Enfoque UTE

11-28

Authors: Manuel Alberto Susunaga Miranda , Benigno Ortiz Muñiz , María del Refugio Castañeda Chávez , Fabiola Lango Reynoso , María del Consuelo Hernández Berriel

In Mexico, when municipal solid waste final disposal sites are closed or complete their life cycle, municipal authorities abandon them without carrying out remediation processes. In the Sotavento Region, state of Veracruz, Mexico, through geographic information systems, interviews with municipalities and field visits, 9 abandoned dumpsites were located: two sanitary landfills, two controlled final disposal sites called controlled dumps, and five uncontrolled final disposal sites known as open-air dumps. The results using Google Earth made it possible to determine that these dumps, as a whole, occupied an area of 366,852 m2 , with an accumulated volume of waste of 2,015,500m3 and an estimated quantity of 2,498,571 tons of confined waste without control. Such results represent a series of environmental impacts that are commonly not detected and whose knowledge can be the starting point for its closure in accordance with the applicable Mexican regulations

39-46

Authors: Muhammad Afzal , Muhammad Rizwan , Muhammad Arshad3 , Misbah Rizwan4 , Noshaba Mubeen , Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza , Bilal Atta , Arshed Makhdoom Sabir

Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an economically important insect pest of rice crop worldwide including Pakistan. The use of chemicals insecticides to control the BPH population has been considered an effective strategy. However, long-term and intensive use of insecticides has resulted in resistance against this pest. In this study, six recommended insecticides were tested against BPH over the period of 2015-2019 to determine the susceptibility level. From 2015-19, susceptibility of BPH was reduced to all tested insecticides. Increasing trend of LC50 values was recorded in fipronil (18.23-35.11 mg/L), imidacloprid (64.22-128.8 mg/L), buprofezin (185.01-315.0 mg/L), chlorantranilipyrole (199.2-263.3 mg/L), pymetrozine (248.2-315.5 mg/L), and nitenpyram (21.07-34.3 mg/L) respectively from 2015 to 2019. Correlation coefficient values indicated a significant relation (P < 0.05) between fipronil, imidacloprid, and buprofezin. The study will be helpful for resistance management strategies to prevent the resistance development in BPH against insecticides

60-74

Authors: Reynaldo J. Silva Paz, Dante K. Mateo Mendoza , Amparo Eccoña Sota , Patricia A. Della Rocca

The muña (Minthostachys mollis) leaf is consumed as an infusion, it has pharmacological properties and is used to relieve digestive and respiratory symptoms. Therefore, drying is important for preservation and storage until use or processing. The aim was to evaluate the influence of drying temperature on kinetics, diffusion coefficient, thermodynamic properties and activation energy. We worked with muña leaves that were subjected to different pretreatments (bleached at 1 % ascorbic acid, immersion in water at 60 °C and without pre-treatment) dried at three temperatures (40, 50 and 60 ° C). The effective diffusion coefficient, activation energy, was determined and the drying process was described using eight mathematical models to represent the drying curve. Thw water content was reduced by the drying process. The Logarithmic model was selected as the one with the best fit to represent the drying kinetics of the muña, the activation energy values were similar between treatments, they did not present significant differences and the increase in temperature promotes: decrease in enthalpy and entropy; increase in Gibbs free energy and effective diffusion coefficient.

14 - 28

Authors: Sheyling A. Segobia Muñoz

This research has focused on the use of malted and unmalted rye to brew a Belgian Pale Ale style craft beer. The objective is to innovate and explore the attributes provided by this cereal, in addition to evaluating the physicochemical(color, pH, acidity, alcohol content and turbidity), microbiological (molds and yeasts) and sensory (flavor, odor, color and texture) parameters. An experimental design with a bifactorial A*B arrangement was applied, with 3 replicates per treatment and 1 control, using the Dunnett test. Regarding the sensory test, the Kruskal Wallis test of contrasts was applied using SPSS Statistics software. Thus, it was found that the addition of malted and unmalted rye significantly influenced the characteristics evaluated in the craft beer, giving rise to a profile typical of a Belgian Pale Ale, with the distinctive touch provided by the rye. The most outstanding treatments in terms of flavor and texture were T5 (80% base malt + malted rye); in terms of odor, T1 (90% base malt + malted rye) stood out, and T4 (85% base malt + unmalted rye) stood out in terms of color.

