Academicus International Scientific Journal

21-29

Authors: Arta Musaraj

The need to understand, explain and define the traits and tools of the organization of our societies continuously brought to the creation of mechanisms such as merit and competence, structuration and stratification, spheres of right or colonization in the name of the civilization. The final scope had been that of making them perceptible as observable rigid entities. What happens when a virus and pandemic come to the stage of the global arena, which makes us act and operate at an individual level, as well as in all forms of organization we engage in, totally different from our expectations, motivations and communication of the day before it all started? Are we living in the dawn of a new organism or is it just the confirmation that this had already started and now it is time to acquire and accept the new reality? A new world and the need for new semantics, to reconceive the duality ‘game’ and ‘play’, in creating the new language, and hoping to come up with a new “generalized other” to guarantee us the future.

41-58

Authors: Christos Tsilikis

Acting in a socially responsible manner did not simply materialize in modern times. Social Responsibility has been of concern to mankind since antiquity, being intertwined with the need to help people whose economic and social circumstances may be dire. Adam Smith was the first to introduce the notion of ethics in economic theory while at the beginning of 1920s, the first samples of corporate social responsibility came as a result of social action by enterprises at the time. First, Howard Bowen highlighted CSR in the context of academic research in 1950 whereas in 1992, at the Rio Summit where the representatives of 178 nations gathered, the natural environment got associated, first time ever, with the notions of economic and social development, thus triggering an entire period of developments in the field of CSR. What followed, over the years leading up to date, were actions, decisions and formal initiatives that forged, to a great extent, the perception of CSR. This article points to the most important landmarks of the whole itinerary of CSR and its eventually becoming an institution. It, moreover, provides field researchers with a tool to describe, analyze and proceed with a comparative evaluation of different periods and events.

67-89

Authors: Moosa Kamanroodi, Kamran Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri

Rent is defined as surplus or non-productive profits that are pursued to create naturally (inherited) or fabricated scarcity from a specific product. The value of the land is about the natural and fabricated drivers influence on finalization of the land price and the value of the consumption and trading of urban lands causes “rent” and the unequal profit from the production of housing. Building violations in the city refer to processes for the building and use of which are not licensed (or licensed) or in conflict with the building permit issued by the city hall. This research paper is about the occurrence of building violations, land/housing rent, and the performance of the city hall in this regard in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011. This research is fundamental and applied research, which has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. Data and information about this research were collected through available documents, reports, and library books, field studies, descriptive statistics, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were interpreted and analyzed. Based on the findings of this study, out of 8,772 building licenses issued in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011, 2,886 cases (35.75%) resulted in 6,291 violations per plot of 20,4294 square meters. The results of this study have shown that land rent and housing, a licensing process and sales of building surplus and city hall earnings have a significant effect on the occurrence had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of building violations in Sanandaj city. The most of the issuance of building permits (98.22%), sales of the floor area ratio surplus of a building, and building violations occurred in the district 3 of Sanandaj, which enjoyed higher land rent, housing, and a remarkable proportion of the city hall’s revenue, was also provided

103-122

Authors: Marianna Coppola, Immacolata Senatore, Giuseppe Masullo

The global spread of the SARS COV-2 virus and the related Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) has forced the entire planet to suddenly adopt important safety standards and reorganize social reality. The present research investigates the perception of psychological, relational, and pedagogical risks and needs in the developmental age (3-18 years) by the parents of different Italian regions during the quarantine period. Specifically, we examined the opinions of parents regarding the rules of social distancing and the continuous and massive use of new technologies for distance learning (DL). The results showed that Italian parents have two main concerns: on the one hand, the emergency in terms of health and health-related aspects; on the other, the teaching, training, and educational trajectories of children. They manifested mistrust and scepticism towards institutions and the school world, in terms of both management competence and structural and infrastructural capacity; aspects perceived as concerns also for Phase 2 and 3 of the epidemic curve.

127-140

Authors: Haxhi Xhemajli, Xhevdet Halili, Tristin M. Kilgallon

As the Republic of Kosovo continues to develop as independent state, the world watches closely. Of particular interest to many is whether Kosovo will truly embrace the rule of law or whether it’s growth will continue to be hampered by the long shadow of corruption. As the judiciary plays a central role in ensuring the rule of law is implemented and followed, it is critical that judges are free to exercise their judicial power freely and without fear of recourse from other members of the government, or the public. To this end, the newly revised Law on Courts is a key piece of legislation, as it specifies the qualifications, rights, and duties of the judges. This paper will analyze key provisions of the Law on Courts, paying special attention to how they impact judicial independence.

155-180

Authors: Michael R.D. James,

Kant is not generally recognised to be an Aristotelian hylomorphic Philosopher because of his extension of logic into Philosophical Psychology in the form of Transcendental Logic. This extension is a natural articulation of hylomorphic metaphysics. Aristotle’s 4 kinds of change, 3 principles, and 4 “causes” are all transformed into the Kantian system of categories of judgement and also transposed into the faculties of sensibility, understanding, and reason. The principles of noncontradiction and sufficient reason obviously have origins in Aristotelian logic and Metaphysics. Freud claims that he is writing the Psychology that Kant would have written had he written subsequent to the “divorce” between Philosophy and Psychology in 1870 but it is clear that Freud too must be considered a hylomorphic Psychologist. This latter claim must be true if it is the case that Kant can be regarded, a hylomorphic Philosopher. Freud regards Consciousness and psychological residues (rituals) that we find in institutions as vicissitudes of Instinct. Instinct is here of course a philosophical concept possessing an aim, an object, a bodily source and a demand for motor activity. Early vicissitudes of instincts are narcissistically based and give rise the genesis of a strong ego under favourable circumstances. Freudian theory correctly interpreted ought to give rise to ethical theory of the type we find in Kant. This is a requirement for theories that we find in the arena of transcendental psychology.

