International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

6

Authors: Mithanthaya Seetharama and Sutariya Manoj

The biceps brachii is the muscle of the flexor compartment of the arm. The muscle takes its origin by two heads, short and long head. The present paper is to document the variation in the origin of biceps brachii which the authors encountered during the routine dissection. In the routine postgraduate dissection it was found that the variation in the origin pattern of the biceps brachii muscle, along with the normal two heads (short and long) the third head was seen which took origin from the shaft of the humerus. The knowledge of such additional head of the biceps brachii will enhance the preoperative evaluation, facilitate the surgical intervention and prevent the post operative complications.

7

Authors: Urvashi M. Belkhude, Prashant Baghe and Amol P. Vagre

In Ayurveda, various skin diseases have been described under the term Kushtha. Vicharchika is one type of skin disease which is similar to Eczema. Vicharchika is not serious disease but it concerns the patient due to sever itching, its appearance and its nature to become chronic. In the treatment of Vicharchika various Shodhana and Shamana therapies are given in classical texts of Ayurveda. Among the shodhana karma, Raktamokshana (Bloodletting) with the Jalauka called as Jalaukavacharana is mainly advocated. Jalaukavacharana is one of the oldest remedies specially used in Rakta Pradoshaj Vikaras. It involves the attachment of cultured Jalauka (Leeches) in the affected area. A case of 43 years old male patient detected with Kandu, Daha, Rukshata, Strava, Vaivarnya etc lakshanas of Vicharchika on back of his palms of both hands from last 3 months. He was not getting relief by taking Antifungal, Analgesic drugs so came in Twachavikara OPD at Govt. Ayurved College, Osmanabad, Maharashtra for further treatment. He was treated with 4 sittings of Jalaukavacharana. After that he was asked to administer Arogyavardhini Vati along with Khadirarishtha and Panchtiktaghrit guggul with luke warm water twice a day for one month. The above lakshanas were significantly improved after 4 weeks. Jalaukavacharana as shodhana therapy and Arogyavardhini Vati, Khadirarishtha and Panchtiktaghrit guggul as Shamana therapy in combination when followed by systematically, gave relief from symptoms in patient of Vicharchika.

7

Authors: Nagaraj S, Rajalakshmi M G and Shashank M

Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease of unknown origin which primarily affects the axial joints. Among all the spectrum of Spondyloarthritides(SpA), Ankylosing spondylitis is a clinical challenge for physicians due to its progressive nature and quick formation of permanent deformities. Moreover, the younger age groups are more affected which leaves them de-capacitated and marginalized at an early age. The mainstray of treatment in Western Medicine consists on Immunosuppressive therapies and NSAIDS. The symptomatic relief offered by these agents comes with a bigger cost of serious side effects like recurrent infections, demyelinating disorders, SLE, liver diseases etc. withtheir long term side effects still unknown. Presenting here case of a 22 yr old male with Ankylosing spondylitis who was on systemic steroids, NSAIDS, and Immunosuppresives. Treatment was planned on the lines of Amavata with Simhanada Guggulu Leha (SDM Pharmcy), and courses of Kshara Basthi. Over a period of 6 months of IPD and OPD treatment, all the Western medications were stopped and the patient is totally asymptomatic with Ayurvedic medications. The patient was brought back to mainstay of life instilling hope and poise.

7

Authors: Asha S Raj and Sara Monsy Oommen

Asoka - Saracaasoca (Roxb.) de Wilde is a well-known drug for the herbal industry. Even though various parts of this plant owe numerous pharmacological actions, its classical officinal part is stem bark. Due to over use and irrational collection practices the stem bark of this drug has been severely adulterated in the drug market. In Ayurvedic classics, the stem bark, are proposed to be collected during Saratritu (autumn season). The drug material to conduct the study was collected during the very same period. A lot of studies have been published about the phytochemistry of this drug, but none of them strictly followed this type of collection practices. This emphasizes the uniqueness of present work. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash, water insoluble ash, moisture content, fibre content, tannin content, phenol content of the sample of test drug are estimated and found to be similar with that of the description in API. Sugar content in the drug is very trace, so as to quantitatively estimate the total and reducing sugar. The prepared kashaya was slight acidic in nature, by using the digital pH meter and it was found to be 6.56. The extractive values such as cold alcohol soluble, hot alcohol soluble, cold water soluble and hot water-soluble extractives of the drug sample were estimated. The observed values were found to be within the range as that of API. This work tries to merge up the ancient wisdom with modern techniques of phytochemistry.