45 - 57

Authors: Johanna Plaza, Cristina Sánchez-Zhunio, María-Inés Acosta-Urigüen, Marcos Orellana, Priscila Cedillo, Jorge Luis Zambrano-Martinez

The objective of the article was to generate an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) model based on the translation from human voice to text, being considered as one of the branches of artificial intelligence. Voice analysis allows identifying information about the acoustics, phonetics, syntax, semantics of words, among other elements where ambiguity in terms, pronunciation errors, similar syntax but different semantics can be identified, which represent characteristics of the language. The model focused on the acoustic analysis of words proposing the generation of a methodology for acoustic recognition from speech transcripts from audios containing human voice and the error rate per word was considered to identify the accuracy of the model. The audios were taken from the Integrated Security Service ECU 911 that represent emergency calls registered by the entity. The model was trained with the CMUSphinx tool for the Spanish language without internet connection. The results showed that the word error rate varies in relation to the number of audios; that is, the greater the number of audios, the smaller number of erroneous words and the greater the accuracy of the model. The investigation concluded by emphasizing the duration of each audio as a variable that affects the accuracy of the model.

68 - 82

Authors: Cristian García-Estrella, John C. Santa-Maria, Mirleth Reina Celis Hernandez

The objective of the research is to carry out a review of the literature to establish a theoretical reference framework for the implementation of open data in open government strategies in Peru. For the development of this article, a systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out, articles from the Scopus database between the years 2017 and 2021 were taken into account. As a result of this study, it was determined that there is one regional government and regional governments. That have implemented their open data portals, this represents 0.26 % of the level of compliance, in addition, the level of compliance with the transparency dimension of open government is 38.16 %. It is concluded that the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima complies with all the principles of open data and has a complete implementation in all categories, which can be accessed in different formats.

17 - 30

Authors: Robert Tecse-Tecsi, Virne Mego-Mego, Miguel Chávez-Pinchi, Lastenia Cutipa-Chávez, Luis Vargas-Vásquez

The cupuassu pulp is a fruit with a high content of pectins and ascorbic acid harvested in the Amazon of Eastern America for its exquisite characteristics of aroma, flavor and texture; however, the processing of canned food for human consumption in Madre de Dios - Peru is questionable, due to the inadequate handling and heat treatment of the fruit. The objective of the study was to evaluate the stability of the preservation of vitamin C in the processing of canned cupuassu pulp. For this, an experimental design was carried out in four stages: 1) characterization of the fruit, 2) determination of the heat treatment, 3) analysis of the variation of vitamin C and 4) analysis of the canned pulp. The effect of the process was evaluated in triplicate and a Completely Random Design was applied to analyze the statistical differences using the Statgraphys Centurion program. Among the results, it stands out that the pH (3.05 ± 0.50) and acidity (1.54 ± 0.80) of the canning are similar to the raw material. Likewise, a significant increase in soluble solids (Brix) was found with respect to fresh fruit. It is concluded that the total retention of vitamin C of the canned cupuassu pulp was 49.10 %.

48 - 67

Authors: Juan Gonzalez, Deny Oliva M, David Zambrano Vera, Rubén Darío Ledesma, Mario Jorge Bonilla, Erika Clara Casco G, Édison Ernesto Zúñiga

Computational modeling and simulation represents a competitive and functional tool that effectively supports the study of thermochemical behavior in combustion optimization, guaranteeing reliable results through modeling, design and allowed the validation of excess thermodynamic properties applied for combustion. of the biomass of Piptocoma discolor (pigüe) from the Amazonian region of Ecuador and Latin America. The model parameters were physical, chemical and thermal through computational fluid dynamics in combustion optimization. And the mathematical model of combustion was obtained under the transport method of the species. In the simulation, the variables of primary air flow and moisture content were observed. The variable of the combustion parameters were N2, O2, CO, H, pressure, temperature, humidity, total energy and burning time of the biomass particles. The geometric configuration was developed according to the fundamental principles of CFD within Ansys Fluent to obtain the behavior of speed, turbulence, pressure, etc. of the composition of the optimal fuel 91.75% of a complete combustion and compared to other species that show 86% of the reactions of the combustion of the species.

