthropometric parameters and assessed physical development of the children at modern stage. Materials and methods: The results of the anthropometric measurements in 1969 – 1971, 1992 - 1993, 1995 - 1996, 2003 - 2005, 2014 – 2015 were the basis for the analysis of the dynamics of physical development of the children. For the assessment of physical development of the children, examined in 2014 – 2015, we calculated the body mass index, Pignet’s index, proportionality of thorax. The anthropometric indices of the children were compared with the hygienic standards of 2013. Statistical analysis was carried out by the least squares method with a determination of the authenticity of the results by Student’s t-test. Results: The dynamics of physical development of the children aged 6 years in Lviv during the period from 1969 to 2015 was found to be characterized by the processes of decelerations and acceleration of the growth rates of the anthropometric indices. The lowest values of stature and body weight of the children were observed from 1992 to 1996 that was probably due to the irrational nutrition and the intake of the pollutants from environment and food products, heavy metals in particular. The highest anthropometric indices were observed in 2014 - 2015. The values of body mass index indicate the harmonious development of 59.0% of girls and 55.3% of boys. Dolichomorphic body type in 96.9% of girls and 85.9% of boys is characterized by Pignet’s index, the narrow thorax in 79.7% of girls and 76.3% of boys with increased growth testifies about the processes of gracialization. In comparison with the Criteria for the Evaluation of Physical Development of the Children in Ukraine (2013) 6-years-old boys and girls in Lviv are higher and have a bigger chest circumference, and boys have a bigger body weight than their peers, that indicates the expediency of the development of regional criteria for physical development.

61-66

Authors: СурмашеваО.В., РосадаМ.О., ОмельченкоМ.М., НіконоваН.О., РомановаГ.Ю., Вулах Н.О., Олійник З.А.

Objective: We studied the problems of contamination of premises of the libraries and their funds with microorganisms, micromycetes in particular, to characterize epidemic safety of the premises, the information fund; to assess the epidemiological safety of the premises and libraries’ funds according to the data of microbiological examination; and to find safe and effective ways of combating with microbial contamination of the library environment. Materials and methods: Microbiological methods: determination of bacterial seedingof the air of libraries and swabs from surfaces of premises and carries of information with bacteria and microscopic fungi; identification of isolated microorganisms with the help of the common microbiological methods; model experiments for the study of the efficiency of salt lamps for air decontamination from microorganisms. Studies were performed in a number of large libraries of Ukraine. Results:Information on the reasons of the contamination of the premises and funds of the libraries with microscopic fungi, measures for prevention and elimination of biological pollutionwere analyzed. A necessity of the measures for the disinfection of the library funds and premises from pathogens of fungal and bacterial originwas proved. Fungal and bacterial contamination was shown to depend on the microclimatic conditions and the use of some measures of disinfection had a positive effect on the decontamination of premises and funds of the libraries. A high efficiency of the use of a salt lamp for the elimination of the microbial contamination of indoor air was proved in model experiments. Conclusions: Monitoring of the library environment is necessaryfor timely detectionofmicrobiological (mycological) contamination, and there is a need in the effective methods of disinfection of premises and funds of the libraries. The high efficiency ofsalt lamp at airdecontamination frombacteria and fungi was established.

71-75

Authors: Лазаренко К.П., Завгородній І.В.

The economic, ecological, and social processes affect negatively the functional possibilities of the organism and according to medico-psychological parameters of the children. They lead to an increase of chronic diseases. Hygienists, pediatricians, surgeons, and orthopedists inform about an increase of the number of the children with scoliosis. Successful adaptation for such children is associated with a possibility of getting education, including higher one. Currently, the most complex and prolonged type of treatment-and-preventive care to the children with scoliosis is a staying in specialized boarding schools, rehabilitation centers, boarding houses where the general educational process combined with protective health improving, correcting regimes that promote the creation of necessary conditions for social and psychological adaptation of children and adolescents

4-10

Authors: Басанець А.В., Долінчук Л.В.

