International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

5

Authors: Sakshi and Pramod Anand Tiwari

The subject of anatomy is wide and the content sets its history. It deals with the normal morphology of the bodily structures found in an organized pattern. Each individual differ in appearance along with lots of internal variations at cellular levels. These anatomical variations are found in size, shape, in form of attachments, course etc. of a structure. They impart genetic variation (or termed as congenital abnormalities or birth defects) other than the racial or sexual differences. For every event a hidden cause is present and same is here with variations that may be result of an embryological event of development. Individual variation must be considered in physical examination, diagnosis and treatment of pathology. This work has been shaped for creating a resource of anatomical variation existing especially in upper limbs.

5

Authors: Pooja P. Shrivastav and Kiran Khandare

Background: Corn is a localized hyperkeratosis of the skin. It usually occurs at the site of pressure e.g. on the soles and toes, occurring due to defective wear, thorn prick, etc. There is usually a horny in duration of the cuticle with a hardcentre. In modern science corn is being treated by using anti-inflammatory drugs, corn cap, salicylic acid and excision. This condition very well resembles Kadar, one among the Kshudraroga illuminated by Acharya Sushruta. The Chikitsa sutra for Kadar given by Acharya Sushruta is Utkartan (Excision) followed by Snigdha Dagdh. In the present case the critical corn was resulted as a complication of excised corn, growing gradually, causing pain and discomfort to the patient. Patient was suffering from the same since one year and was not ready to excise it again. Hence we decided to perform Agnikarma only by using the Shalaka. Materials and Method: In this case report patient with critical planter corn was on her left heel treated with Agnikarma followed by the application of Ghrutkumari pulp and Yashtimadhu Churna after all the mandatory investigations. Agnikarma was done by using panchdhatuyuktaagnishalaka. Results: Patient showed significant reduction in clinical parameters evaluated. Conclusion: From the above case it was concluded that simple Agnikarma, without undergoing excision, helps in managing Critical Corns. At the same time there is no fear of any complications, which is associated with usual excision.

6

Authors: Veena S Kulkarni, Raviraj S Kurabet and Siddanagouda A Patil

Obesity is one among most prevalent diseases which is extending rapidly in most of the industrialized world. Children and adolescents also are becoming more Obese, indicating that the current trends will accelerate over time. Its association with Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidaemia, Degenerative Joint Disease and multiple health problems is well established. Thus, it is important for physicians to identify, evaluate, and treat patients for Obesity and associated co-morbid conditions. Sthoulya mentioned in Ayurvedic literature can be best analyzed through Obesity. The treatment principles which are mainly adopted now days are Udvartana and Snehapana followed by Virechana are showing good results. Hereby, presenting a case study of a male patient, aged about 34 years, weighing 138 kg with a BMI of 50. After 10days of management during hospitalization, patient had reduced 13 kg of weight.

6

Authors: Niranjan Patel, Rajesh Kolarkar and Rajashree Kolarkar

The effect of breathing techniques, Pranayama and certain yogic Āsanas on parameters of obesity viz. weight reduction (BMI and waist to hip ratio) was studied1 . Due to the hectic and tedious lifestyle nowadays people are becoming more prone to gaining weight1. Under the name of low calories diet people are consuming improper diet. Mostly, all of us are tempted by the junk foods viz. Pizzas, Burgers, Samosas ,Vadapavs, soft drinks etc. They skip meals and fall prey to such junk foods. Sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise as well as the lack of proper knowledge in metropolitan city like Mumbai, are also the vital factors for the obesity. Thirty patients male and female were selected who were affected with moderate grade of obesity. They had given special breathing techniques along with specific Āsanason a regular basis on a specified time and duration. They were educated for lifestyle modifications and advised to take wholesome diet as well as to adopt active lifestyle. These days Obesity has become the main cause of all the hazardous diseases such as CAD, DM, and Hypertension etc2 . Major companies and medical professionals have started their way of treatments, the so called wonder remedies especially the Āyurvedic ones, LekhanBastis(Medicated enemas), Udwartans(Drypowder massage) and medicines are given with diet. Liposuctions, Bariatric surgeries, TMJ joint surgery by which one cannot open their mouth fully are some of the latest trends from the modern science. Even crash dieting, G M Diet etc are also adopted to lose weight. People have been trying all these things but are reluctant to mention that all thesedon’t work at all. This has lead to hatred and desperation. The only fact which is not been considered at all is the basic etiopathology of the disease. i.e., lack of exercises and Yoga.

