Academicus International Scientific Journal

9-25

Authors: Raphael Cohen-Almagor

The politicization of ethnocultural diversity and the demands posed by minority cultures for greater public recognition of their distinctive identities, and greater freedom and opportunity to retain and develop their distinctive cultural practices challenge liberal democracies. In response to these demands, new and creative mechanisms are being adopted in many countries for accommodating difference. This paper discusses some of the issues raised by these demands, focusing in particular on the difficulties that arise when the minority seeking accommodation is illiberal.

34-41

Authors: Joseph P. Garske

The principle of human trust works in both the Anglophone and Civilian legal cultures, but does so in two opposite ways. Although not explicitly stated in either legal tradition, the element of trust is of central importance in both. The two traditions began in the medieval period, but in very different circumstances. They had entirely different understandings of what law was and the purposes for which it worked. Their modern incarnations, together with implicit attitudes toward human trust, took shape during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries--in ways that reinforced their original differences. Their contradictory ideas of trust derived from opposing concepts of human nature: a Humanist confidence in the capacity of men as compared with a Calvinist belief in the depravity of men. Eighteenth century Continental jurists rejected religion as the educative basis of rule. Instead, they embraced an Optimistic philosophic view of human nature, expressed in the Sensus Communis. During the same period England retained a deeply established Puritan ethos. It separated Church and State but, unlike the more secular Continent, it retained an amorphous religiosity as the legitimizing basis of its rule. In Continental legal culture, the ideological and educative half of governance was emphasized. Public cultivation and learning, and the faculty of human reason, were relied on as the ultimate basis of order. By contrast, Anglophone legality, resting on an assumption of human turpitude, promised freedom—but within enforced limits. Its hierarchical Rule of Law was founded on public faith in judicial authority. The project to construct a global law brings these traditions into confrontation. A resolution reached by them will determine the meaning and importance of human trust in the global age.

53-62

Authors: Ilda Jeha,Ylli Çabiri

While there is a clear tendency to address research of the ratio between change and development for very specific cases in comparison with the level of various countries, we think that we should go beyond such situation and focus rather on analysing and studying transition in former Communist countries. Such analysis could even lead to finding out the reasons for more attention being paid to change instead of development, but the influence of the tendency of the international partners in Albania and the entire region of the Western Balkan in favour of change and to the detriment of development has had its adverse and irreparable consequences.

73-82

Authors: Masoumeh Qarakhani, Seyyed Ayatollah Mirzaie

The ethic of education is a set of professional rules and regulations agreed upon by the scientific community that obliges actors to comply with codes of conduct in the science education process. This article is asking about levels and types of academic dishonesty and recognizing factors affecting it in Iran’s social sciences education. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with Ph.D. students of public Universities in Tehran were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Research findings show that academic dishonesty and factors affecting it are evident in the education of social science at two levels of micro and macro. At the micro or actor’s level, individual characteristics and personality traits of students and professors impact on the occurrence of academic dishonesty. Moreover, at the macro or structural level, the way of distribution of resources and rules in the education paves the way for and facilitates the occurrence of academic dishonesty. Consequently, dishonesty in the education of Iran’ssocial sciences and factors affecting it can be explained in the light of a structuration approach.

100-105

Authors: Olga Elena Ramírez Poggi, Roberto Veraldi, María Belén Medicina Leuzzi, Mayra Alejandra Delgado Mondragón

On June 23, 2016, Britain marked the exit from the European Union. The result led to a permanent closure to the EU, always marked by not joining the Euro by Great Britain itself, with political, social and economic consequences, although England still an important country in Europe. The intent of this paper is to analyse the socio-economic and political implications of this Exit from the Euro zone.

114-132

Authors: Hanna Fedosieieva

The article examines the role of countries in the development of the world market of agrarian products. At the same time, the world production and exports of agrarian products are considered not only in terms of countries, but also in terms of the most consumed species. The main tendencies of international trade of agrarian products are described. At the same time, we discuss only those agrarian products which are raw materials or have undergone the primary processing. The author of the research wants to confirm or refute the existing opinion that the active position of the country in the world agrarian market is a kind of evidence of the underdevelopment level of its economy.