The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

1-11

Authors: Osuntokun OludareTemitope, OA Thonda

Piliostigma reticulatum plant found in West Africa. It is an Evergreen shrub with a twisted bole to 9 m high, with a bushy spherical canopy. Bark dark grey to brown, fibrous and corky, slash dark red. Leaves large, thick, leathery, grey-green, 6-12 cm long, Fruit large, long, straight, undulate or twisted and hard, either glabrous or sparsely pubescent, brown, indehiscent, up to 25 cm long, 5 cm wide. Alchonea laxiofolia is a Deciduous, erect to straggling shrub 7m tall. Two extracting solvents were used for purpose of extraction, (Ethanol and Aqueous). Six clinical and environmental organisms were used for this research work. The organisms are Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergilus flavus, Staphylococcus aureus. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the two medicinal plants. It was observed that all the clinical and environmental organisms were susceptible to the two medicinal plants, both exhibits different degree of antimicrobial zones inhibition. Quantitative and Qualitative phytochemical screening was also determined on the two medicinal plants. It was observed that both plants,Piliostigma reticulatum and Alchonealaxiofolia contains various bioactive components like Alkaloids, Cardiac glycoside, Flavonoids, Steroids, Tannin, Saponin and Phenol. Quantitative Analyses of element Present in Plant Extracts (ug/100g) were also determined, Minerals like Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Lead, Manganese, and Phorphorus were present at various percentage compositions by mass. Quantitative Analyses of Anti –nutrients Present in Plant Extracts were also elucidated. Anti-nutrients like Tannin Phenol, Oxalate, Saponin and flavonoids were present in various quantities.Quantitative analyses Of Proximate Nutrient Composition of Plant Extracts of Alchornea laxiflora and Piliostigma reticulatum were also determined. It was observed that the two plants contain Fats, Carbonhydrates, Moisture contents, Crude protein, Fibres and Ash. In vitro-antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate leaf extracts of the two plants were also determined. They both contain different antioxidant in various quantities. Antioxidant are Ferric reducing property (FRAP)Azino-bis (3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphuric acid)(ABTS), Superoxide, Diphenyl -2-picryhydrazyl( DPPH), H2O2, Flavonoids and Phenols. The purpose of this research work is to determine the antimicrobial activities,elementpresent, Anti-nutrients, Proximate contents and In vitro-Antioxidants activities of Piliostigma reticulatum and Alchonea laxiofolia.

18-23

Authors: Essam F Al-Jumaily, Maha HA Al-Bahran

The aim of this study the effect of H2O2 produced by E. faecalis in causing genomic instability by using comet assay and visualizing the histological alterations in rats colon tissues. The results showed a significant decrease correlated with the decrease of the concentration of E. faecalis in each of following characters: the mean % of the length of tail, the mean % of the DNA damage and the mean % of the tail lengthening. These differences were observed in all the cells, exposed to both concentrations of E. faecalis and were then compared with that of the control (without E. faecalis –treated cells).To determine whether dietary iron causes any genomic instability associated with adenomas or colorectal cancer, the comet assay has been used to detect DNA damage. All intestinal epithelial cells showed an increase in DNA damage after co-incubation with E. faecalis (EFCS).This increase was higher in rats which were fed dietary iron for 4 months. The role of catalase in preventing DNA –damage mediated by H2O2 was also studied .The results showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the mean percentage of DNA damage in the treated cells.

31-37

Authors: Aliyu Daja, Abubakar Gidado

An ethno-botanical survey was conducted to collect plants use in cancer management within the North-Eastern Nigeria. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) to collect relevant information. Thirty nine (39) respondents were interviewed and questionnaire administered to them. The average age of respondents is 46.7 years and there was a dominance of the male gender 31(93.9%) in the practice of traditional medicine compared to their female counterpart 2(6.1%). Seventy percent (70.9%) of the respondent inherited the practice from their fathers, while 29.1% joined the practice without family history of the practice. Most of the TMPs have not had formal education; only about 3(9.1%) had tertiary education of up to University level, 8(24.2%) high school, 3(9.1%) had up to primary school level. However, because of the religious background most 19(57.6%) had informal education; none has admitted to be illiterate. A total of twenty five (25) plant species belonging to about 14 different families were identified that are claimed to have anticancer potential. Thirteen 13 (52%) of the plants identified are used as single plant by the TMPs, while 12(48%) of the plants are used as recipes. Different parts of the plant are used, plant root have higher preference, with 28% being used, followed by leaves 24%, while other part of the plant comprises the remaining percentage. Fifty two percent 52% of respondent administer their medications orally, 3% topically, and 29% administer both topically and orally. This study confirmed the use of medicinal plants in managing cancer in North-Eastern Nigeria, and further revealed that many different combinations as recipes are used in curing cancer in addition to using single plants. The challenge now is to scientifically validate the claims and work toward producing novel anticancer drug(s) from the identified plants.