8

Authors: Keerthana J, Prakash L Hegde and Vijay Javagal

Diabetes mellitus is the disease afflicting mankind since a very long time. Over 30 million have been diagnosed with Diabetes in India and it is one among the cause for morbidity, which makes the life of individual miserable. In Ayurveda, Diabetes mellitus can be understood as Madhumeha which is one among the Vataja Prameha. Lakshana pertaining to Madhumeha as per the classical text are Prabhoota Mutra, Aavila mutra etc. In the present case study, a 49 years old female patient came to SDM college of Ayurveda Kayachikitsa special OPD with complaints of pain in smaller joints and increased frequency of micturition. Through physical findings and Investigations the diagnosis leads to Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus).The treatment plan opted was Shamana Aushadhi with change in Diet and Lifestyle. Madhumeha being a lifetime disorder hampers daily routine activities and its management would be a challenging task. Shamana Aushadhi, Proper Diet and Change in Lifestyle would be an apt management in such case.

8

Authors: Vidyashree, Aparna Nandakumar, Vatsalya D Ghanekar, Ashok Kumar B N, Radhika Ranjan Geethesh P and Ravindra Angadi

Bhaishajya Kalpana is the branch of Ayurveda which primarily deals with different kinds of dosage forms & their therapeutic utility. The Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana have great importance as they form the primary or basic dosage forms from which other secondary dosage forms are prepared. Ghana Kalpana is the modified form of Kwath Kalpana and is an exclusive contribution of ayurvedic science. Different varieties of Ghana are mentioned in various ayurvedic classics & they are most accepted varieties of ayurvedic dosage forms due to its easy administration, palatability & long shelf life. In this article an attempt has been made to have an understanding regarding the meaning of Ghana, general method of preparation & its various therapeutic indications

8

Authors: Dhanya Vasudevan, Krishnendu O Nambiar, Rekha J, Radhika Ranjan Geethesh P, Ravindra Angadi

Bhaishajya kalpana deals with the process of preparation of medicine. It mainly involves the utilisation of Panchavidha Kashaya kalpanas as the base for these medicinal preparations. Sahasrayoga is one of the famous books, followed in the south especially by the physicians in Kerala. It provides details and contents that can be easily perceived by the students as well as the efficient physicians.

9

Authors: Satya Prahash Pathak and Poonam Pandey

The importance has been given to Dental hygiene to maintain health and beauty. The healthy teeth are very much necessary for healthy body. The disease, Krimi Danta is considered under Danta roga. Krimi Danta is characterized by blackish discoloration of tooth with cavity formation, loosening of teeth, foul fluid discharges associated with pain and swelling due to vitiated Vata followed by Pitta and Kapha. Krimi Danta can be correlated to dental caries in modern science, in which bacteria damage the enamel which is the hardest structure of tooth as well as dentine and cementum. These tissues progressively break down, producing dental cavities. Pain is the commonest symptom in caries. Hence, the present study is taken up to evaluate the efficacy of ‘Brihatyadi Taila’Gandusha’ in the management of krimi danta.