7

Authors: Divya Zala, Dilip Prajapati, Anup B Thakar and Nilesh N Bhatt

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is most common psycho neurobehavioral disorder of childhood affecting about 3-5 % of school aged children. It often continues into adolescence and can lead to a lifetime frustrated dreams and emotional suffering. To develop the overall personality and good future of children, it requires efficient learning capacities. For this purpose, a healthy mental status is required which is influenced by the mental disorders. In Attention deficit/ hyper activity disorder, the children with combine ADHD have inappropriate restlessness, behavioral and cognitive impulsivity and difficulty in paying attention. They have a hard time controlling their impulses and regulating their activity, attention, interaction to a degree consistent with relevant age and cultural norms. In Ayurveda, neither this disease nor the symptoms of ADHD are described but some references about abnormal behavior are discussed under features of Anavasthitachittatvam, Mano Vibhrama, Buddhi Vibhrama, Smriti vibhrama etc. Ayurveda holding a different view regarding the etiopathogenesis of disease can provide novel theory of ADHD and thus novel dimension to its management. This paper aims at highlighting the Ayurvedic perspective of ADHD and its management.

8

Authors: Dhara M. Makwana, P. K. Prajapati, Manjusha R, Harisha C R, V J Shukla

Introduction: In Ayurveda, many procedures are described for routine oral hygiene. Dantasharkara takes place when routine oral hygiene is not maintained. On the basis of signs and symptoms described in classical texts this disease can be correlated with dental calculus. Calculus buildup can be removed with ultrasonic tools but it recurs if oral hygiene is not maintained. Dantashodhan Choorna has been mentioned for routine dental cleaning in classical texts. Till date no published data is available regarding evaluation of Dantashodhanchoorna. Methods: Final product was subjected to Phrmacognostical and physico-chemical analysis such as microscopic study, loss on drying, pH etc. Results: Phrmacognostical study showed the presence of contents such as; wavy paranchyma cells, bottle necked shape stone cells, blended fibres, yellow content cell with oil globule, cork cells. Preliminary physico-chemical analysis showed that the loss on drying value was found to be 1.47%, pH 6.5 and water soluble extractives 94%. Qualitative study showed the presence of tannins, glycoside etc. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) showed 9 and 5 spots at 254nm and 366nm, respectively. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical evaluation of Dantashodhana Choorna illustrated the specific characters of ingredients which were used in the preparation. Current observations can be considered as standard for future.

8

Authors: Chalakh Sonali and Kadu Amol

Ayurveda is a part of science of wholesome living. Majority of medicine mentioned in Ayurveda are plant based.Agadtantra(Toxicology)is specialized branch of Ayurveda that highlights the different mode of poisoning & its management. While treating different cases of poisoning different modality of treatment are used.Agada(Antidote) is one of the modality which is prepared by the combination of different anti-poisonous herbs.Shirisha(Albizia Lebbeck)is one of the important herbs havinga broad range of therapeutic effect. Apart from that in classical textbook it is mentioned as a vishaghna. So present review is aimed to compile up the updated data and highlight the vishghnaproperty on its pharmacological activity. After compelling the data it was found that near about 12 Agadas contain Shirish which is mostly used in cases of poisonous bite. Scientific researches show its anti-histaminic, anti-allergic, Antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial activity. on this basis it isconcluded that our Acharyas’ perception about Shirish as an anti-poisonous is very factual.