45-56

Authors: Adeolu Jonathan Adesina, Yusuff Ayinde Gbolagade

The study is aimed to isolate and analyse the lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids and phytosterols) of three plant products commonly used as food ingredients (Bridelia ferruginea stem bark (Ira), Monodora myristica seed kernel (Ariyo) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ajo)). The fat (%), total fatty acid (%) and energy (kJ/100g) had range values of 1.40 – 30.5, 1.12 – 24.4 and 41.4 – 903 respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 17.2 – 46.2 %, total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) values ranged from 20.2- 51.5, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids values ranged from 0.724 – 2.50 and 26.4 – 61.4 respectively. Phospholipids level was averagely high at total values of 110 – 263 mg/100g. Among the phytosterols, sitosterol was the most concentrated (28.2 – 69.0 mg/100g) within a total value of 37.5 102 mg/100g. Chi-square (X2) analysis showed that significant differences existed at α = 0.05 among the following parameters: SFA, MUFAcis, total MUFA, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-6/n-3, LA/ALA, Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylinositol, Stigmasterol, 5-Avenasterol and sitosterol. The analyzed plant samples were averagely low in total fatty acids, phospholipids and phytosterols, hence their consumption, as food sources either as spice or soup ingredients may not result in the consumers consuming fats above the recommended healthy guidelines.

71-78

Authors: Shettima AY, Tijani MA, Mekaron K, Henry O, Modu B, Tijjani Y

The effect of the administration of methanolic extract of root of Guiera senegalensis on some biochemical and hematological parameters in Wister strain albino rats was investigated. After a period of about 28 days the rats given methanolic root extract of Guiera senegalensis showed no significant increase or decrease in the levels of the biochemical parameters compared to the rats receiving 2 ml of distilled water. That is the extract did not alter the levels of Aspartate transaminase (AST) Alanine transminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein and albumin. Also the levels of Urea, Creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were not altered. There was no statistically significant change in the mean values of the hematological parameters, when compared with those of the control group.

87-90

Authors: Bode Rovena, Dracini Xheladin, Celiku Etmond

Background: An Amyand’s hernia refers to the presence of an appendix within an inguinal hernia sac. It is a rare entity which presents mostly at the exploration of the inguinal canal. This uncommon finding occurs in less than 1% of all right side inguinal hernias. The appendix may be apparently normal or have all the features of acute appendicitis with its possible complications. Losanoff and Basson suggested a distinct classification to improve the management of Amyand’s hernias. Diagnosis is usually made at the time of surgery, which is usually indicated in all incarcerated hernias. Case report: We report here the case of a patient operated in the Emergency Department of "Mother Teresa" University hospital center, for this rare kind of hernia. Conclusion: The purpose of this report is to create general awareness among surgeons who might be dealing with this hernia surgery, as they may encounter unexpected intraoperative findings such as Amyand’s hernia. It is important to be aware of all clinical possibilities and appropriate management techniques. Consequently, our recommendation is that the decision to perform an appendectomy and/or to use mesh to repair hernias should always be individualised.