In Ukraine the largest part of the occupational morbidity of bronchopulmonary system is registered in the coal industry where the conditions of work are characterized by the impact of the high coal-rock dust concentrations in the air of working zone. Side by side with the industrial harmfulness, a long tobacco smoking affect the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development, infectious agents encourage progression and exacerbation of the disease. However, the scientific investigations demonstrate the impact of the genetic predisposition on the COPD development. Objective. We determined the main pathological mechanisms of the COPD formation. On the basis of the obtained data we analyzed the genes’ polymorphisms encoding the key links of disease pathogenesis. We determined the potential genetic markers of the COPD development that might improve a quality of the forecast and primary disease prevention in future. Results. Performed analysis demonstrated that the disturbance of the integrity of extra-cellular matrix, imbalance of the proteolysis-antiproteolysis system, oxidative stress, and inflammation in proximal and distal departments of low respiratory pathways affect the formation of the COPD. The genes of elastin (ELN), alpha-1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMPs), matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), neutrophil elastase (NE), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were identified as the main gene-candidates of the COPD development.

15-19

Authors: Гребняк М.П., Федорченко Р.А.

Materials and methods. We used bibliosemantic, analytical-and-synthetic, content analysis, physiological, statistical study methods. An exposure of the premorbid states of the respiration function against the background of the atmospheric pollution was a component of the sanitary predonosological diagnosis. The different types of the abnormalities in pulmonary function among the inhabitants of the industrial city were differentiated with the help of the electronic spiroanalyzers by the "flow-volume" curve. Results. A half of the residents of the industrial city has been determined to have a deviation of the ventilation function due to the development of the pathology of bronchopulmonary appart of the upper respiratory tract (obstruction, restriction, obstruction against a background of the restriction). Conclusions. A character of prenosological states is determined by gender, age at the dominant role of the duration of residence in the area with the air polluted with the industrial emissions.

23-26

Authors: Бородай В.П., Тертична О.В., Свалявчук Л.І.

Objective: We investigated the impact and the spread of D. gallinae invasion at the poultry enterprises in Ukraine and analyzed the data of the European Community where this blood-sucking parasite was the most spread. We determined the effect and the significance of this parasite. Materials and methods: The general theoretical methods of scientific knowledge, systematically-structural and abstract-logical analysis were a methodological basis for our research. Results: Dermanyssus gallinae affects negatively the poultry production but the most affects the production of eggs. For the last ten years the largest percentage of the spread of the parasite due to its high adaptive capabilities, resistance to the acaricides, quick life cycle at the high optimum temperatures and possibility of long existence without sources of nutrition (to 10 months) has been detected in the EC countries. The parasite was established to ingress to the poultry farms with the help of synanthropic birds. The mites can transport the excitants of dangerous infections and viruses causing transmission and invasive diseases. All these incur economic losses for poultry farms by means of the increase of the mortality of the total number (decrease of weight and anemia) and significant decrease of egg-laying qualities and quality of eggs in laying hens. Corresponding consequences lead to the significant financial losses for the liquidation of parasite populations, disinfection of areas and treatment of the animals. Pernicious impact of D. gallinae on the human’s organism is demonstrated as well, it causes skin diseases (pruritus and dermatitides). Thus, it is necessary to study the populations of mites for the prevention of their attacks on the personnel of poultry farms and ecologically safe solution of this problem.

32-33

Authors: Друзі, колеги, учні

Жизнелюб и острослов, яркая харизматичная личность, на научные доклады которого сбегались, как на концерт. Таким мы запомним Илью Ароновича Лихтарева. За сухими словами, цифрами и графиками его научных работ скрываются сотни тысяч людских судеб. Он вернулся на родину в самый тяжелый момент. С мая 1986 года и до конца своей жизни занимался ликвидацией последствий этой, далеко не первой в его жизни ядерной аварией. Его знания и опыт помогли сохранить тысячи человеческих жизней и здоровье сотен тысяч украинцев.

38-41

Authors: Корзун В.Н., Болохнова Т.В., Марченко Д.О., Старощук В.Ф., Яжло В.С

Objective. We developed the Technical Conditions "The Field Food Sets", studied a chemical composition of the separate foodstuffs and the set № 15, and presented its hygienic and biological assessment. Materials and method.We studied a list of 270 denominations of the foodstuffs and standards for them. Results. We developed the Technical Conditions "The Field Food Sets": TC U 10.8-00034022-153:2016. “The Norm № 15 – Daily Field Food Set” was created on their basis and nutrition and energetic values (by the content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and calorie content) of the field set and high-calorie set were established. According to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 03.10.2016, № 696 the changes in the norm of the nutrition of the servicemen were introduced and the norms of the nutrition of the servicemen of the Armed Forces and other military formations were supplemented with the norm № 15 – daily field food set. By the composition, calorie value, and nutrition value the new set- norm № 15 has been estimated to meet the present requirements for the food intakes of the contingents under field extreme conditions.