9

Authors: H Pampanna Gouda, Govind Raju and Seema M B

Ayurveda system of medicine is believed as divine and has eternality in decent to earth. This decent underwent change, fulfilled the needs of the life sciences and refined many times through the philosophical thought of schools to attain the present forms of Samhita. This is land mark change where in the then prevailing schools of thoughts (Darshana) churned the knowledge obtained in the form of tri-sutra Ayurveda much of similarity like the Tantra believed to be 6000 to 4000 BC to a more evolved form and converted them into Samhita by the end of 300 BC. One such metamorphosis happened, which the historians call as post Shodala period or simply the medieval period the post 12th Century AD and this period is learnt as era of Laghu Trayee; Madhava Kara, Sharangadhara and Bhavamishra works were composed Madavana Nidana, Sharangadhara Samhita and Bhava Prakasha respectively; underneath this period the legendary commentaries of Chakrapanidutta, Dalhana, Arunadatha and Hemadri for the classical Bihat Trayee was at rampant pace and critical scientific analysis went on. Here is a humble attempt made to sketch out the Respiration system in relevance to its anatomy and physiological relevance by accessing the ‘Sharangadhara Samhita and its commentators’. The opinions of commentaries of Sharangadhara Samhita are of importance to arrive at any conclusions.

9

Authors: Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh, Fariba Najafi, Reza Tahvilian, Saman Salmani, Lida Haghnazari, Akram Zangeneh and Rohalah Moradi

Appending microbial persistence to chemical drug and their probabilistic side activities cause popularity of medical herbs, so there is an instantaneous need for novel antimicrobial compounds from plants. Stevia rebaudiana (SR) is a vernacular plant and an ethnomedicinal plant in Iran. As per our knowledge, there is no documented proof on antibacterial effects of alcoholic extract of SR on Staphylococcus aureus (SA) in west of Iran. As a screen test to find antibacterial activities of the extract, agar disk and agar well diffusion methods were used. Macrobroth tube test was accomplished to specify MIC. The results of agar disk and agar well diffusion tests demonstrated that SR inhibits the growth of SA. Also in many of the samples by increasing the concentration of SR, the zone of inhibition was increased. The MIC and MBC values were 0.125 g/ml for SR. Thus, the present research indicates the antibacterial properties of the medical plant on SA, offering to use as an antibacterial supplement.

10

Authors: Doley Lakhiprova, Sarma Tikendrajit, Baishya Pranabjyoti

Teratology is the scientific study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal formation. It includes the studies of causes, mechanisms and patterns of abnormal developments, which may be due to genetic or environmental factors like physical, chemical, nutritional etc. Ayurveda is enriched with scattered references regarding this concept, commencing from abnormalities of chromosome, genetic materials as well as abnormality due to environmental causes. Specific factors like Beeja (ovum and sperm), Atmakarma (deeds of previous life), Ashaya (Uterus), Kala (time factor or abnormality of ritukala), Matuaharvihar (dietetics along with mod of life of mother) are mentioned, that influence fetal growth, affecting its appearance, complexion and sense organs and impart abnormalities of fetus in morbid conditions. Various congenital abnormalities due to morbid condition of Beeja, Beejabhaga and Beejabhagavayava are highlights of abnormalities caused by genetics and chromosomal factors. Among the various causative factors mentioned by Susruta, Adibala and Janmabala come under this platform. The present study wants to analyze the teratological concept in Ayurveda emphasizing on morphological and physiological alteration exhibiting as birth defects.

11

Authors: Rajendra H M and Meenal D Lad

Ayurveda, the ancient traditional system of medicine mentions various concepts, that needs to be explored and revalidated through scientific parameters for better understanding and thereby extending its scope of utility. Among these, one of the concepts is mentioned in Sharangdhara Samhita which states that the drugs are to be used in Nava (fresh form) only except few drugs like Pippali (Piper longum Linn.) etc. should be used as Purana (old form). So it is important to revalidate the concept through scientific parameters by evaluating the Qualities of Nava Pippali (Fresh form) and Purana Pippali (Old form). Evaluation of a drug ensures the identity of a drug and determines the quality and purity of drug. Hence antiasthmatic activity is chosen on Animal models i.e., In vivo study in which histamine induced bronchospasm is selected in order to evaluate the effect of Nava and Purana Pippali on Bronchial Asthma. Studies showed that Purana Pippali is found to be more effective than Nava Pippali in antiasthmatic activity (Histamine induced bronchospasm) as it showed increased preconvulsion dyspnea time and maximum protection against histamine aerosol exposure.