99-104

Authors: Fartisincha P Andrew, Joseph AO Woods, Ayodele Akinterinwa, H Mukhtar, JA Ndahi

The studies and manipulations of the coordination chemistry of bioactive organic ligands has been a promising means of pharmaceutical innovations. In this study, metal (II) complexes of sulfadoxine (SDX) were synthesized and characterized by physicochemical, IR and electronic spectroscopies. The complexes were formulated as [M(SDX)2(H2O)2¬] (M = Cd(II)/Cu(II)/Zn(II)), [M(SDX)2Cl2¬] (M = Ni(II)/Co(II)/Mn(II)). They were insoluble in water, which is an indication of covalent and non-electrolytic character. Their spectroscopic data indicated that sulfadoxine ligand acted as a bidentate chelating agent showing a coordination either via the prymidine nitrogen and the nitrogen of the SO2NH moiety as in the case for Cu(II), or via the prymidine nitrogen and the amino nitrogen of the terminal NH2 group as in the case for Ni(II), Cd(II), and Co(II). The complexes formed are inferred to assume a six coordinate octahedral geometry while Zn(II) and Mn(II) complexes exhibit tetrahedral geometry. The successful synthesis and characterization of these complexes therefore presents a new bioactive substance with virgin pharmaceutical potentials

111-117

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Chemical analysis showed that Colchicum candidum contained many biologically active components. Nine alkaloids (3-demethylcolchicine, 2-demethylcolchicine, colchifoline, N-deacetyl-N-formylcolchicine, colchicine, cornigerine, 2-demethyldemecolcine, 3-demethyldemecolcine and demecolcine) were isolated from seven Colchicum species. Twenty phenolic compounds were also identified in extracts from five Colchicum species. The previous pharmacological studies showed that Colchicum candidum possessed antioxidant, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects, while, colchicine possessed antitumoral and antiinflammatory properties and has still kept its importance in the treatment of gout and many other diseases, such as familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), Behçet’s syndrome, chirosis, psoriasis and many other dermatological diseases. This review was designed to highlight the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Colchicum candidum.

129-135

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The chemical constituents of Cnicus benedictus showed that it contained sesquiterpene lactone glycosides, cnicin, polyacetylen, absinthin, salonitenolide and artemisiifolin. Triterpenoids such as a-amyrenone, a-amyrin acetate, a-amyrine, and multiflorenol acetate. Lignans such as trachelogenin, nortracheloside and arctigenin. Flavonoids, including apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin and astragalin. Tannins contents reached (8%). essential and volatile oils (0.3%) including n-nonane, n-undecane, n- tridecane, dodeca-l,ll-dien-3,5,7,9-tetrain (polyyne), p-cymene, fenchon, citral, cinnamaldehyde, were also isolated from the plant. It was also contained many nutritional components, minirals and trace elemints. The previous pharmacological studies showed that Cnicus benedictus possessed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, enhancing digestion and increasing bile secretion. This review was designed to highlight the chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological effects of Cnicus benedictus.

143-148

Authors: H El Mahdi, Z Abkhar, M Taourirte

The nuclei of dates, from domestic consumption or as waste from the agro-food sector (date tab, syrup, oi etc.) on a small or large scale, or simply contained in the inedible dates, which remain abandoned in palm trees, are a very interesting material for the production of high value added products. They consist mainly of plant cell walls (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) that represent 82% to 92% of the initial dried material. The purpose of this study is the extraction of hemicellulose from the nuclei of dates first, then their introduction with the starch in the development of biodegradable and hydrophobic films. Hemicellulose in the nuclei of dates consist in large part of mannane. The originality of the method of extraction of the hemicelluloses in our study, is the first time use of calcium chloride instead of zinc chloride widely used in the presence of acetic acid. Those fresh conditions allow the simultaneous obtaining of lignin and hemicelluloses, making the process economically interesting. The film preparation is carried out from a mixture containing corn starch, glycerol, a hydrochloric, an acid solution and a sodium hydroxide solution. Different fractions of hemicellulose derived from the nuclei of dates are added to this mixture with percentages going from 5% to 20% by weight compared to the starch. Hemicelluloses cores dates are constituted in large part by mannan, which are insoluble in water (ref book and article). Their introduction in the development of films has the consequence of reducing their water sensitivity. To confirm the biodegradability and hydrophobicity of these films, we have conducted tests such as the measurement of moisture absorption, of water absorption and of weight loss of films.