98 - 107

Authors: Fatima Noor ul Huda, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Iqbal, Moazzam Jamil, Javaid Iqbal

Owing to large scale use of chemical insecticides there is always need to find new alternatives to chemical insecticides. This study evaluated the aqueous extracts of three weeds namely Datura alba (Nees), Withania somnifera (Linnaeus) and Chenopodium album (Linnaeus) for insecticidal potential against Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) under laboratory conditions. Extracts were prepared from three plant parts e.g., leaves, stems and roots and applied at five concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 %. To check the mortality not because of weed extracts control treatment (water only) was also included as sixth treatment. Mortality of pest insects was assessed after three exposure periods e.g., 24h, 48 hand 72 h. Among the three weeds tested, mortality was more due to extract of D. alba weed which thus proved more toxic compared to other two weeds. Among plant parts, root extracts were more potent than leaves and stem extracts and the more concentration of 20 per cent usually resulted in maximum mortality. Maximum mortality of insects was after 72 h period followed by 48 h and minimum was after 24 h period. However maximum mortality of 60 % in case of D. alba warrants attention towards the options of either increasing concentration (> 20 %) of this extract or to evaluate other extraction type e.g., ethanolic extract to gain maximum mortality against this notorious pest.

pp. 23 - 41

Authors: Alvaro Nicolás Corral Naveda

The purpose of this article is to provide information to determine that telecommuting in Ecuador can be used as a measure of sustainable transport. Briefly, sustainable development is described, and certain definitions and approaches related to sustainable transport are covered, for instance, the Avoid-Shift-Improve (ASI) approach, as well as the Transport Demand Management (TDM), which serve to validate from a conceptual point of view the application and usefulness of telecommuting. An overview of the current situation in the transport sector in Ecuador is analyzed; the final energy demand; the environmental aspects related to transport, and the amount of public and private employees that are telecommuting. Taking into consideration some hypothesis, such as car ownership rate, the total amount of kilometers driven per year, the assumption of the distance travelled by employees who take public transportation; the assumptions helped to determine the savings that can be obtained through telecommuting in the present time. Therefore, these results would provide adequate information for decision makers to establish a conclusive pronouncement on whether or not support telecommuting as a valid working approach, and to develop the necessary policies to maintain it over time.

pp. 58 - 72

Authors: Katherine Verduga, Jorge Luis Santamaría, Gilda Gordillo, Carolina Montero

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution.

pp. 82 - 96

Authors: Christian Montaleza, Xavier Mayorga, Jimmy Gallegos, Rogelio León

In this research a Rocker-Bogie type suspension geometry is designed and validated based on the analysis of the degrees of freedom, for its future implementation within the space exploration industry sector, having as main purpose the collection and transportation of garbage and waste to strategic sectors within the facilities, avoiding obstacles of different levels, although it could also be applied in the industrial, agricultural and mining areas, where a robust and stable system is required. We start by establishing a safety factor, determined through coefficients that involve safety and economy, then we calculate the dimensions and forces to be supported by the structural elements known as Rocker and Bogie, which are responsible for transmitting the support to the chassis as well as providing support to the connections for the axle components and motors for the wheels. The design and calculation of these elements, depends on the robot prototype being able to move through irregular fields avoiding obstacles such as: surface anomalies, potholes, rocks and curbs. For the validation of the prototype design, a static analysis of the structural elements (Rocker and Bogie) is performed by means of the Von Misses parameter, obtaining a high level of safety before rupture. Subsequently, the simulation of the prototype is executed based on a track created in the software, analyzing parameters of speed, acceleration and displacements in the axes X, Y. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation are compared based mainly on height and maximum length between front and rear axles, being crucial the maximum permissible angle of inclination.