20-37

Authors: Joseph P Garske

This paper examines the question of what values might underlie a global regimen of law. It is concerned with the level of culture and learning that could prevail among a future global public. It begins by explaining how law is a central element in the project of globalization, and how legal influence touches on all areas of global order. The paper discusses the two predominant Western traditions of law, Anglophone and Civilian, the legal culture each represents, and the values implicit in their two different conceptions of legality. It reviews certain fundamental elements present in each tradition since their near simultaneous beginnings in the medieval world. It explores the relationship of both legal methods to the realm of public understanding, especially in their two differing versions of the university as a center of learning. In doing so, the paper also examines the contrasting roles of scholar and judge in each legal system. It then looks forward to probable difficulties in any attempt at combining the two traditions of law into a single global regime. The paper concludes by using America as a model to contemplate what values might shape an Anglophone legal culture, applicable to all peoples in all localities around the world. Finally, the paper summarizes the foregoing, and looks toward the possible redefinition of culture and learning in a global Rule of Law.

46-52

Authors: Roberto Cipriani

The social community is neither a mosaic nor a sum of different identities but something akin to a new, compound being, characterised by its own genome: the mfDNA. It involves, in particular, a kind of colonisation, the outcome of events, contingencies, probabilistic dynamics, interrelationships between the individual (or society) and the environment. Furthermore, community does not imply a mere list of species but a milieu that exists to serve their relative, not simply single and bi-univocal representations and interrelationships, acting within a complex multifactorial network characterized by a preliminary mathematical-model approach. Therefore, it is possible to introduce a new perspective, driven by the mfDNA approach and biology, and suggest a wider context capable of improving our understanding of the role of individuals within societies. We propose a new tool, the “social mfDNA model”, as an interior indicator of the properties, composition and dynamics of human society.

59-72

Authors: Benneth C. Nwafor, Hosein Piranfar, John Aston

The purpose of this research is to show the comparison of Resource-based view, Human capital, stakeholder as alternative theories and Balanced Scorecards (BSCs). ResourceBased View (RBV) appears to be limited with narrow implications as the strategic roles. RBV is forced on the internal organisation of a firm and it does not consider the external factors like the demand side of the market. A firm or an organisation may have the resources and the capabilities to gain a competitive advantage but still have no demand. RBV is not explicit on how particular market-based assets and capabilities contribute to generating and sustaining specific form of customer values. Accordingly, Human Capital theory (HC) assumes education increases productivity in the organisation, resulting in higher individual wages, but failed to provide adequate insight into the process through which education training are translated into higher wages. High level of educational attainment and quality may not potentially yield greater productivity and wages across the board. In the same vein, stakeholder theory has no learning and growth perspective required in the 21st century business but provides managers with clear mission and facilitates decision making. Balanced Scorecards (BSCs) has four perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal development and Learning and growth perspective. It sets priorities by identifying, rationalising and aligning initiatives. The broad aim of this study is to shed light on limitations of these theories. The paper intends to identify future research questions that would help to remove fundamental barriers to pave the way to the company-wide performance in Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs): does BSC or alternative theory add significant value to SMEs? If it does add value, how does it enhance the performance of SMEs in emerging economies?

89-100

Authors: Alda Miftari

This paper focuses the attention on the biodiversity of production system of farmers and the social impact in the environment process related on the economy scale. Farmers in Italian regions are growing fast and are developing new paradigms on sustainable agriculture for the development and eco-friendly products for the future of farming. The organic agriculture is an alternative of farming for producing in sustainable way and ensuring social and local conditions and promoting high level of food quality. On behalf of CAP reform 2020 and the Sustainable Development Goals, Agriculture is one of the pointed and discussed sectors concerning the preservation of environment and the welfare for the future generations. This article will focus the evaluation of the three pilasters of sustainability and the principles of organic agriculture. The methodology of this research is a quantitative model on using data from ISTAT, EUROSTAT database and statistical analysis are employed in this research. Our analysis shows the connection of new paradigms, methods and estimations on the sustainable development with the organic agriculture and discuss the farmers alternative for more sustainable agriculture development and revenue

115-130

Authors: Marianna Coppola, Giuseppe Masullo

This paper aims to investigate the ways in which parents relate to the emotional and sexual lives of their adolescent children, considering the changes that occurred in the configuration of current families, at both the relational and structural level. Of these two levels, the former considers the quality of relations among family members, while the latter refers to the new family forms currently appearing within the social scenario, disarranging the traditional way of thinking about the family and originating new ways of conceiving the roles of male and female, being together, the idea of couple and – last but not least – sexuality and the various ways of living and experiencing it. The idea is to test whether the new family configurations show different ways, compared to the traditional family, in considering children’s education and managing aspects related to this stage of life. We focus here on same-sex families, with the aim of understanding the complexities determined in this specific family environment – which in many respects is still not fully recognized in Italy. The article in the end points out the theoretical and methodological challenges that will have to be tackled in future; and relatively, it points out a research, which aims to explore the socialisation process of adolescents, and their consequent sexual approach, in the homosexual families contest.

142-150

Authors: Latasha Holt

This article provides a thorough analysis of John Dewey and his theory experimentalism. John Dewey was a leader in education and philosophy of his time. Still today his ideologies have a place in educational curriculums across the globe. John Dewey believed that students learn from human experiences. Furthermore, Dewey believed that student experiences shape the future decisions that a learner engages in. Although Dewey’s work faced scrutiny, Dewey’s thoughts are still relevant in education reform today. This article resurfaces the need for whole child research considerations and inclusive learner experiences like Dewey’s work many years ago when making educational decision and building curriculum that meet the needs of individuals to promote a positive global change.