157-160

Authors: Sule OJ, Arhoghro ME

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Allium sativum leaf on some biochemical parameters in carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in albino rats. Twenty five male Wistar albino rats were used, comprising of five groups of five animals each. Rats in groups 2 and 3 were administered oral extracts of Allium sativum (100 and 200mg/kg) respectively for twenty five days while, group4 received 100mg/kg body weight of vitamin C. Animals in groups 2-5 were also, injected single dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day of carbon tetrachloride i.p for the same period of study. Blood collected by cardiac puncture on the 26th day of study and was used to determine the total protein, total bilirubin, albumin and ALT concentrations using standard kits. The results showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the level of albumin in rat group1 (35.6 ±0.98), compared to rat group 5 (44.9 ± 1.50). Also, rats in A. sativum treated groups 2 and 3 showed significant decrease in the level of albumin (36.2±6.57 and 39.4±1.51) respectively compared to positively control group5 rats. Total protein level increased significantly (p<0.05), in rats group5 (98.6 ± 2.69) compared with rats groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 (74.9 ± 1.28, 79.7 ± 3.36, 76.5 ± 3.86 and 77.0 ± 2.99) respectively. Level of ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in untreated rat group5 (25. 8 ± 17.35) compared rats in group1 (18.8±15.25). However, there was significant decrease in the ALT levels in the extract treated groups 2 and 3 (19.0±3.60 and 21.5±17.04) compared to the untreated rat group5. Total bilirubin level increased significantly in positively control rat group5 (13.57±3.03) compared to normal control rat group1 (1.458±0.32). There was significant decrease in the total bilirubin levels in A. sativum extract treated groups 2 an3 (1.763 ± 0.24 and 1.623 ±0.41) respectively, compared untreated rat group 5. The results showed that ethanolic extract of A. sativum offer protective effect to CCl4-induced liver damage in albino rats.

168-172

Authors: Sule OJ, Arhoghro ME

The effect of aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus (F) on acetaminophen-induced wistar albino rats was investigated. 25 male wistar rats were randomly shared into 5 groups of 5 rats per group and aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus was administered orally to rats in groups 2 and 3 at 100 and 200mg/kg/per day respectively for twenty one days while, group4 received 100mg/kg body weight of vitamin C. Acetaminophen (1 mg/kg) was then administered to rat groups 2-5 daily for the same period of study. Blood samples were collected on the 22nd day of study and were used to determine, the glucose level, ALT and albumin concentrations using standard kits. The results showed significant increase in the level of ALT in rat group5 (77.3 ±5.87) compared to group 1 (58.5±4.5). Meanwhile, ALT levels decreased significantly in Citrullus lanatus extract treated groups 2 and 3, (71.6±5.8 and 74.5 ± 4.5) respectively, compared to untreated group5, p<0.05. Albumin level increased significantly, in rats group 5, (52.1±5.8) when compared to rats in normal control group 1(35.4±3.6). However, these values decreased significantly in extract treated groups 2 and 3; (38.7±3.8 and 42.0 ±4.9) respectively, when compared to rats in untreated groups, p<0.05.Glucose level significantly increase in rats in group 5, (5.2 ± 5.8) as compared to rats in normal group1, (4.2 ± 2.9). However, it decreased significantly in rats treated with extract groups 2 and 3; (4.3 ± 3.9 and 4.7 ± 5.2) respectively, when compared with rats in untreated groups, p≤ 0.05. Rats in group5 showed significant increase in weight (8.0 ± 7.7) when compared to rat group 1 ((7.13 ± 5.87), p≤ 0.05. There was significant decrease in the weights of rats treated with extracts (groups 2 and 3); (6.36 ± 2.5 and 6.78 ± 3.38) respectively, when compared to rats in normal and untreated groups, p≤0.05. In conclusion, aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus administered orally as low as 100mg/kg reduces glucose, ALT levels and mediate appreciable weight loss, which may be chemically beneficial to individuals at risk of diabetes and hepatocellular diseases.