9

Authors: Vatsalya D Ghanekar and Ashok Kumar B N

Background: Vatarakta is a clinical manifestation explained in the Ayurvedic classics having the involvement of both Vata Dosha and Rakta Dhatu. It is a disease predominantly affecting the extremities mainly the Pada and Hasta. Due to the similarity in the pathology of Vatarakta and Diabetic neuropathy, many symptoms like Daha and Shoola which are manifested in Vatarakta are also observed to be manifested in Diabetic Neuropathy. Pinda Taila is one such formulation mentioned in our classics to be used for the relief of Daha and Shoola developed in Vatarakta after doing Manthana Samskara to it. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Pinda Taila and Khajita Pinda Taila in the symptomatic management of Daha and Shoola of Diabetic Neuropathy. Materials and methods: Forty patients diagnosed with Diabetic Neuropathy suffering from Daha and Shoola were selected for the study. Results and Conclusion: Pinda Taila showed statistically significant results in the management of Shoola whereas Khajita Pinda Taila was observed to be statistically efficacious in the management of the symptom Daha.

9

Authors: Sushmitha V S, Radhika Ranjan Geethesh P, Seema MB, Prabhakara Upadhyaya Renjal and Ravindra Angadi

Introduction: Bheshaja has been placed in the second order among the Chikitsa Chatushpada. The sources of the medicines are three in number being Audbhida, Jangama and Parthiva. Vicharchika is the most common disease affecting all age groups presenting with symptoms such as itching, eruptions, blackish discolouration, discharge due to which there is uneasiness in the patients. In the study Shamana line of management is adopted, which includes both Antahparimarjana and Bahirparimarjana Chikitsa. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Bhrashta Sarshapa Kalka, Hinguleeya Manikya Rasa and combined therapy in Vicharchika. Materials and methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with Vicharchika were selected from the OPD and IPD. The signs and symptoms were recorded and randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 patients each. Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 were given Bhrashta Sarshapa Kalka, Hinguleeya Manikya Rasa and combined therapy, respectively. The duration of treatment was 15 days. After 15 days the signs and symptoms were recorded. Friedman's test was applied to analyze the results within the group, Kruskal Wallis test was applied for analyzing the results between the groups. Results and conclusion: Bhrashta Sarshapa Kalka group shows statistically significant effect of treatment on itching, discharge, discoloration, burning sensation and papules.

9

Authors: Rijin Mohan,Vishnu C P, Sharada Sphoorthi Y, and Gopikrishna S

Pleural effusion is one among the health issues that affects both gender globally. Excessive accumulation of pleural fluidoccurs either due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decrease osmotic presure1 .The diagnosis of pleural effusion is difficult, even though the patients often complain of typical symptoms indicating of pleural diseases.Explanationregarding a similar disease namely Urasthoya is found in Ayurvedic classic text book, Madhavanidana in Parisistabagha. The etiological factors and symptomatology shows similarity. Thus Urasthoya can be a possible correlation for pleural effusion. Diagnosis of pleural effusion depends on proper clinical examination as well as various diagnostic methods. The symptoms depend upon the underlying pathology, so it is very important to adopt appropriate diagnostic tool to attain proper diagnosis. The diagnostic approach in Ayurveda is based on RogaRogiPariksha (Examination of disease and patient). In Urasthoya Trividha Pariksha (Three fold examination) and Astasthana Pariksha (Eight fold examination) can be adopted for diagnosis. So it is important to have a proper diagnostic approach in both modern and Ayurvedic point of view. This particular paper discusses the possible diagnostic approach on pleural effusion and Urasthoya.

10

Authors: Vijay Javagal, Prakash L Hegde and Keerthana J

Human beings are invariably accustomed to the usage of plastics. These plastics pose various health hazards on the human population. According to the Global Industry Analysts in the year 2015, 297.5million tons of plastic were used. To increase the durability and elasticity of the plastic various plasticizers are being used. The utmost common plasticizer used is Phthalates. Phthalates are the di esters of 1, 2 – benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid). Phthalates have got various health hazards. Phthalates are nanoparticles and they surpass the placenta, breast milk, enterohepatic circulation leading to various systemic illness and complications pertaining to the same. Hence it is imperative to prevent the usage of Phthalates and also detoxification of the same has to be done based on classics. Pertaining to the classical reference it is clear that the Phthalates can be reflected to be similar with the theory of Dooshi visha (cumulative toxicity) as per Ayurveda; indulgence of the same will lead to various health hazards and complications. This paper aims to review the effect of Phthalates on human health and its management w. s. r. to Dooshi visha (cumulative toxicity). Based on the treatment notion of Dooshi Visha i.e various Panchakarma modalities one can reduce the complications as well as move towards Swasthya.

