Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine

1-3

Authors: Sheikh Mohd Saleem*

Socioeconomic status (SES) is one among important indicators to evaluate the health status and nutritional status of a family. It is a position attained by any individual within a system of hierarchical social structure. Various attempts have been done in past by eminent scholars and medical scientists to formulate a group of composite indexes to determine SES of an individual or a family living in urban or rural areas. The scales have included various composite indexes to take into account details pertaining to an individual or any family. Among all the available SES, the most widely used and popular scale in our country is “Modified Kuppuswamy SES” which is mostly used for urban areas. In this paper, we have aimed at revising and providing an “Updated Modified Kuppuswamy SES” for the year 2019. The scale was initially developed by Kuppuswamy in the year 1976 including index parameters like education, occupation, and total income which was further modified in later years to include head of families educational status, occupational status and overall aggregate income of the whole family, pooled from all sources. The Kuppuswamy SES has included 3 parameters and each parameter is further classified into subgroups and scores have been allotted to each subgroup which have been defined later in this paper. The total score of Kuppuswamy SES ranges from 3-29 and it classifies families into 5 groups, “upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class, upper lower and lower socio-economic class.” Due to limitations, the Kuppuswamy SES needs regular update for income levels which is based on changing CPI values which makes the scale vulnerable to fluctuations over time

6-9

Authors: Kanniyan Binub*

Introduction: Medical students are continuously exposed to psychosocial stressors throughout training which can lead to Burnout; which is state of emotional, mental and physical exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and its correlates of burnout among medical students of a tertiary medical college at Malappuram District. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted among medical students of a tertiary medical college at Malappuram District using the Copenhagen burnout inventory Scale to find out prevalence and correlates of personal, work and patient related burnout. The data was entered into excel and transferred to Spss version 16 for analysis. Frequencies were calculated for demographic variables using proportions and Chi-square was used as test of hypothesis. Results: Prevalence of work related burnout was found more among first and least among final year batch of students and the difference were significant. Males experienced higher work related and patient related burnout. Those who stay away from the family experience more personal burnout compared to day scholars. Burnout was higher in smokers and who had history of alcohol intake and least in those who exercise regularly. Conclusions: About 1/3rd of the students had burnout in one or the other dimensions of Copenhagen burnout inventory. Interventions in Behavior change communication (BCC) should be emphasized regarding regular exercise, adequate sleep and healthy diet various strategies to cope up stress should be incorporated in the medical curriculum.

13-17

Authors: J E. Okwara,I P. Ezeugwunne,S C. Onunkwo,E C. Ogbodo*,R A. Analike

This study investigated the effect of alcohol consumption on some male reproductive hormone (Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Testosterone (TT) levels in Nnewi Metropolis. Seventy two subjects comprising of 41 male (21 acute and 20 chronic) alcohol consumers and 31 controls aged between 18 and 50 years old were recruited for this study. Anthropometric data (height, weight and body mass index (BMI) as well as socio-demographic data of the subjects were obtained. Thereafter, 5mls of blood sample was collected from each subject and dispensed into plain container and used for laboratory analysis. Serum LH, FSH, and TT levels were estimated using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The result revealed a significantly higher mean weight, BMI as well as serum LH levels respectively in alcohol consumers than in control (p<0>0.05). More so, the mean weight, BMI, as well as serum LH and FSH levels were similar in both acute and chronic alcohol consumers respectively (p>0.05), While there was a significant decrease in the mean serum TT level in chronic alcohol consumers than in acute alcohol consumers (p<0>

24-27

Authors: Mallikarjun Biradar,Smita M Nimbannavar

Introduction: The best food for the infant is breastmilk as it provides the nourishment in the first year of life. Greater chances of survival are seen more in breastfed children as compared to artifically fed child. But today in many affluent societies, breast feeding appears to have become a lost art. Objectives: To assess the breast feeding practices and to educate the mothers about the importance of breast feeding and its advantages. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a District Hospital, Koppal. A total of 110 women were included in the study and data was collected using a structured questionnaire for a period of three months from January 2018 to March 2018. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and descriptive proportions were used to analyze the data. Results: Among 110 women who participated in the study 63.7% belonged to 17-21 years age; about 60.9% belonged to lower middle and lower class (60.9%). Gradutaes were 6.4% and more than half of them are living as nuclear family. Majority were from rural background (79%) and 88% had delivered at an institution. 56% women delivered normally and birth spacing of more than 2 years was seen in 77% women. Babies who were fed within 30 minutes after birth were 25% and 65% exclusively breastfed their infants upto 6 months. Colostrum feeding was observed in 83% women while pre-lacteal feed was seen in 17% women. Conclusions: We can conclude from this study that mothers had an average knowledge about breast feeding but had poor feeding practices. It is necessary to educate all the mothers about breastfeeding and its importance.

