Environment&Health (Dovkillia ta zdorovia)

8-13

Authors: Черниченко І.О., Баленко Н.В., Соверткова Л.С., Литвиченко О.М.

Objective: We determined the peculiarities of the endogenous synthesis of carcinogenic nitrosamines (NA) depending on the conditions of the experiment according to the data of our own research. Materials and methods: The studies were carried out on white outbred rats in 3 series of the experiments with different doses (concentrations) used for the administration of precursors of nitrosamine synthesis (PNA), routes, duration of administration and duration of the experiments. Doses of PNA were chosen taking into account their real levels in the environment. The level of endogenously synthesized HA (ENA) - nitrosodimethylamine and nitrosodiethylamine in the organs of the experimental animals was determined by the gas chromatography method. The risk of HA was assessed by the indicators of tumor development (frequency, malignancy, morphogenesis, localization, latent period, etc.) established in pathomorphological studies. The obtained digital data were processed by the methods accepted in biomedical studies using the Student's test and also χ2. Results: In all experiments at the introduction of the complexes of different PNA the presence of ENA in the organs (liver, kidneys, lungs) was noted in 7 hours after the start of the PNA administration. Their number in the organs increased to a certain level and then was approximately the same despite the continuation of the PNA introduction. After the termination of the PNA administration the ENA were not detected in the organs. In chronic experiments, a dose-dependent development of tumors of different organs was noted. Nitrogen dioxide played a decisive nitrosating role in the experiment with the introduction of nitrogen oxides (inhalation), sodium nitrite in a complex with amidopirin (orally). In comparison with this experiment, in the experiments where the animals were orally administrated tetracycline with sodium nitrite, the intensity of endogenous synthesis and the content of ENA in the organs were lower, they were not determined in the lungs. Conclusions: Endogenous synthesis of HA was proved in the experiment on white outbred rats, HA level and intensity of the formation depended on chemical structure, dose and pathways of the precursors of their synthesis. There was no material cumulation of carcinogens in organs at the simultaneous accumulation of functional-and-structural changes in the organism leading to the development of tumors. Frequency, morphology, genesis, and localization of induced tumors were proved to be determined by the toxico - pharmacological features of the precursorsand the number of endogenously synthesized nitrosamines.

17-22

Authors: Черниченко І.О., Литвиченко О.М., Соверткова Л.С,. Цимбалюк С.М.

Objective: We performed a comparative assessment of the role of ambient air pollution with carcinogenic compounds in the number of the industrial cities of Ukraine in the development of oncological diseases of the population. Materials and methods: The research was carried out in 3 cities with different levels of the industrial development - Kyiv, Cherkasy, Kremenchuh. 8 carcinogenic compounds: benz/a/pyrene, volatile N-nitrosamines (N-nitrozodimethylamine and N-nitrozodiethylamine), formaldehyde and heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, chromium VI) were studied in ambient air. For the assessment of the risk of these substances and their contribution to the formation of population cancer incidence in the cities we used a methodology of risk assessment. The information database was formed with the help of the Microsoft Excel computer program and software package. Results and discussion: Analysis of air monitoring data of the cities (for almost 20-years’ period) showed a stable pollution with these substances and its variability. The air quality assessment in the cities by the total pollution indicators showed their slightly excess of the permissible level of total pollution with those compounds. At the same time, risk indices (non-carcinogenic risk) indicate that even such an excess poses a threat to public health; by the value of these indicators a number of the compounds, having the most negative influence, were identified. The total carcinogenic risk of the influence of these substances on the population of the cities was established to be high (>10-3) according to the US EPA classification. The population risk, calculated on this basis, demonstrated that the influence of these 8 carcinogens could cause 2-3 new cancer cases every year. Conclusions: The results of long-term monitoring studies have shown the stable pollution of the atmosphere with carcinogenic compounds (8 substances) in some Ukrainian cities. The non-carcinogenic risk of the identified pollution was calculated according to the value of this index, a number of the compounds, affecting the most negatively the health of the population of studied cities,was detected. The total carcinogenic risk of the ambient air of the cities, polluted with these substances, is classified as a high one that causes 2-3 new cancer cases every year.

26-30

Authors: Тетеньова І.О.

Objective: We determined the influence of the landfills of solid domestic waste (SDW) (by the way of the example of the SDW landfill of Kyiv-Sviatoshynsky industrial management of housing and communal services in the village of Kriukovshchina) on the environment and the health of the population in the adjacent settlements. Materials and methods: Results of the sample analyses of ambient air, soil, water of centralized drinking water supply, groundwater wells, and surface water were the materials of the study. The study was performed by the standard procedures. Data analysis of the morbidity of the population according to the statistical reporting was carried out in 4 settlements in 2012-2015. For the independent assessment of the health status of the residents in the areas adjacent to the SWD landfill we developed a questionnaire and performed a survey of the population (89 questionnaires). Results: In Ukraine, 95% of the SDW are landfilled and only a small percentage on the engineering structures – polygons. By the way of the example of the SWD landfill of Kyiv-Sviatoshinsky regional management of housing and communal services in the village of Kriukovshchina we showed that landfills were not technically equipped. They are located and operate with the violations of the requirements of sanitary legislation. The landfills are the main factors of the contamination of underground and surface water, soils, ambient air in the region of their location. A zone of the influence on ambient air goes beyond the normative sanitary protection zone (500 m). Significant point soil pollution with heavy metal compounds was detected at a distance over 100 m from the landfill. A filtrate is a main negative factor of the landfill influence on the environment. The foreground pollutants of the landfill filtrate are: difficult for biological degradation organic substances (by the indices of COD, BOD5), ammonia, salt-containing substances, chlorides, heavy metals. A zone of the influence on surface water and groundwater for domestic-drinking needs reaches several kilometers. The negative influence of the landfills on the environment significantly affects the living conditions of the population, including health indices. The incidence rate of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases of the population in the villages adjacent to the SDW landfill exceeds significantly the analogous average regional indices. A clear tendency to an increase of the morbidity indices is observed at the reduction of the distance from the settlement to the landfill.