12

Authors: K G Surangi and Shamsa Fiaz

On the basics of Aurveda Rasa (taste), Guna (properties and qualities), Virya (potency), Vipaka (post digestive action) and Prabhava (special effect) are the five interrelated working factors in a drug. Hence a physician should be considered the vitiated Doshas and Dhatus of a specific disease and prescribed the medicines while considering those particular drugs’ working factors. Vartma Sharkara is one of the Sannipataja Vartmagata Roga (disorders in eyelids) and is a curable by Lekhana Karma (scraping procedures). It can be correlated with “Conjunctival concretion” or “Lithiasis” which is a degenerative condition of the conjunctiva. Treatments are not essential if it is asymptomatic but if it gives symptoms should be removed by hypodermic needle under topical anaesthesia which is almost all the time causes conjunctival damages, sometimes conjunctival inflammations. Thus this study was planned to develop a successful, safe and sustainable line of treatment in the management of conjunctival concretion or Vartma Sharkara according to the principles of Ayurveda. The present study was carried out at the eye OPD of NIA, Jaipur as per the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The line of treatment was mainly focused on Shodhana (purification), Lekhana (scraping) and Santarpana (Nourishing) type of medicines. Hence Samudraphena Varti Pratisarana and Anjana, Thriphaladi Netra Parisheka and Ashwagandha – Shatavari powder orally were selected. The uniqueness of this therapy was concretion can be removed without causing any damage to the conjunctiva. The results proved that Varma Sharkara or conjunctival concretioncan be successfully managed with Ayurvedic treatments without any adverse effects.

12

Authors: Patel PK, Patel GH, Modha NB and Upadhyay UM

The combination of Alpha- Lipoic Acid and Metformin HCl is used in treatment of Diabetes. The present work involves the development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the estimation of α- Lipoic Acid (ALA) and Metformin HCl (MET) in tablet dosage form. A specific, precise and selective RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of α- Lipoic Acid and Metformin HCl in Tablet dosage form using Zodiac C18 (150mm x 4.6mm i.d., 5μm). Phosphate buffer: Acetonitrile (60:40) was selected as mobile phase. Flow rate was selected as 1.0 ml/min and detection was carried out at 220 nm. The retention time of αLipoic Acid and Metformin HCl was 8.983 min and 2.003 min was obtained respectively. The linearity range was found to be 2-12μg/ml and 150-500 μg/ml for α- Lipoic Acid and Metformin HCl respectively. The Correlation Coefficient r 2 = 0.9984 and r2 = 0.9989 was obtained for αLipoic Acid and Metformin HCl respectively. The mean recovery was found to be 99.20±1.14 and 99.28± 0.70 for α- Lipoic Acid and Metformin HCl respectively. The developed method was economic, precise, specific and validated as per ICH Guidelines.

13

Authors: Yogita Shrivas, Sushil Vilas Chawre and Manish Bhoyar

Pediatric age group is the foundation of adulthood. Proper care of children in this phase results in excellent growth and wellbeing of offspring which in turn is reflected as healthy adulthood. As per Kashyapa’s Ayurvedic Perspectives “Lehanaa” refers to electuaries recommended as supplements to pediatric community. It means formulations prescribed for licking. In this article, Chapter 18 of Kashyap Samhita titled “Lehanaadhyaya”, has been reviewed to understand the importance of Lehanaa along with its inclusion and exclusion criteria. It also deals with various herbal formulations to boost up intellect and immunity of a child and promote optimum growth and development as well. This ensured Ayurvedic Pediatricians to provide prophylactic as well as therapeutic care to growing children. The main intention behind advising Lehana is unperturbed growth and development of a child.The malnutrition in children is one of the major problems in India. The aspects in “Lehanaadhyaya” are helpful for the development of health of children as well as preventive management.

