Dnipropetrovsk University bulletin. Geology, geography

414-421

Authors: V. A. Baranov, Y. V. Antipovic

Abstract. The article presents the results of the study of gas inclusions in quartz grains of Donets Basin sandstones. It describes the main genetic types of inclusions, their conditions of formation, shape, size, as well as features of the transformation under the conditions of catagenesis of rocks. The presence and distinctive features of the primary and secondary inclusions were established by studying of their homogenization temperatures. Thanks to these studies, it was found that the homogenization temperature of the primary inclusions is 1.5–2 higher than for secondary ones. Also, characteristic of the primary inclusions is that they are mainly gas-liquid. In size, primary inclusions are 1.5–2 times larger than secondary ones, and on average they are 2–3 µm. Secondary inclusions essentially consist of gas. A characteristic feature of secondary inclusions in quartz grains of the sandstones of the Donetsk Basin is that they decorate the microdeformations of these grains, thereby forming numerous Boehm stripes. The gas inclusions of Boehm strips are indicators of paleotemperature, and the Boehm strips themselves carry information about paleopressure. To calculate the volume of gas inclusions, a method was proposed. This method is easy to use and does not require significant financial expenses. For its implementation, standard petrographic thin sections are used, which are examined using an optical microscope with a total magnification of 1000-1200 times. Using the proposed method, the volumes of gas inclusions in quartz grains of sandstones of different substages of catagenesis were established. Considering that gas inclusions are part of closed porosity, it is proposed to conditionally subdivide closed porosity into cement closed porosity (volume of closed pores in the cementing substance of the rock) and grain closed porosity (volume of closed pores in detrital grains of the rock). It is established that the indicator of grain closed porosity is 2-3 times higher than the indicator of cement closed porosity. The largest volumes of gas inclusions are established for the middle substage of catagenesis. Considering that rock and gas outbursts occur only at the middle substage of catagenesis, this confirms the theory about the additional effect of gas inclusions on the progress of gas-dynamic phenomena in mine opening. Also, during the determination of absolute porosity of rocks in laboratory conditions, it is very important to grind the rock to micron-sized fraction. This will allow opening a part of inclusions in the clastic grains of rocks, which will substantially complement the indexes of absolute porosity.

431-4443

Authors: O. H. Kornus1, A. O. Kornus1, V. D. Shyshchuk2, N. M. Nurein2,3

Abstract. Analyzed the level of primary morbidity of population and prevalence of the osteo-muscular system diseases and of the connective tissue diseases among the residents of the Sumy region. It is established that nosologies of this class are occupy a prominent place in the overall structure of disease's prevalence among the inhabitants of the Sumy region. The percentage of above mentioned nosologies in total structure of Sumy region population morbidity has been exceed 5 %. The dynamics of primary morbidity and prevalence of diseases was separately examined during 2005–2016. Moreover, it was revealed that the situation with the morbidity by nosologies of this group during 2005–2016 has been deteriorating. For example, the primary morbidity of population of the Sumy region by diseases of osteo-muscular system and of the connective tissue decreased by 6.5 %, but the prevalence of orthopedics pathologies among inhabitants of the Sumy region for the above indicated period increased by 11.0 %. It is established that in the structure of prevalence of the osteo-muscular system diseases and of the connective tissue diseases on the first place are arthrosis diseases, which demonstrated the high levels of primary morbidity's growth during 2005–2016, which in some regions exceed 50–80 %. The morbidity of population by the arthritis diseases in the Sumy region for the same period increased by 30.8 %, and their prevalence by 34.4 %, but the highest tempo of growth in the rates of primary morbidity and prevalence are characteristic for saline arthropathies – 25.7 % and 12.0 % respectively. The benefit of this study is analyses of the geographical patterns of morbidity of the population as well as prevalence of the osteo-muscular system diseases and of the connective tissue diseases among the inhabitants of the region. With help the quantitative analysis methods, the groups of districts with different rates of morbidity of population, prevalence of diseases of the skeleton/muscular apparatus and connective tissue and different level of provision of the Sumy region population by medical institutions and specialists of the appropriate profile were identified. The geographical discrepancies between the level of the morbidity of population and the level of specialized medical-orthopedically care is revealed. It has been established that in many administrative districts of the region there are no orthopedist at all among the specialists providing medical assistance, and beds for orthopedic patients (or both) are absent in medical and preventive institutions. Consequently the population is not provided with the proper level of orthopedic care.

