Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE)

315-324

Authors: K. Ganesh Babu, A. Veeresh Babu , K.Madhu Murthy

The present biggest challenging task in front of the world is to search new energy source. Apart from the all energy sources, biodiesel was the only dominant alternate energy to accomplish the fossil-fuel demand in the transport sector which consist a diesel engine. Biodiesel production from edible, inedible feed stocks causes food versus fuel and greenhouse-gas emissions' problem. It is observed that yields of edible, inedible oils and animal fats are very less compared to third-generation feedstock like Algae: It is one of the fastest growing organisms. It is environmentally friendly because it captures Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the environment to grow. According to the Indian scenario, this is the right time to fix attention on algae biodiesel, to meet the fossil-fuel demand. The higher heating value of biodiesel is slightly lesser than that of diesel, but higher than coal. Biodiesel combusts same like diesel fuel, concerns regulate emissions, and doubtlessly better efficiency than diesel fuel. Algae biodiesel has good physicochemical properties than others. This paper reviews the comparison of yield, fatty acid composition of oil, presently available methods to convert algae into biodiesel and its effect on Direct and Indirect injection diesel engines. Literature reveals that a reduction in exhaust emissions with slight compromise in performances are possible with the usage algae as a biodiesel.

334-339

Authors: A. Dutta and S. M. Ullah

In this research work, the performance parameters , such as fill factor (FF), external quantum efficiency (EQE) , maximum power density and carrier concentration profile of a planar heterojunction poly 3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT) / phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) photovoltaic cell has been simulated for different values of carrier mobility where the simulation has been performed under the consideration of incident solar radiation of 1 kW/m 2 irradiance, air mass of 1.5, ambient temperature of 300K and indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium (Al) has been considered as the anode and cathode of the P3HT/PCBM solar cell respectively. The performance parameters has been determined for electron mobility of 5 × 10 -4 , 5 × 10 -3 , 5 × 10 -2 and 5 × 10 -1 (cm 2 /V.s) at the acceptor and hole mobility of 1 × 10-4 , 1 × 10-3 , 1 × 10-2 and 1 × 10-1 (cm2/V.s) at the donor layer. Carrier concentration profile has been studied for 0.4 and 0.5 V junction voltage and for different values of carrier mobility. Finally highest external quantum efficiency of 2.413% and maximum power density of 24.13 W/m2 has been obtained for hole mobility of 1 × 10 -1 (cm2/V.s) and electron mobility of 5 × 10 -1(cm2/V.s).

349-358

Authors: P. Chaithra, K. Hemashree and J. Ishwara Bhat

Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from raw cocoa pod (RCP) by three activation methods; physical (CPC), chemical (Z CPC, zinc chloride) and microwave activation (MW-CPC). The synthesized AC was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic technique (FT-IR), thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), atomic absorption spectroscopic technique (AAS) and flame photometer instrument. The characterization data reveals that microwave activated carbon having good adsorbent character than physical and chemical activated carbon. Adsorption of malachite green on CPC, Z CPC and MW-CPC were studied at various experimental condition. Freundlich adsorption isotherm model holds good for the adsorption process. The mechanism of adsorption followed the second order kinetics. Thermodynamics of adsorption were studied. The amount of dye adsorbed onto activated carbons varies in the order MW-CPC (29.3632mg/g) > CPC (29.3537mg/g) > Z CPC (27.9905mg/g).

367-374

Authors: M.Anbia, F.Rahimi

The current study adsorption characteristics of platinum(IV) onto the ethylenediamine-modified magnetic cellulose nanoparticles (MCNGE) have been investigated. The prepared adsorbentwere characterized using Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Optimization the experimental parameters namely Pt(IV) concentration (15-35 mg/l), temperature (34–50 °C), pH of solution (2–5), and particles dose (0.030.06 g) were performed using a means of central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluation the model, the main of the independent variables and their interactions for adsorption of Pt(IV) from aqueous solution. The results of the quadratic model indicated that the model was highly significant with Fvalue (F model = 55.09) and value of prob> F (<0.0001).The optimum adsorption conditions were determined as initial pH 2.5, temperature 46°C, adsorbent dosage 0.05 g and initial platinum(IV) ion concentration 22mg/l.The maximum capacity of MCNGE for Pt(IV) was found to be 19.45 mg/g. The magnetic cellulose nanoparticle is an environmental friendly product with low energy costs in adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous phase.

382-386

Authors: A. Hedayati, H. Rezaei and F Darabitabar

The aim of study was to investigate the toxicity effect of zinc at low concentration (10% LC50) and high doses (50%LC50) on roach (Rutilus caspicus). Roach with an average weight of 3.3 g and lengths of 4 cm were used in this work. Acclimatized fish were fed daily with a formulated feed.Caspian Roach were exposed to a low concentration of 10% LC50 and high concentration of 50% LC50 ofzinc for a period of control (0), 24, 48 and 96h static toxicity examination, operated within the tank of 400L. In 10% LC50 concentration zinc (96h) immune parameters neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte are not shown significant change toward control group (P>0.05) and in 50% LC50 concentration zinc (96h), immune factors lym showed significant decrease toward control but neu factor significantly increase toward control group (P<0.05). Eosino and mono did not showed significant correlation with zinc exposure (P> 0.05). In low and high concentrations of zinc, results showed zinc can cause changes in hematological, biochemical and immunological factors in Caspian roach; therefore, assessment of these indicators, could be useful to detect pollution of aquatic ecosystems.

393-400

Authors: R. J. Jawad, M. H. Shah Ismail and S. I. Siajam

This study was about the investigation of the removal of iron ions from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by using novel adsorbent which is Alginate–Mangrove Composite Beads Coated by Chitosan (AMCBCC). The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) to prove the successful coating by Chitosan and also to provide an evidence of iron ions were adsorbed on the surface of the beads. Batch studies were conducted by using different parameters, such as pH, dosage, contact time, and initial concentration. It was found that at pH value of 3, 300 g/L of AMCBCC concentration, and a contact time of 72 hours the maximum removal of iron ions was 92.7%. The isotherm equilibrium data were followed Freundlich isotherm model and the adsorption kinetic data were well fitted by the pseudo second order.