Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE)

299 - 306

Authors: Mohammad Fathi, Afshin Honarbakhs

Bank erosion in populated areas could cause fatalities and property damage if banks collapse abruptly, compromising the integrity of residential buildings and civil facilities. Bank erosion study is in general a very complex problem because of it involves multi-processes such as bank surface erosion, bank toe erosion and bank material mechanic failure, etc. Each of these processes is related to several parameters: sediment size distribution, bank material cohesion, slope, homogeneity, consolidation, soil moisture and ground water level, as well as bank height. The bank erosion rate is also related to the strength of the flow in the river indicated by the flow shear stress, water depth, and channel curvature, etc. In this study, the numerical model CCHE2D has been applied to study real-world bank erosion cases in a mountain river, Khoske Rud Farsan River, Iran, which is a braided river with high sediment loads and channel mobility; the bank erosion of this river is dominated by floods during rainy seasons.

314 - 319

Authors: R.W. Gaikwad

The adsorption of lead ions on granular activated carbon (GAC) and removal of lead as heavy metal using GAC studied in a reverse fluidized bed. GAC is suitable adsorbent particularly to remove heavy metals from water. A fluidized bed was more suitable technology for GAC, due to its certain advantages over packed bed. The only problem arises in fluidized bed is the low density (0.44 g/cm3) of GAC, which makes it to float on the liquid surface. A simple concept of reverse fluidized bed can be a better replacement. Experimental investigations were carried out in a reverse fluidized bed. Result for removal efficiency of GAC with change in concentration of solution, change in pH of solution, change in bed height of GAC, change in residence time was investigated. It was observed that % removal of lead increases with an increase in bed height and time, where as it gets decreased with an increase in initial lead concentration and pH of the solution.

329 - 332

Authors: Y. Abouk, M . Roodbari, A. Bahari

In dry thermal oxidation process with Si, the growth rate of the initial parts of the reaction is currently modeled with additional terms; besides the usual linear parabolic was time dependent. However, due to limitation in the process set up, it was found in literature and in patent; these methods did not produce oxides less than 1.5 nm thick, often assumed equal to the native thickness. Attempt made to grow oxides in a furnace with dry oxygen, including cycles of cleaning and annealing in Ar. The effects limit the thickness to about 1.5 nm was investigated. These oxides were evaluated for the resulting quality of the interface of the oxides, with low temperature layer-by-layer methods.

341 - 346

Authors: Naghmeh Mirab, Zahra Sherafat, Mohammad Hossein Paydar

Barium cerate-based perovskite oxides are protonic conductor candidates for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells due to their high ionic conductivity and good sinterability. The aim of the present study is to fabricate a half-cell single-cell includes substrate, anode and electrolyte layers. The exact composition of BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3─δ (BZCY7) has been selected as a proton conducting electrolyte. The fabrication process of a dense electrolyte membrane on a NiO- BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3─δ (NiO-BZCY7) anode substrate has been studied by a co-pressing process after co-firing at 1400ºC. BZCY7 powders were synthesized by solid-state reaction method after calcinations at 1150ºC. A single phase was obtained at this low temperature. The phase composition of the resulting specimens was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the features of the synthesized powders and also the condition of connected layers in half-cell.

354 - 360

Authors: Haider Mahmood, A.R. Chaudhary

The study attempts to define the impact of foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. It takes carbon dioxide emissions as dependent variable and foreign direct investment, share of manufacturing value added and population density as independent variables. ADF, PP, Ng-Perron and Zivot-Andrews Unit root tests were used to find the unit root problem. ARDL and its error correction model were used to find the long run and short run relationships. The study found the long run relationship in the model but short run relationship did not exist. Foreign direct investment, manufacturing value added and population density have positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions.

370 - 379

Authors: Islam M. Rafizul, Muhammed Alamgir, S.M. Shahed Sharif

A technique to quantify the leachate pollution potential of solid waste landfills on a comparative scale using an index known as the leachate pollution index (LPI) developed. The LPI is a quantitative tool by which the leachate pollution data of the landfill sites can be reported uniformly. It is an increasing scale index and has been formulated based on Delphi technique. The formulation process involved selecting variables, deriving weights for the selected pollutant variables, formulating their sub-indices curves and finally representing the pollutant variables to arrive at LPI. The aggregation function is one of the most important steps in calculating any environmental index. If aggregation function is ambiguous, the result will raise an unnecessary alarm, indicating a comparatively less polluted environmental situation as mere contaminated. Similarly, if the aggregation function is eclipsed a false sense of security may be created, indicating a highly polluted environmental situation as less polluted. In this paper, the concept of LPI is briefly described. In order to select the most appropriate aggregation function, various possible aggregation functions are described and used to calculate LPI values for pilot scale landfill lysimeter at KUET campus, Khulna, Bangladesh. Based on obtained results, it is concluded that the weighted linear sum aggregation function is the best possible aggregation function for calculating LPI. Sensitivity analysis of the six short-listed aggregation functions is performed to substantiate this conclusion.

385 - 389

Authors: Roger Luiz Da Silva Almeida, Lucia Helena Garófalo Chaves, Enio Fraga Da Silva

The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the growth characteristics of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), specifically the clone CCN-51, was evaluate in a field experiment conducted on the period from August 2010 to June 2011 in Jequié city, Bahia State, Brazil. The experimental area, approximately 0.18 ha with the planting of cocoa clonal CCN- 51 in Yellow Oxisol was irrigated drip emitters. The statistical experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications where the factors water level and nitrogen level were factorial combined resulting in the 16 treatments. During the experimental period were measured plant height and stem diameter during six periods. The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of water and N levels in plant height and stem diameter. The biometric variables responded to treatments. The water level used in this study negatively affected the plant growth. The nitrogen level used in this study positively influenced the plant growth. The relative growth rate in relation to the plant height and stem diameter, on average, corresponded to about 14% and 15%, respectively.