453-465

Authors: Kovalchuk I. P.1, Mkrtchian O. S.2, Kovalchuk A. I.3

Development of accurate and practicable methods of land surface temperatures (LST) mapping has benefits for a range of scientific and practical applications. The paper considers mapping of LST for the Bystrytsia river basin located in Western Ukraine using Landsat 8 imagery with two thermal infrared bands, which capture emissivity values closely related to land surface temperature (LST). Three multispectral images referring to different seasons (autumn, winter and summer) were used in the study. The method of LST estimation consists of several successive steps. After preprocessing (clipping, masking, and re-projecting), the images were converted from digital numbers to top of atmosphere spectral radiance, and then – to brightness temperature. However, the brightness temperature differs from LST due to emissivity of land surface being different from that of ideal blackbody. The emissivity can vary significantly with vegetation, surface moisture and surface roughness, and can be approximately estimated from land surface reflectivity at red and near-infrared spectral ranges. Estimated values of LST were compared with measurements of Ivano-Frankivsk state weather station, showing rather good compliance for all the three scenes. Obtained estimates of LST show some regularities of its spatial distribution, which also vary significantly from season to season. All the three scenes show conspicuous vertical gradient in LST; summer and autumn scenes are also characterized by significant local variability in LST due to different land cover types (e.g., urban development, forests, different agricultural lands), whereas in winter, differences in LST for mountainous slopes of different aspects appear to be more pronounced. Graphs of LST change with elevation have a parabolic form: sharper decrease of LST is typical for lower elevations, while the vertical LST gradient decreases above 700–1000 m a.s.l.

478-484

Authors: N.V. Maksymenko, Yu.V. Medvedeva, N.I. Cherkashyna

The purpose of the article is to analyze dynamics of the temperature regime of the surface layer of the atmosphere in the coastal zone of the North Atlantic as an indicator of changes in the thermohaline circulation system. In carrying out the research, comparative-geographical and historical statistical methods of the analysis of meteorological series were used. For research, 20 control points of the eastern part of the United States and Western Europe, which are located along the flow course of the Gulf Stream, are selected. In the selected points, by means of the linear trend method, the regularities of the dynamics of the mean annual, average maximum and average minimum temperatures of the atmospheric surface layer for the period from 1973 to 2013 have been established. The results of the study showed that, contrary to the hypothesis of fall in temperature in Europe, an increase in average annual and average maximum temperatures is observed in all control points of the region - the range means the linear trend is from 0.9 to 4.4 oF and from 0.3 to 3.8 oF respectively. In most US control points, the average annual temperature rises from 0.1 to 3 oF and the average maximum temperature rises from 0.2 to 2.1 oF. For four points of the United States the decrease in the values of the linear trend of average annual temperatures is from -0.4 to -1.2 oF; for three points - a decrease in average maximum temperatures is from -1.3 to -1.9 oF. At 9 control points in the USA and 8 control points in Europe, the average values of the minimum temperatures in the research period increased - in the USA, from 0.1 to 3.1 oF; in Europe from 0.3 to 4.6 oF. The opposite dynamics in the regions is observed for the values of the temperature amplitude. In most control points in Europe, the difference between the average maximum and the average minimum annual temperatures ranged from 0.4 to 6.6 oF; in most US destinations, on the contrary, a decrease in the amplitude value from -1.6 to -3 oF is observed. The analysis of the temperature dynamics of the surface layer of the atmosphere indicates the prevailing warming processes in the coastal zone of the North Atlantic, more intense for control points in Western Europe. The obtained data give grounds for refuting hypotheses of the presence of critical deviations in the thermohaline circulation system of the Atlantic Ocean, which could lead to a cooling in the Northern Hemisphere. The change in the amplitude values is a manifestation of increasing instability of the climate, which is likely to remain in the future with a general increase in the mean annual temperature in the region.

495-503

Authors: K.V. Repina

The article is devoted to the study of natural factors that influence the regularities in the distribution of the quality of carbonate raw materials in the deposits of the Articulation Zone of the Donbass Basin with the Priazovskiy block of the Ukrainian Shield. Paleogeographic conditions of sedimentation and the processes of secondary quality change were established by comparing the lithologic-stratigraphic sections of deposits in different parts of the Articulation Zone: from the west (Novotroitskoe deposit) through the center (Elenovskoe deposit) and to the east (Karakubskoe deposit). The variability in the quality of carbonate raw materials was estimated from the results of statistical processing of the chemical analysis of exploratory samples. Geochemical associations were established for carbonate rocks within the stratigraphic horizons of each deposit. The best in quality of all deposits of the Donbass Articulation Zone are the carbonate rocks of the Cltc horizon. The conditions for their formation were the most stable. They are characterized by a negative connection of the main quality component (CaO) with all other quality indicators. At the same time, the association of indicators associated with a significant positive connection is retained: SiO2, R2O3, S.The process of forming carbonate strata are accompanied by intense silicification processes that relate to climatic changes in temperature, salinity and depth of the sea basin. This is confirmed statistically, because the significant negative correlation between the main component of quality and silica is established on the horizons of carbonate rocks with an increased silica content. The process of dolomitization of the carbonate stratum took place in two stages. At the beginning of the accumulation of the carbonate layer, the sea basin was characterized by lower temperatures and higher magnesium contents than in the subsequent period. Therefore, the lower stratum of the Novotroitskoe and Elenovskoe deposits include sedimentary dolomites. Later, the conditions changed, so there are no dolomites in the Karakubskoe deposit. The second stage of dolomitization is associated with the post-carbon andesite-trachyandesite magmatic complex. The rocks of this complex are found in the carbonate stratum in the form of interplastic intrusions, dikes and stock-like bodies. This contributed to the appearance of sulphide mineralization, zones of silicification and recrystallization of carbonate minerals in spot-dolomitized limestones. The structural-tectonic factor, which is manifested by intensive leaching processes, exerts the greatest influence on the degradation of the quality of carbonate raw materials. In zones of tectonic disturbances, they have maximum extension areas. The structural transformations that began in the Donbas after the early Carboniferous disrupted the primary stratified occurrence and quality of the carbonate thickness. The upper Visean horizons are subject to intensively leached, similar to tectonic,melange.The contribution made by these studies to scientific knowledge lies in the identification of the natural factors that determined not only the quality of carbonate rocks, but also indicators of the development stages of the Donbass Articulation Zone of two major tectonic structures - Donbass and the Ukrainian Shield. The practical significance of the results of the work is connected with the fixed possibility of conducting geological and technological mapping and further construction of varietal maps of the deposits of carbonate raw materials.