178-183

Authors: Farouk Kandil, Amer Kasideh

In this research a new imine counting N2O5 donor atoms have synthesized. The new compound was prepared by reaction of 1,7-bis(6- methoxy -2- formyl phenyl)-1,4,7,10,14-penta oxa tetra decane with benzedine. The imine was purified by chromatographic column filled with silicagel, eluted with chloroform. Identification of this imine: 1,21- Diaza– [3,4-18,19- di (6, '6- methoxy phenyl)]-22, 29- benzedine-5,8,11,14,17-pentaoxa cyclononaicozane 1,20-diene(II) was determined by1H- NMR (LC-MS), (IR) spectroscopy. The liquid- liquid method carried out forextraction of metalsuch as Pb(II), Ag(I),Cu(II) in presence of picrate anion. Then we carried out synergistic solvent extraction of copper (II) ion by using a mixture of imine and palmitic or salicylic acid. Organic solvents chloroform and dichloromethane were investigated at 25± 0.1oC and using atomic absorption spectrometer. The extraction percentage was calculated.

191-196

Authors: Daniel E Enenche, Sumaila Abdulmumuni

The concentration of some heavy metals were determined in farm soil and vegetable samples of spinach (Amaranthu sspinosus) and water leaf (Talinum triangulare) collected around the mechanic village at Keteren-Gwari, Minna metropolis, Niger State Nigeria during the dry season. Metal concentration in both soil and vegetable samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (Buck Scientific 210VGB). Results from soil analysis showed mean values of 3661.5±16.25 for Fe, 13.75±0.03 Cu; 41.25±2.48 Zn; 6.25±0.71 Cr. The results for vegetable samples showed that spinach accumulated metals more in the leaves while waterleaf accumulated highest in the roots. Concentration for Fe ranged from 138±11.31-532±16.97; 6.00±1.41-13.25±1.06 Cu; 50.50±3.54-133.0±4.24 Zn; 1.5±0.71-6.0±0.71 Cr. Both vegetables are however good for studying heavy metal uptake and accumulation by plants. The high levels of some of these heavy metals place the consumers of these vegetable crops grown within the study area at health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies in address this issue.

201-206

Authors: Daniel E Enenche, Sumaila Abdulmumuni

The concentration of some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd) were analysed in soils in and around Keteren-Gwari Mechanic village, Minna metropolis, Niger State, North-central Nigeria using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (Buck Scientific 210VGB). Two digestion methods were used to concentrate the metals. Mean concentration for Fe was 6548±72.94µg/g; 24.57±16.74µg/g Cu; 24.57±16.74µg/g Zn; 11.64±9.02µg/g Cr and BDL for Pb, Ni and Cd using aqua-regia digestion while mean concentrations using HClO4, HNO3 and H2SO4 mixture digestion were 5175±29.99µg/g Fe; 27.07±17.43 µg/g Cu; 126.57±97.29 µg/g Zn; 18.14±12.45 µg/g Cr; 128±22.22 µg/g Pb and BDL for Ni and Cd. The contamination factor (CF) calculated was shown to be Fe ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Cr for surrounding soil samples and Fe ˃ Pb ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Cr in the mechanic village work area. It is recommended that laws are formulated and enforced that prevent any form of farming in the area, mechanic villages be relocated out of the city and other environmental protection regulations to stop the build-up of these metals in similar locations be implemented.

221-225

Authors: James Kennard S Jacob, Eden S David

In the past decades, crop diseases and human health is always at stake and the emerging problem on the use of synthetic antipathogens and medicine is one of the most difficult to combat. This current research was carried out to determine the phytochemical constituents and the inhibitory activities of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. pods. Eight preliminary phytochemical tests was done which includes, test for alkaloids saponins, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and resins. Powdered pods were subjected to ethanol and aqueous extraction. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and resins was found present on both extracts, however absence of flavonoids on both extraction was observed.The inhibiting capability of the S. saman pods revealed that there is a significant effects on the inhibitory effects against in-vitro bioassay of F. oxysporum, known to cause wilts on crops and the two bacterial pathogens E.coli and S.aureus via disc diffusion method.

230-237

Authors: Shashidhar S Kerur, Neeraj Kumar

In the present study board range viral diseases have been carried out. The spectrum of food borne pathogens includes a variety of enteric bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes viral pathogens & parasites. Viruses are the most common pathogens transmitted via food, viruses are considered as the most important human food borne pathogens with regard to the number of out breaks. The viruses causes many diseases in that some of them likeWest nile virus, Swine flu (H1N1), Bird flu/Avian flu (H5N1),E-Bola virus and Zika virus history, diseases caused and treatment has been reported.