35-38

Authors: Могильний С.М., Махнюк В.М., Черниченко І.О., Литвиченко О.М.

Objective of the work is a detection of risk indices for the health of the population from the environmental contamination with the chemicals created by the emissions of the filling stations (FS) of various ratings, taking into account territorial features of the residential areas. Materials and Methods. The methods of sanitary-and-hygienic examination of operating objects; sanitary-and-epidemiological examination of the SPZ designs for the FS of different ratings, risk assessment were applied in the work. Conclusions. Sanitary classification of enterprises and productions was proved to require the review and the normalization of differentiated sanitary-and-protective zones (minimum and maximum SPZ) for the FS, taking into account a quantity, introduction of the effective air protective measures and risk approach to sanitary-and-epidemiological assessment of the FS location. It is necessary to implement the equipment for getting of the carcinogenic evaporations at the filling of vehicles at the existing and designed FS to decrease a pollution of air layer of working zone of operating FS and environment of the adjacent residential construction.

44-49

Authors: Ананьєва О.В.

Objective: We assessed the human health risks formed by traffic-related air pollution on the territory of Darnytskyi and Dniprovskyi districts in Kyiv city. Materials and methods: We used human health risk assessment methodology approved by the USA Environmental Protection Agency for the assessment of the human exposure to motor vehicles emissions and calculation of the corresponding human health risks. Air pollution dispersion model ISC-AERMOD View v.8.8.9 was applied to obtain averaged (1-, 24-hour and annual) pollutants' concentrations formed by 28 motorways and 6 crossroads within study area. We used the methods of observation and recording of the vehicle fleet intensity, composition, and road situation. Research outputs were processed with statistical tools and methods of geospatial analysis (ArcMap v.10.1, Esri). Results: Averaged concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (based on NO2), sulfur dioxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, particular matter РМ10, and formaldehyde were calculated for 952 receptors with point increment of 250 meters. Based on exposure estimates, non-carcinogenic risks (hazard quotients HQ) for acute and chronic exposures were calculated. Additionally, total chronic hazard for inhalation exposure pathway (hazard index HI) was estimated. Under acute exposure we revealed an excess of the allowable level (HQ≥1) only for РМ10 in Darnytska Square (HQ=1.2) and Sobornosti Ave. (HQ=1.4). Chronic non-carcinogenic risks were above recommended levels (HQ≥1) for nitrogen oxides (based on NO2): HQ ranging from 1.26E-02 to 2.07E+00; non-methane hydrocarbons: HQ from 1.58E-02 to 3.18E+00; РM10: HQ from 5.53E-03 to 1.27E+00. At chronic exposure the hazard quotients for other pollutants were at the acceptable level (НQ<1) and a health risk was minimum. A total non-carcinogenic risk for chronic exposure (HI) was determined in a range from 4.04E-02 to 5.43E+00, this indicates a possibility of 1.5-5.4 fold increase of the frequency of negative reactions in respiratory system.

55-60

Authors: Капранов С.В.

Introduction: Physical activity is a leading factor in the forming of physical development and other indicators of children's health, physical culture and sports are defined as its main manifestations. Objective: We studied the influence of physical training and sport on the indicators of physical development of the schoolchildren. Materials and methods: We performed the anthropometric examinations of body length, weight, and chest circumference for the assessment of physical development of 1399 students aged 13-17 years. Assessment of the data was carried out by gender-age regression scales and percentile method. Results and discussion: 31.45±1.24% of the students at secondary schools were established not to do their morning exercises (physical training) and 38.46±1.30% of them not to go in for sports connected with physical activity. The girls did their morning exercises regularly 2.2 times less and went in for sport 1.6 times less than the boys. Refusal of the regular physical exercises of the schoolchildren is a risk factor for a disharmony of their physical development formed mainly owing to the deficiency of chest circumference and body weight. Proposals for the improvement of physical development of the schoolchil-dren were developed.

66-70

Authors: Савіна Р.В., Волощук О.В., Коркач В.С., Мельченко Ю.В.

Objective: We studied a state and tendencies of the indices of publication activity of the researchers of the Institute in the editions including in the international data bases. We studied a dynamics of the number of the publications for 4 years, their dissemination in Ukrainian and foreign editions from the scientific citation bases; analyzed a qualitative dissemination of the publications in foreign journals. Results: In 2012 – 2015 the majority of the publications of the Institute scientists were published in the Ukrainian scientific journals. In 2014-2015 a number of the countries, where the scientists published their articles, significantly increased. Laboratory for Radiation Protection and Air Quality Unit demonstrated a high publication activity in the editions involved in the international scientometric bases and open repositories. Activation of publication activity of the scientists, especially in the editions involved in the international abstract and scientometric journals, will permit to increase the efficiency of the integration of the Institute scientists into the world scientific society.

75-79

Authors: Думка І.В.

The issues of the unfavourable factors’ impact of working environment on the organisms of subway train drivers are presented in the article. The main unfavourable occupational factors are noise and vibration, nervous-and-emotional overstrain, stresses, forced labour posture, hypodynamia, unfavourable microclimate, total or partial lack of natural lighting, sharp changes of illumination. These factors most reliably lead to the disruption of the mechanisms of adaptation and formation of pathological abnormalities in subway train drivers. Morbidity of the subway train drivers needs further study and solution of the issues of the improvement of working conditions, development of preventive measures and correction of revealed pathological abnormalities and diseases of the internal organs