46-49

Authors: Москвяк Н.В.

Objective. We performed a comparative analysis of the morphological status of the pupils of the first forms in urban schools of Ukraine with their peers in Europe (Poland, France) for the long-term period. Materials and methods. Morphological indices of the physical development of the Ukrainian 7 years-old first-formers (as an example of Lviv city) in accordance with regional standard (1995-1996) and criteria of the evaluation of physical development of school age children (2013) were compared with the anthropometric parameters of the similar age groups of Polish (studies of 2000 and 2010) and French schoolchildren (2000) taken from literature data. Statistical analysis of the research results was carried out by the standard methods for biomedical research using the MS Excel program. Results. The study of the physical development of junior school-age children indicates a difference between the indices of 7-years-old boys and girls, residing in Ukraine, Poland and France. Body length and body weight of the schoolchildren of the first forms in the urban schools of Ukraine (1995-1996) was significantly lower than those of the children in Poland and France, surveyed in 2000. At the same time interval the Ukrainian schoolchildren had a broader chest: chest circumference of the boys was more by 1.91 cm, and the girls – more by 3.84 cm in comparison with the similar parameters of their Polish peers. In 2000 the body mass indices of the boys in Poland were more (p<0.05) than those in schoolchildren of the French primary forms. At the beginning of the first decade of the 21 century (2010-2013) a decrease in rates of physical development of 7-years-old children was observed in Poland while the dynamics of body length and body weight of the Ukrainian 7-years-old schoolchildren had a pronounced positive character.

54-58

Authors: Хоменко І.М., Козярін І.П., Закладна Н.В.

Background. Assessment of the safety of nuclear energy for the environment and the human health is one of the priorities of science and project-oriented activity. Last years it is especially important due to the structural changes in the state administration, prolonged social-and- economic crisis in the country, decrease of living standards and significant deterioration in medical service and nutrition. The results of experimental studies and medical- and-epidemiological observations indicate that the digestive system is sensitive to ionizing radiation. The observation area (OA) of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant covers a part of the Zaporizhzhia and the Dnipropetrovsk regions. However, studies of its impact on the environment and the health of the population have not been performed in recent years. Assessment of the nutrition status of the population, living in the observation area of this nuclear power plant, is especially topical now. Objective: We estimated a state of the factual population nutrition of the observation areas of the nuclear power facilities of Ukraine on the example of the Zaporizhzhia NPP from the hygienic point of view. Materials and methods: bibliographic, sociological, analytical, statistical. Results. Emission of the basic dose forming radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr into the environment took place in the process of the operation the Zaporizhzhia NPP but their content did not exceed a “zero background”; contamination levels were unequal and had a territorial difference. The factual nutrition of the residents of the Zaporizhzhia NPP observation area does not meet the requirements of a balanced diet by the content of the basic nutrients in a daily intake. Conclusions. Obtained data indicate the possibility of safe living of the population in the observation area of the Zaporizhzhia NPP according to the radiation factor. Instability in the levels of food contamination by plant’s emissions indicates the need of constant monitoring of their composition and impact on the health of the residents of the observation area.

65-72

Authors: Кудря М.Я., Лалименко О.С., Караченцев Ю.І., Завгородній І.В.

This article provides information and contemplations of the authors about the problem of biological monitoring of hazardous chemicals and its introduction into the practice of occupational hygiene and environmental protection. We have analyzed the scientific findings of international normative and legal documents concerning the risk assessment of the exogenic chemical compounds effect on the state of health of the employees and the population using the comprehensive approaches of biomonitoring methodology. The authors invite to discuss a definition of "biological maximum allowable concentration - bio MAC" in the context of the hygienic regulations among the researchers in the occupational hygiene. We substantiate the urgency and the practical necessity of the introduction of biological monitoring in risk assessment of the effect of hazardous chemical factors on the health of the employees and the population.

74-79

Authors: Нікберг І.І.

Австралія, попри свою поширену назву «Зелений континент», також має чимало притаманних їй медико-екологічних проблем, можливо, не таких значних, як у більшості інших великих держав. Природною бідою Австралії є велика площа не придатних для життя людини пустель та посушливих регіонів, які займають практично всю її центральну частину та становлять більш як 40% усієї території. Провідне місце серед загальних факторів несприятливого екологічного впливу на довкілля Австралії належить тим же чинникам, які притаманні й іншим великим державам, а саме: забрудненню атмосферного повітря, воді та ґрунту.