243-253

Authors: Laila A Guirguis, Nagwa I Falila

This paper describes the extraction of uranium from raffinate phosphoric acid purified using aliquatR336 in kerosene as a selective extracting agent of uranium, Several factors were studied for the maximum extraction of uranium. mainly aliquatR336 concentration, shaking time, aqueous/organic phase ratio, the diluents effect and temperature on the extraction, Effect of different stripping agents were investigated , High uranium extraction yields 98.4% were obtained ,The uranium is finally converted to a high purity using precipitation with hydrogen peroxide, Finally a technological flow sheet is elucidated on the basis of the obtained results.

262-266

Authors: M R Rajesh Kanna, R Pradeep Kumar, Mohammad Reza Farahani, Muhammad Kamran Jamil

Among topological descriptors topological indices are very important and they have a prominent role in chemistry. One of them is atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index defined as _______ where dv is the degree of vertex v. Recently, a new version of atom-bond connectivity (ABC4) index was introduced by M. Ghorbani et. al. [38] in 2010 and is defined as where and NG (u) = {v V (G)|uvE(G)}. In this paper we compute this new topological index for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHk.

280-289

Authors: Gunjan Rao, Anju Goyal

HPLC is an analytical technique widely used for identification, separation, detection and quantification of various drugs and its related degradants. HPLC process development is important in case of drug discovery, drug development and in analysis of pharmaceutical products. It is also employed to separate the manufactured drugs and its related impurities. It also involves the understanding of physicochemical properties of drug substances; hence facilitate the development of analytical method. The article mainly focuses on optimization of HPLC method during process development and validation of that method according to ICH guidelines. It also involves some important parameters required for determining the efficiency of the method.

297-299

Authors: B Srinivasa Rao, TR Kishore, V Suryanarayana Rao

A polarographic method have been developed for the analysis of Taxim-AZ and Nickel(II) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. It is possible to determine the Nickel(II) and Taxim-AZ in the range of 1x10-7M to 1x10-6M and 0.146 – 1.46 μg/25ml. Well defined peak at potentials -0.95V Vs SCE for Ni(II) and -1.55V Vs SCE for Taxim-AZ were obtained respectively.

304-310

Authors: Abdou Kh A, Khadiga IA, Badwy AS

Foot infections are a common and serious problem in persons with diabetes. Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) typically begin in a wound, most often a neuropathic ulceration. Diabetes Mellitus is known to have many complications and one of the most distressing is diabetic foot ulcer which affects 15% of people with diabetes. It puts enormous financial burden on the patient and the health care services, even though it is preventable. Diabetic foot ulcer is characterized by a classical triad of neuropathy, ischemia, and infection. Most DFIs are polymicrobial, with aerobic gram-positive cocci (GPC), and especially staphylococci, the most common causative organisms. Empiric antibiotic therapy can be narrowly targeted at GPC in many acutely infected patients, but those at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms or with chronic, previously treated, or severe infections usually require broader spectrum regimens. Imaging is helpful in most DFIs; plain radiographs may be sufficient, but magnetic resonance imaging is far more sensitive and specific. This review is conducted to provide a general idea about Pathophysiology, Etiology, Epidemiology, Prognosis, Risk factors, Foot Complications, Patient education, Prevention and methods of treatment and also the aim of this review is to discuss the current diagnostic and management options for diabetic foot.

316-322

Authors: Siham Abdallah, Nourah A Al-Abduwahed

Introduction: The vast majority (65 % to 70 %) of all medicines are solid oral dosage forms. Overall, the advantages of tablet stability problems are rare; however, one major point for adequate efficacy is often not considered: which is the ability to swallow them. Therefore, manipulation of tablets for patients with swallowing difficulties may lead to medications errors and potential changes in drugs efficacy. Aim: To measure the availability and stability of crushed Warfarin tablet in different solutions and the impact of crushing practice. Method: Warfarin tablets were crushed using mortar and pestle and analyzed by using British Pharmacopeia Spectrophotometric to measure the content, dissolution and stability of the tablets in water, orange juice and syrup at different time intervals. Results: The content of Warfarin after 4, 24 and 48 hours was not decreased by more than 5% except in orange juice which decreased by 12% which revealed the stability of crushed tablet in these solvent. The release of Warfarin sodium was more in water than orange juice and syrup as it was 85.5% compared to 46% and 44% in orange juice and syrup respectively. Conclusion: Prior to this study, no information was available regarding the stability of Warfarin tablets when crushed and dispersed in assorted oral delivery vehicles. Crushed tablets dissolved in water and syrup and kept in a refrigerator are stable for 24 hours. This study demonstrated that the ability to deliver the expected dose of Warfarin is negatively impacted by such practices and patients may face serious clinical problems. However, further study is needed to measure the efficacy of crushed Warfarin by following INR of patients taking Warfarin through NG-tube.