10

Authors: Manju Kumari, Anita Sharma and Sharad M. Porte

Chronic toxicity of lead, its chemical component and its metabolites has been on rapid growth, due to utilizations and exposures of leads or its chemical component from natural sources such as water and soil, lead pipes, industrial sources and contaminated air, dust, food, leadpaints, vermilion etc. The persistent exposure of lead for prolong period cause accumulation of lead within bone, liver, and produces toxic blood. It has been clinically manifested that the chronic lead poison vitiation of vata predominance and vata- pitta occasionally occur along with rasvaha, pran- vaha, vatavaha, purish-vaha, mutr-vahavikriti. Though the clinical manifestation shows the vata-dosha and vatavahasrotasvikrati predominantly but it may be produced due to aavran of dushivisha in the form of lead. Hence it is need to removed first aavaran then the vatavyadhiis to be treated. Petisweda, vamana and virechna may plays a major role to remove out this dushivishajanayaaavran, the yogabasti may play a major role to control and cure the vatavyadhi produced by lead along with other symptomatic management. Thus Ayurveda may play a major role to manage the chronic lead toxicity.

10

Authors: Amrita Baidya and S S Suryawanshi

Every living organism needs food to live. Foods have many nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins or minerals. These nutrients present in food are ingested and absorbed by an organism to produce energy stimulate growth and maintain life. The food has limited shelf life, in order to increase the shelf life and maintain the quality certain artificial preservative are used. These preservatives having chemicals in it easily enters into food chain and then accumulate into human body. Thus shows various types of cumulative toxic effects to the human beings and.may have some harmful effects. This concept is explained in Ayurveda as Dushivisha. By using this concept, we can understand the cumulative toxicities due to various toxins present in the food and treat them by using the principles of Ayurved.

11

Authors: Vinita Tiwari

Sweta Musli is now the most demandable drug and has been frequently used by medical fraternity as vitalizer, health tonic, aphrodisiac, and vigor enhancer. In the 17th century Rajanighantu has introduced the first time and now it gained a most demanded drug worldwide. In India, Sweta Musli is known by the name of Chlorophytum species and Asparagus adcendense. Chlorophytum borivilianum is superior among them and due to high demand and overexploitation it entered the critically endangered species category. The global demand of Sweta Musli is 35000 tons per year, which is higher than supply from the wild as 5000 tons per year. In order to fill the market demand, farmers have started cultivating Chlorophytum borivilianum, a fast-growing and high active potential species. There is lack systematic information about the cultivation practices of the plant and farmers have been planting improperly and uprooted before maturing, resulting in less weighted tubers and economic loss. The study is an attempt to present the systematic information of cultivation practices of the plant.

12

Authors: Manpreet Kaur, Anita Sharma, Suparma Saha and Praveen Kumar

Agad tantra is one of the most important branch of Ashtang Ayurveda under which description of visha (poison) is available. Visha is the one which pervades the whole body immediately after ingestion and disturbs all the functions of body by vitiation of dosha & dhatu and drugs which acts against the toxic substances and pacify the vitiated dosha & dhatus is called Vishaghna. There are many drugs described for the management of poison in ayurvedic classics but effective solution is still not established. So here an attempt is made to screen the vishaghna dravyas with their Rasa, Guna, Veerya and Vipaka from the dravyaguna treatise Bhavaprakasha nighantu.