33-36

Authors: Yogesh Kumar Singha,Nitin Kothari*

Introduction: Pregnant females are at higher risk for development of respiratory complications women mainly because of their altered immunity and physiological adaptations. Compared to non-pregnant individuals, pregnant women are more likely to develop influenza-associated complications, severe disease, and death. This study is carried out to analyze the epidemiological factors associated with outcome in pregnant women who suffered from H1N1 infection as well as to compare the outcome of HINI infection in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Materials and Methods: Descriptive and hospital based study of all Swine flu positive pregnant and non-pregnant females reported to OPD & admitted in Isolation and ICU from Jan to Dec 2015 were included in the study. The demographic data was collected for each patient and the following details were noted and analyzed: gestational age at diagnosis, duration of hospitalization, place of admission, mechanical ventilation status and maternal neonatal outcome. Results: The study revealed that during study period total 2344 women attended swine flu OPD, out of them 686 women tested by RT-PCR. In 282 cases, RT PCR was H1N1 positive. Out of them 147 women were admitted in isolation ward and ICU for further investigation and treatment. Out of 147 admitted confirmed cases, 30 females were pregnant, 67 were admitted in ICU. Total 33 swine positive females were expired, out of them 28 were put on ventilator and 7 were pregnant. Most of the females belong to rural background. Healthcare seeking behaviour was higher in Pregnant female with significantly higher duration of stay in hospital. More pregnant women (69.23%) put on ventilator than non-pregnant (38.89%). Case fatality rate in pregnant females (23.33%) was higher in compare to non-pregnant population (22.22%). Conclusions: Pregnancy is associated with high CFR, longer duration of hospitalization, more need of ICU admission as well as mechanical ventilation. ICU. It may be due to low awareness and late presentation especially in the women belonged to rural areas.

40-44

Authors: Auqfeen Nisar*,S Muhammad Salim Khan,Sheikh Mohd. Saleem

Introduction: Subcentre is a fundamental unit of the health care design specifically put up to serve extremely rural areas. Expenses are fully incurred by the central government. One cannot deny that government has not set right the rural health care framework but due to scant availability of these facilities on qualitative and quantitative basis, we have yet not reached the WHO standards. The objectives of the study were to estimate the community health profile of the area covered by subcentre Abedal and to evaluate the accessibility level of health care facilities and their delivery at the subcentre. Materials and Methods: Research was conducted in the Abedal (Dal Lake) area of rural Kashmir carrying a total population of 1040. No. of households in the area are 139 with a total of 297 families. Study was conducted over a period of 3 months. The research was performed on the health profile data collected door to door by trained FMPHWs/ANMs and recorded on a predesigned and pretested proforma. Other information was also extracted in the form of feedback forms and interviews. Results: It was found that the male and female population is nearly equal with females dominating by 51 percent. Around 62 percent of the total population is covered by the adult age group. 4% of the population is widow mostly from the old age group. The area has a 16.25 percent population of smokers as well. All the 297 families were found to be non-vegetarians. 59.95 percent of the families belonged to the upper lower class followed by lower middle class which cover 29.6 percent of all the families. 17.26 percent of the population suffered from at least one disease. 17.26 percent of the population suffered from at least one disease. Hypertension was found to lead among the chronic diseases with 11.05 percent followed by heart diseases in 6.15 percent of the population. The overall accessibility of the health care services at the subcentre is good. 24 out of 297 families have found the location of the subcentre far from their residences. The subcentre staff is cooperative and always ready for assistance. Around 48 percent of the population says that they do not find all the medication and not every health issue is entertained. However, minor ailments are treated without a delay. 51.6 percent say that they have faced a lot of discomfort in waiting rooms due to lack of ample space every time they visit. This also makes them switch to expensive clinics sometimes for minor health problems but takes a toll on their finances. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that overall, the community is satisfied with the services catered at the subcentre. The basic needs are met as per standards. It is suggested that better waiting room facilities and space be made available to lessen the discomfort faced by ailing patients while waiting for their turn. The data collected on disease burden of the area should be kept in records. Provisions should be made for necessary medication at the time of emergency mostly for hypertension and related complications