329-333

Authors: Winifred A Ojieabu, John E Arute, Shakirat I Bello

Pharmacists now need a higher level of competence in other to meet drug information needs of their clients. The objective of this article was to map out the Standard Operating Procedure in the establishment of a drug information and resource center (DIRC) in a State University in Nigeria. The main functions will be provision of drug information services, medication counseling, professional training and other related activities. Those to operate the DIRC will require specific training in communication skills, knowledge of literature resources and dissemination skills. The requirements for the center include infrastructure, staff structure and funds. Drug information sources will comprise tertiary, secondary and primary literatures. Drug information is a fine-tuning channel to getting to a zero defect in medication error. Therefore, competence and co-operation among all health care professionals in the facility are needed to make a success of the project.

343-350

Authors: Selima Khatun, Rıdvan Polat, Uğur Çakılcıoğlu

Mycoparasitic action of Trichoderma spp. on the pathogen through the production of lytic enzymes viz β-1, 3 glucanase (laminarinase) and chitinase was studied. Hyphal interaction between the antagonist and the pathogen was investigated through scanning electron microscope. Coiling around, penetration and overgrowth of the antagonistic mycelium on the pathogenic mycelium were the result of the death of the pathogen mycelium through lysis. Studies on the production of hydrolytic enzymes viz. β-1, 3 glucanase and chitinase by the five Trichoderma spp. have reflected their inducible nature. On the other hand, various carbon sources influenced differently the production of β-1, 3 glucanase and chitinase enzyme by the antagonists, as there exists a parallel relationship between carbon source in the medium and Trichoderma species. Different species of Trichoderma also showed variable degrees of enzyme production and T. harzianum was recorded to be the most efficient producer. The variation in enzyme activity clearly reflects the varying degree of substrate utilization by the different species of Trichoderma indicating thereby their varying degree of biocontrol potential as mycoparasitic fungi.

359-363

Authors: Mahak Arora, Abhishek Tiwari, Akhilesh, Richa Saini, Manoj bisht

The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Clematis buchaniana plant. For this purpose the entire aerial parts of Clematis buchaniana were extracted by soxhelation in methanol. Then the solvent was evaporated to dryness in order to yield the dried crude extract of Clematis buchaniana. Then the extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening in order to determine the active constituents for effective pharmacological activity. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using protein denaturation model in the albumin of fresh chicken’s egg. Methanolic extract was found to be more potent when compared with the control.

367-371

Authors: Udobre AS, Udoh AE, Udobang JA, Anah VU, Johnson EC

Andrographis paniculata is a plant that grows well under shade. It is found in China, India and Nigeria, The plant is used traditionally in Nigeria to treat boils, swellings and pains. The Ethanol Leaf Extract of Andrographispaniculata was evaluated for its antiplasmodial activity using Suppressive, prophylactic and curative models in 120 albino mice. The plasmodium specie was Berghei berghei. A dose of 946.69 mg/kg/day of the extract reducedparasitaemia significantly (bP<0.01) from21.33 ±1.02 to 12.51±1.12 and suppressed malaria by 43.74%. Artesunate, a standard anti-malarial drug (positive control) produced 56.25 % chemosuppression. The normal saline (negative control) did not suppress malaria. The Lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was 316.23 mg/kg. The result of the phytochemical screening showed that the.extract contained tanins, polyphenols, terpenes, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides in abundance. These suggest that Andrographis paniculata leaf extract is active against plasmodium berghei berghei and by extension the plant can be used in the treatment of malaria. The phytochemicals are believed to be responsible for the anti-malarial activity.