12

Authors: Shyamveer Ghuraiya, Pawankumar Godatwar and SisirkumarMandal

The WHO rates hypertension as one of the most important causes of premature death in world. Approximately 1 billion people have hypertension, contributing to more than 7.1 million deaths per year. The number of adults with hypertension in 2025 is predicted to increase by about 60% to a total of around 1.56 billion. In India, Cardiovascular diseases caused 2.3 million deaths in the year 1990; this is projected to double by the year 2020. Numbers of drugs are available in modern medicine to treat the disease in its symptomatically active state but still are unable to cure the hypertension. Hyperfunction of Vyana is considered under Vyana Bala Vaishamya which produces increased force in the wall of the channels (blood vessels) to produce the disease hypertension. Survey research is an important form of scientific inquiry that merits rigorous design and analysis. The aim of survey is to gather reliable and unbiased data from a representative sample of respondents. In order to acquire data about people, objects, and events proper data collection tools need to be designed which can measure things of scientific interest. This study was conducted in an individual through survey of hypertensive patients above 18 year age, Patients belonging to either gender. Total 500 patients were surveyed in this study.Total 500 patient of hypertension were surveyed with the help of JNC 8th Criteria, then the patient who is having hypertension, they were surveyed with the help of our ayurvedika assessment tool.

14

Authors: Madhumalika L P C and Kulatunga R D H

Medhya Rasāyana, a unique concept of Āyurveda is believed to be used as a solution for major issues i.e., loss of memory, cognitive deficits, impaired mental function and also age related neurological and mental disorders. Charaka Saṃhitā has mentioned Medhya Rasāyana Chathushkaya as Maņdūkaparnī, Yaşţīmadhu, Gudūcī and Śańkhapuşpī. This study was focused to compile Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological potentials of Medhya Rasāyana Chathushkaya for further identification of their noble approaches. The contents were collected from authentic Ayurvedic texts, dictionaries, monographs, websites, online and printed journals. Results of the study revealed that Tikta (75%), Kashaya(75%), Madhura(50%)in Rasa, Guru(50%), Laghu(50%) Guna, Sheeta(50%), Ushna(50%) Veerya, Madhura(100%) vipaka, Medhya(100%) Prabhava and Tridosha hara (75%) were present as prominent Āyurvedic pharmacodynamic properties of Medhya Rasāyana Chathushkaya. Further, Medhya, Rasayana, Raktha shodhaka, Vishaghna, Vayah sthapana, Kushthaghna, Mehaghna, Jwaraghna, Deepana, Balya, Chardighna, Trshna Nigrahana were show as pharmacokinetic properties while memory enhancing effect & effect on cognitive function , anti-ulcer activity, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant activity, anti-microbial activity, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity, anti-cancer activity, cardio protective, anti-diabetic property, anti-toxic effect were observed as Pharmacological potentials. In view of the above it is seen that Medhya Rasāyana Chathushkaya has Tikta, Kashaya Rasa, Sama sheetoshna in veerya, Madhura vipaka, Medhya in prabhava and Thidosha hara potential for unique; wide spreading curing and preventive capability with multidimensional approaches.

14

Authors: Sushanta Kumar Meher, Arun Kumar Das, Rabinarayan Acharya and Sushil Kumar Meher

