Academicus International Scientific Journal

21-29

Authors: Arta Musaraj

The need to understand, explain and define the traits and tools of the organization of our societies continuously brought to the creation of mechanisms such as merit and competence, structuration and stratification, spheres of right or colonization in the name of the civilization. The final scope had been that of making them perceptible as observable rigid entities. What happens when a virus and pandemic come to the stage of the global arena, which makes us act and operate at an individual level, as well as in all forms of organization we engage in, totally different from our expectations, motivations and communication of the day before it all started? Are we living in the dawn of a new organism or is it just the confirmation that this had already started and now it is time to acquire and accept the new reality? A new world and the need for new semantics, to reconceive the duality ‘game’ and ‘play’, in creating the new language, and hoping to come up with a new “generalized other” to guarantee us the future.

41-58

Authors: Christos Tsilikis

Acting in a socially responsible manner did not simply materialize in modern times. Social Responsibility has been of concern to mankind since antiquity, being intertwined with the need to help people whose economic and social circumstances may be dire. Adam Smith was the first to introduce the notion of ethics in economic theory while at the beginning of 1920s, the first samples of corporate social responsibility came as a result of social action by enterprises at the time. First, Howard Bowen highlighted CSR in the context of academic research in 1950 whereas in 1992, at the Rio Summit where the representatives of 178 nations gathered, the natural environment got associated, first time ever, with the notions of economic and social development, thus triggering an entire period of developments in the field of CSR. What followed, over the years leading up to date, were actions, decisions and formal initiatives that forged, to a great extent, the perception of CSR. This article points to the most important landmarks of the whole itinerary of CSR and its eventually becoming an institution. It, moreover, provides field researchers with a tool to describe, analyze and proceed with a comparative evaluation of different periods and events.

67-89

Authors: Moosa Kamanroodi, Kamran Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri

Rent is defined as surplus or non-productive profits that are pursued to create naturally (inherited) or fabricated scarcity from a specific product. The value of the land is about the natural and fabricated drivers influence on finalization of the land price and the value of the consumption and trading of urban lands causes “rent” and the unequal profit from the production of housing. Building violations in the city refer to processes for the building and use of which are not licensed (or licensed) or in conflict with the building permit issued by the city hall. This research paper is about the occurrence of building violations, land/housing rent, and the performance of the city hall in this regard in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011. This research is fundamental and applied research, which has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. Data and information about this research were collected through available documents, reports, and library books, field studies, descriptive statistics, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were interpreted and analyzed. Based on the findings of this study, out of 8,772 building licenses issued in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011, 2,886 cases (35.75%) resulted in 6,291 violations per plot of 20,4294 square meters. The results of this study have shown that land rent and housing, a licensing process and sales of building surplus and city hall earnings have a significant effect on the occurrence had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of building violations in Sanandaj city. The most of the issuance of building permits (98.22%), sales of the floor area ratio surplus of a building, and building violations occurred in the district 3 of Sanandaj, which enjoyed higher land rent, housing, and a remarkable proportion of the city hall’s revenue, was also provided

103-122

Authors: Marianna Coppola, Immacolata Senatore, Giuseppe Masullo

The global spread of the SARS COV-2 virus and the related Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) has forced the entire planet to suddenly adopt important safety standards and reorganize social reality. The present research investigates the perception of psychological, relational, and pedagogical risks and needs in the developmental age (3-18 years) by the parents of different Italian regions during the quarantine period. Specifically, we examined the opinions of parents regarding the rules of social distancing and the continuous and massive use of new technologies for distance learning (DL). The results showed that Italian parents have two main concerns: on the one hand, the emergency in terms of health and health-related aspects; on the other, the teaching, training, and educational trajectories of children. They manifested mistrust and scepticism towards institutions and the school world, in terms of both management competence and structural and infrastructural capacity; aspects perceived as concerns also for Phase 2 and 3 of the epidemic curve.

127-140

Authors: Haxhi Xhemajli, Xhevdet Halili, Tristin M. Kilgallon

As the Republic of Kosovo continues to develop as independent state, the world watches closely. Of particular interest to many is whether Kosovo will truly embrace the rule of law or whether it’s growth will continue to be hampered by the long shadow of corruption. As the judiciary plays a central role in ensuring the rule of law is implemented and followed, it is critical that judges are free to exercise their judicial power freely and without fear of recourse from other members of the government, or the public. To this end, the newly revised Law on Courts is a key piece of legislation, as it specifies the qualifications, rights, and duties of the judges. This paper will analyze key provisions of the Law on Courts, paying special attention to how they impact judicial independence.

155-180

Authors: Michael R.D. James,

Kant is not generally recognised to be an Aristotelian hylomorphic Philosopher because of his extension of logic into Philosophical Psychology in the form of Transcendental Logic. This extension is a natural articulation of hylomorphic metaphysics. Aristotle’s 4 kinds of change, 3 principles, and 4 “causes” are all transformed into the Kantian system of categories of judgement and also transposed into the faculties of sensibility, understanding, and reason. The principles of noncontradiction and sufficient reason obviously have origins in Aristotelian logic and Metaphysics. Freud claims that he is writing the Psychology that Kant would have written had he written subsequent to the “divorce” between Philosophy and Psychology in 1870 but it is clear that Freud too must be considered a hylomorphic Psychologist. This latter claim must be true if it is the case that Kant can be regarded, a hylomorphic Philosopher. Freud regards Consciousness and psychological residues (rituals) that we find in institutions as vicissitudes of Instinct. Instinct is here of course a philosophical concept possessing an aim, an object, a bodily source and a demand for motor activity. Early vicissitudes of instincts are narcissistically based and give rise the genesis of a strong ego under favourable circumstances. Freudian theory correctly interpreted ought to give rise to ethical theory of the type we find in Kant. This is a requirement for theories that we find in the arena of transcendental psychology.