International Invention Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

Number Vol. 1(7) , 2014

81-90
Prevalence, Predictors and Patterns of Psychoactive substance use among HIV seropositive adults at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, North Western Nigeria

Authors: Abdu Wakawa Ibrahim1* and Shehu Sale2

Abstract

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The concomitant use of psychoactive substances in HIV infection has significant implications for both transmission and progression of the disease as well as in affecting the adherence to treatment regimen. This study assessed the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use as well as determined the predictors among HIV+ population at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in north-western Nigeria. This study utilized the sociodemographic questionnaire, clinical proforma, the 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depressive Scale (HADS) for data collection and the multidrug urine screen test device to detect the drug metabolites in the subjects' system. Prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 25.2%. Male gender [Odds Ratio (O.R.) = 8.34, 95% C.I.= 2.852 - 9.495, p<0.001], the absence of antiretroviral medications [O.R.= 3.65, 95% C.I.=0.231 - 0.611, p=0.034], the diagnosis of anxiety and depressive disorders (O.R.= 4.61, 95% C.I. = 0.486 - 0.884, p<0.001) and (O.R. = 6.98, 95% C.I. = 0.189 - 0.574, p<0.001) respectively were the independent predictors of psychoactive substance use among the respondents. The commonest used substances were alcohol and Cannabis, most use multiple substances. We therefore recommend periodic screening for psychoactive substances in HIV+ adults in order to optimize care and clinical outcome. Keywords: Psychoactive substance, prevalence, predictors, HIV- seropositive, North-western Nigeria.

91-94
Prevalence of Hospital Acquired Infections in a tertiary care hospital in India

Authors: *Malhotra S, Sharma S, Hans C

Abstract

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Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI), are a cause of prolonged hospital stay, are inconvenient for the patient, constitute an economic burden on health care and increase the mortality of hospitalised patients. The aim of this point prevalence study was to estimate the burden of various hospital acquired infections in our hospital and the major related risk factors for acquiring HAIs. This study helps to provide a standardised tool for hospitals to identify target areas for quality improvement. The HAI was defined according to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention standards. An overall HAI prevalence was 8.78% with highest in ICUs (33.3%) followed by paediatric wards (12.5%) and surgical wards (10.3%). Surgical procedures, mechanical ventilation, urinary catheters, or intravascular devices were independent risk factors for HAI. The most common HAI category was urinary tract infection followed by respiratory tract infections, and surgical site infection. The most frequently administered antibiotics were amoxicillin clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and piperacillin-tazobactam. Most common organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii and Staphylococcus aureus. This study provides baseline information of HAIs and associated risk factors for future surveillance. Efforts are needed to strengthen Infection control programs, appropriate national strategies for prevention of HAIs, antibiotic stewardship and repeated prevalence studies in our institution in order to decrease the prevalence of HAI. Keywords: Hospital-acquired infection, Point prevalence study, Surveillance.