Ecological safety

4

Authors: L. Sheludchenko, S. Voznyuk, V. Nosko

Purpose. This paper examines the impact of transport-road complex on the environment, as od-tion of the most powerful sources of pollution. Analysed the risk of gas emissions that are released BHA due to combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines, which contain a number of harmful substances that zubrod-evaluate roadside landscapes. Metodology. Inserted a number of conditions, depends on their content in the roadside, including on the level of organization of the artificial protection of the landscape, namely the dust belts that take almost the rule, a decisive role in the processes of transport and deposition of pollutants. Originality. So, the main factors that affect to the processes of diffusion and distribution of pollutants in roadside landscape are: transfer the impurity by the wind flow; turbulent diffusion of impurities in the horizontal and vertical planes; physical-chemical processes of transformation the impurities (gravitational deposition, chemical conversion, precipitation leaching); the presence of dustproof forest barriers. Practical value. To research the character of the processes of gravitational settling pollutants, it is recommended to use models of rheological Maxwell’s and Voigt’s bodies. References 3, no tables, figures 4. Keywords: combustion products, migration and deposition of pollutants, geochemical barrier.

4

Authors: M. Kharytonov, О. Тitarenko, V. Khlopova

Purpose. Environmental assessment of soil technogenic pollution in the area of industrial enterprises in the Pavlograd city. The Pavlograd is located between Samara and Vovcha rivers. The most common soils are typical chernozem and saline soils. Soil samples were taken to determine the effect of airborn technogenic pollution in Pavlograd. Soil samples were collected in the vicinity of each enterprise to detail the impact of the main environmental pollutants in Pavlograd. Enterprises as emission sources of air pollution in Pavlograd are following: chemical plant (PCP), mechanical plant (PMP), the machine factory and foundry plant (PalMash). Methodology. The definition of the content of acid-soluble forms of heavy metals in the collected samples was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Assessment of soils ecological quality was given by the degree of soil contamination with HM regarding exceeding the MPC, as well as on the total index of pollution. According to the results of determination of the granulometric composition of the vast number of analyzed soil samples (63 %) is characterized as loam. The rest – sand (33%), and clay soils (4%). Results. The results of detection of the reaction of the aqueous extract of the vast number of analyzed soil samples (95 %) were weakly acidic at 6.3 and 6.8. As a result of consistent mapping of pollution in the city of Pavlograd six heavy metals was obtained corresponding GIS map.Follow to the analysis of the GIS map, it becomes possible to select multiple halos increased density of total soil contamination of Pavlograd city with heavy metals. Mostly they are con-centrated in the Southeast and West of the city. Sources of emission in the South-East has Pavlograd mechanical plant, the machine factory, and foundry plant. The high density of soil contamination with heavy metals in the West of the city may be associated both with the activities of the Pavlograd chemical plant and the weathering of coal mine tailings. The total pollution index of multipollution level of soil contamination was calculated for generalization of the obtained results. For most of the analyzed samples, according to the above gradation, the environmental situation of the contamination of soils by heavy metals is changed from "moderately threatening" to "threatening". Therefore the necessary arrangements to predict of the development of ecologically dangerous situation of environmental pollution in the area of industrial enterprises of the city. References 6, tables 1, figures 3. Key words. environment situation, technogenic pollution, air, soil, heavy metals.

4

Authors: M. Kustov, B. Pospelov

Purpose. To reduce the zone of pollution in case of accidents with chemical emissions and radioactive substances, artificial intensification of precipitation in the emission area is used. As ions are the most active drop formation centers, increasing of the free ions concentration in the atmosphere by the high-frequency electromagnetic radiation for artificial precipitation intensification is proposed. Methodology. The single source power reducing is accomplished by the using of multiple radiation source with focusing of the electromagnetic field in the area of impact. Results. The energy and geometrical characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation focus area in the area of atmospheric pollution at various geometry of the placement of the emitters and their performance are considered. Originality. The calculations showed that the greatest amount of the focusing area is achieved with a compact footprint sources. To increase the impact area atmosphere scanning method applying is proposed. Practical value. Thus, for the artificial initiation of precipitation over the area of emission of hazardous chemical substances you can apply existing sources of electromagnetic radiation, which when operating in the scan mode will provide the necessary intensity of precipitation. References 7, tables 1, figures 2. Key words: radiation source, radiation focusing, direction pattern, directive gain.

5

Authors: V. Vambol, V. Shmandij, S. VambolK, O. Kondratenko

Purpose. To create a methodological basis for constructing a management system of ecological safety of process of utilization of biowaste products. Methodology. Using the systematic approach and principle of multilevel decomposi¬ti¬on, was proposed formalization of solution of the problem of management of ecological safety during process of bio¬was¬te products utilization. Results. Presented and illus¬tra¬ted the General and Detailed structural and organizational sche¬mes of management of ecological safety of utilization process of biowaste products, which developed by authors. Functions of technolo¬gical system of biowaste products uti¬lization in general and for each of its structural parts was ana¬lyzed, described by formulas and verbally. Proposed hierarchic structure implies formalization of solution of the as¬signed task just in strictly adhering to the basic principles of multilevel decom¬posi¬ti¬on. This implies the following featu¬res: presents of vertical (between the levels) and hori¬zon¬tal (between the stages) com¬munications; priority of action of levels and stages from bottom to top; interrelation of levels; varieties of choosing and solving of the tasks for each of levels. Originality. For the first time, we have constructing the hierarchic structure of management system of ecological safety of process of utilization of biowaste products and also described by formulas the functions of for each of its stru¬c¬tural parts. Practical value. Application of that approach allows complex carrying out the problem of eco¬lo¬gical sa¬fety of production, accumulation and utilization of industrial and domestic wastes with considering ob¬ta¬i¬ning the useful pro¬ducts. References 4, no tables, figures 5. Key words: systematic approach, management of ecological safety, biowaste products utilization.

5

Authors: Ia. Korobeinykova, Iu. Murava

Purpose. To calculate the norms of recreational load on tourist destinations in administrative districts of Ukrainian Carpathian region and their theoretical justification by using regulatory mechanisms for ensuring ecological safety. Methodology. We have analyzed recent publications on sustainable tourism development and ecological aspects of tourism. We have justified the relevance of the development of new research direction in the field of ecological safety, namely ecological safety of tourist destinations. We have studied the regulatory mechanisms for ensuring ecological safety within tourist destinations such as the determination of ecological limits for tourism activities. Results. We have defined the expediency of implementation of traditional limiting indicators of tourism activities and implementation of norms of recreational load as the regulatory parameters for ensuring ecological safety. As a result we have calculated norms of recreational load on ecosystems of tourist destinations in administrative districts of the Carpathian region. According to the calculations the recreational load norm in Carpathian region in summer is 119 people per km2 and in winter 61 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Ivano-Frankivsk region in summer is 121 people per km2 and in winter 62 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Lviv region in summer is 113 people per km2 and in winter 53 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Chernivtsi region in summer is 119 people per km2 and in winter 53 respectively. Norm of recreational load in Zakarpattia region in summer is 136 people per km2 and in winter 84 respectively. Originality. We offer to implement the complex of ecological studies for determining the norms of recreational load on tourist destination ecosystems and therefore to regulate quantitative indicators of tourism development taking into account the calculated norms of recreational load. Practical value. The results of the study should be used in the process of developing plans for tourism infrastructure and tourist flows development in Carpathian region. References 12, table 1, figures 5. Кey words: ecological safety, regulatory mechanisms, recreational load, tourist destination.