16

Authors: Monika Kumari and Prabhakar Vardhan

To make ayurveda diagnosis more evidence based there is need of testing its basic principles on modern parameters. One of the most important concepts of ancient science is determination of state of agni(digestive and metabolic state)of an individual. Deranged state of agni has been regarded as the prime cause of a number illnesses e.g. arsha (haemorrhoids), atisara(diarrhea), graham (malabsorption syndrome),udara roga(abdominal diseases), jvara(various kinds of fevers) etc. The various secretion of the duodenal mucosal glands such as secretin, cholecystokinin, enterogasterone stimulate the discharge of gastric, pancreatic juice and bile from the gall bladder which is necessary for ensuring digestion of food. Together all these determine the functional state of the digestion (state of agni) of an individual.There are four functional states of agniviz.samagni (normal state of digestion and metabolism), Mandagni(reduced state of digestion and metabolism), Tiksnagni(enhanced state ofdigestion and metabolism) and Vishamgni (Irregular digestion and metabolism) in Ayurveda science. These states can be interpreted from the levels of these digestive hormones and by the levels of products of digestion and metabolism.Jala nimmajana purisha pariksha (stool test) has been appreciated as the objective parameterto assess the state of agni by ancient sages. In modern science also stool test (CDSA test) has been recognized as an important basis to evaluate the digestion and metabolism of an individual. This test provides information about digestive function,assimilation, retention, bacterial adjust, yeast abundance, metabolism, and pancreatic capacity. An attempt has been made to analyze the CDSA test in terms of ayurveda point of view. As Ayurveda science recognizes the mandagni and grahani dushti as more significant illnesses, this test also is primarily indicative of samagni, mandagni and grahani dushti states. In present day science likewise stool test (CDSA test) has been perceived as a critical premise to assess the assimilation and digestion system of a person. This test gives data about assimilation, retention, bacterial adjust, yeast abundance, aggravation, metabolic movement, and safe capacity and pancreatic capacity. An endeavor has been made to break down the CDSA test as far as ayurveda perspective.

20

Authors: Siba Prasad Rout and Rabinarayan Acharya

Ayurveda, the oldest system of medicines, describes the disease conditions under eight branches. The diseases related to supraclavicular region have been described under the category of urdhajatrugata rogas of Shalakya (E.N.T) tantra. Many of the diseases related to head, eye, ear, and nose have been dealt under these headings. However, the nighantu granthas (Ayurvedic lexicons), the compendia describing the pharmacological properties of plants, have not described the drugs based on the organ system specific actions. Very few texts are available till date which gives vivid description regarding the exclusive management of Shalakya (E.N.T) related disorders. It is observed that nighantus (Ayurvedic lexicons) of medieval periods have described many herbal drugs in the context of urdhajatrugata chikitsa, but in a scattered way. Single hand information regarding the drugs used in Shalakya (E.N.T) related disorders is not available. In the present study, an attempt has been made to review all the drugs indicated in Shalakya (E.N.T) related disorders from available 12 nighantugranthas(Ayurvediclexicons). It is observed that, out of total 179 drugs indicated in urdhajatrugata vikaras, 131 are of herbal origin, 25 of mineral origin and 19 of animal origin. Among them, 95 drugs have been reported for netra chikitsa, out of which chakushya drugs contribute maximum in numbers i.e., 45. To this context, 26 drugs have been described in mukharoga chikitsa, 24 in kantha roga chikitsa, 14 in siroroga chikitsa, 11 drugs in karna roga chikitsaand,and 09 drugs in danta chikitsa. Many of these drugs have been well studied scientifically for their classical claims and many yet to be evaluated scientifically. The present observation may give a lead to the researcher to explore new drugs in Shalakya (E.N.T) related disorders.