Hingula, categorized under Sadharana Rasa Varga in most of the Rasashastra classics is a chief source of Mercury since ancient times to date. For therapeutic use, it is subjected to Shodhana (purification) by triturating with indicated liquid media. It is claimed that the drugs transforms to safe and therapeutically usable form after Shodhana. For global acceptability, this is need of the hour to make it evidence based. In wake of this, Hingula was purified with Ardraka Swarasa following SOP and both the raw and purified Hingula were subjected to various physico-chemical analyses to see the changes occurring after Shodhana. It was seen that Hingula transformed to dark red coloured fine, smooth powder after purification. The pH changed from 5.82 to 6.11 after Shodhana. Also there were changes in LOD from 0.29% w/w to 0.58% w/w, in Total Ash content from 0.0079% w/w to 3.7237% w/w, in acid insoluble ash content from 0.00263% w/w to 2.4127% w/w. The Raw Hingula was insoluble where as the purified Hingula was partially soluble. The Shodhita Hingula got the classical lakshanas viz;- Nischandrika, Rekhapurna and Varitara. ED-XRF study showed the addition of new elements like Fe, K and Br with relative concentration of 0.220%, 0.185% and 0.709%, respectively and deletion of Cs in purified Hingula. No remarkable differenceswere seen in the d-spacing [Å] values at 2-Theta angle of both the samples in XRD study. The changes are seen due to treatment of raw Hingula with liquid media (Ardraka Swarasa) for trituration. The differences observed in Hingula before and after purification signify the principle of Shodhana and Samskara as described by the Acharyas.

15

Authors: Sangita Maharjan, Ajantha, Arun Raj MN and Geetha Nayak

Madhumehais a Vataja Prameha and is considered analogous to Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Tridosha in balanced state maintains health and vitiation that leads to pathogenesis with manifestation of diseases. Tridosha Vaishamya occurring as Vruddhi, Kshaya and Prakopa can be assessed by manifested Lakshanas. Prameha is Santarpanajanya Vyadhi and its pathogenesis mainly involves Kapha Dosha Pradhana Tridosha. Assessment of Dosha Vaishamya Lakshanas in Madhumeha by questionnaire method showed the Vaishamya of all three Doshas. Hence, treatment for Madhumeha needs to be planned considering all the three Doshas.

20

Authors: Sushanta Kumar Meher, Rabinarayan Acharya and Arun Kumar Das

Ayurvedic pharmaceutics deals with nearly 70% formulations of herbo-mineral origin and Chandraprabha Vati is such a formulation available in classical vati(tablet) form. It is being used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for mainly Prameha and other uro-genital disorders in practice. As per classics, it is having wider therapeutic utilities in diseases of multi-system origin like Prameha(Metabolic disorders), Mutrakrichchhra, (Dysuria), Pandu (Anaemia), Kamala (Jaundice), Udara Roga (Abdominal disorders), Arsha (Hemorrhoids), Bhagandara (Fistula-in- ano), Kustha (Skin Diseases), Dantaroga (Dental Disease), Netraroga (Eye Disorders), Stree Roga (Gynaecological disorders) and many more and is having Tridoshaghnaproperty. Certain researches reveal that Chandraprabha Vati is effective in hyperglycaemia, hypertension and is having bacteriostatic action. Also, the pharmacotherapeutic profile as per Ayurveda classical texts indicates it’s usefulness in 31 diseased conditions, mainly in Prameha (Diseases of Urinary system including Diabetes mellitus) as described in Sharngadhar Samhita, and the exact composition has been included in Ayurvedic Formulary of India later. But about 9(Nine) formulations in the name of Chandraprava Vati are available in different ancient texts having difference in constituents and therapeutic profile. The detailed information regarding the properties, action and relevance of applications of all these 9(Nine) formulations in indicated wide varieties of diseases are not published yet. Hence, the available information related to pharmaco-therapeutic profile of all 9(Nine) types of Chandraprava Vati from classical texts is collected, specially of the Chandraprava Vati mentioned in a leading Rasashastra text i.e. Rasendra Sar Samgrah because of constituents like Naga, Vanga, Loha, Parada, Abhraka and discussion regarding the relevance of use in indicated disease Prameha based on the properties and mode of action of the constituents as per current research has been made. It has been clear from this study that besides Chandraprava vati of AFI, Chandraprava Vati described in Rasendra Sar Samgrah can be useful in treating Prameha, provided the quality and safety aspect is assured and special cautions are to be taken in selection of patients for treatment as it contains toxic metals like Hg, Pb, Sn etc. Present work will also be helpful to understand therapeutic value, broad spectrum activity and other useful properties of Chandraprava Vatifor the management of Prameha and other disorders.