510-519

Authors: M. Syvyj1, B. Gavrychok1

This article presents the characteristics of the resource base of building sands within the three Podillya regions, the patterns of sands distribution, and proposals for increasing the extraction of raw materials . The construction sands of Podillya are confined to the Upper Cretaceous, Neogene and Anthropogenicdeposits. The decrease of the thickness of the sandy strata of the Opilsk Neogene suite in the eastern direction was observed with the simultaneous increase in the thickness of the overlapping strata of the rocks. There is no apparent correlation between the thickness of sandy interlayers and the quality of sands. The interdependence of the chemical composition of Neogene sands and the sand size module is established.The genetic predisposition for the distribution of building sands in different parts of the Podillya territory has been established. Four groups of sand deposits of different age have been identified within the Podillya regions, which contrast sharply with single deposits in the neighbouring territories.There is a very uneven distribution of explored reserves of sandy raw materials across the region and accordingly in the provision of construction sands in the different oblasts /regions of Podillya. The areas best provided with sandy raw materials are the central districts of Ternopil region and Slavutsky district of Khmelnytsky region . Sands of the Baltic stage distributed in Vinnytsia region are mostly poor in quality, clogged with clay material and require enrichment. The further development of the mineral raw material base and the prospects for increasing the production of construction sand in the Podillya regions is associated with the increase in production at the prepared deposits, the commissioning of reserve deposits, the conducting of prospecting and exploration work in the proposed potentially exploitable areas and additional exploration of individual deposits that are exploited. The research allows us to evaluate objectively the existing base of sand raw materials for various purposes in the Podillya region and to develop on this basis measures to increase it. The importance of the study is determined by the acute shortage of the raw material in most administrative districts of Khmelnytsky and Vinnytsia regions, by the growth in the volume of construction work (and accordingly the requirements for sandy raw materials) both in Podillya and in the country.

529-536

Authors: L.B. Zastavetska, T.B. Zastavetskyi, B.V. Zablotskyi, K.D. Dudarchuk

The article examines the development of the urbanization process in Ukraine, highlights its stages and describes the factors that influenced the formation and development of cities. Considerable attention is paid to the peculiarities of the periods of urbanization in our country. In particular, the following stages of this process are highlighted: the emergence of the first cities and Greek colonial cities, the emergence of ancient Russian cities as defense and artisan centers, the strengthening of urban development under the influence of the development of manufactory production, transport routes, rapid urban development under the influence of industrialization, the formation of agglomerations and the modern period the development of urban settlements, which is characterized by the phenomenon ofdeurbanization. The main factors that had an impact on the formation of urban settlements in each period were identified, the largest cities that were formed at the time. The periods of prosperity and decline of cities, causes of urbanization, suburbanization anddeurbanization, transformation of functions of cities in the modern period and their role in resettlement systems are revealed. It is noted that the stages of prosperity of Ukrainian cities at the end of the XX century vary in the stage of evolutionary development, and later in degradation. This is evidenced by changes in the number of urban population and the number of cities in Ukraine. The main ways of the emergence of modern cities from the social and economic crisis are outlined. Cities, as centers of new territorial communities, will take on new functions. They will become centers of social and economic transformation, business centers for surrounding territories. To do this, it is necessary to determine for each city the main industry of production or services, which would be a "driver" for its further development. At the same time possible or rebranding (the restoration of activity that was previously in the city), or the creation of new types of economy, for the development of which are local resources. The importance of forming a modern city as a source of innovations is emphasized, which will allow it to become the center of investment transformation of territorial communities for the future.