Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

261 - 268

Authors: Simon P Ginting, Rantan Krisnan, Juniar Sirait, Antonius

Indigofera sp is a tree leguminous forage species known to be adaptable to the drought climate and saline soil and so it has potential as alternative feed resource to support the ruminant animal production. This study aimed to study the responses of goats fed Indigofera sp as the sole foliages in their diets. Twenty male Boer x Kacang crossbred goats (6 months of age;16 ± 2,1 kg BW) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing fresh or wilted leaves of Indigifera sp. as the sole foliages and supplemented with high carbohydrate (HCC) or protein (HPC)concentrates. Consumable parts i.e. leaves and twigs of about 8 to 10 months of age of Indigofera sp. were harvested by hand plucking every day in the morning. The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial design arranged in a completely randomized design. The ruminal pH ranged from 6.14-6.85 and were not affected (P > 0.05) by wilting nor by the type of concentrates. Wilting did not affect (P > 0.05) the concentration of ruminal NH3-N, but it was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HPC group (32.36-32.54 mg dL-1) than those in HCC group(17.94-23.57 mg dL-1). Total VFA concentration were not affected by wilting nor by the type of concentrates (P > 0.05). Goats in the HCC group,however,numerically have higher total VFA concentration (178.5-183.75 mmol L-1) than those in the HPC group (142.21-174.64 mmol L-1). The apparent digestibility coeficients of DM, OM, CP and energy of the diet were not different (P > 0.05) when contained wilted or fresh Indigofera foliage. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in the DM and OM, but not in the CP and energy apparent digestibility coeficients were observed in the HPC goats. Dry matter intakes were not different (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments, but the ADG of goats in the HCC group (60-63 g d-1) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of goats in the HPC treatment (80-87 g d-1). Blood glucosa concentration was not affected by wilting nor by type of concentrates (P > 0.05). BUN was not affected by wilting process, but providing high protein concentrates significantly (P < 0.05) increased the BUN concentration. It is concluded that foliage of Indigofera sp could be used as the sole forage in intensive production of goats. Wilting the foliage prior to feeding seemed to be unnecessary, since this process does not improve the animal productivity in term of daily gain and efficiency of feed utilization. Key Words: Indigofera sp, Supplements, Ruminal Fermentation, Goats

278 - 285

Authors: Polmer Situmorang, R Sianturi, D. A Kusumaningrum, E Triwulaningsih

Twinning in monotocous domestic species dairy cattle is most frequently by dyzygote in which two eggs is ovulated by treatment with gonadotropin hormon. A study to see the effects of concentration of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Folltropin) on the ovulation rates and twinning birth was conducted. The experiment designed was commpletely randomized designed with 3 treatment of total concentration of FSH (A: 12, B: 6 and C 3 ml) and 4 lactating cows for a replications. Hormon was intramussculary injected in decreasing dossis method twice a day with 12 hours apart for 4 days. Data recorded were the diameter of ovary (DO), total corpus luteum (TCL), concentration of progesterone on the day 12 of estrus cycle (P), percentage of pregnancy and number of birth. FSH significantly increased the ovulation rates. The means DO was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after injection (6.3 cm) than those before injection (2.0 cm). The TCL and P were highly significant (P < 0.01) higher after injection. The TCL and P were 1.2 and 0.8 ng/ml and 8.5 and 3.0 ng/ml before and after hormone treatment respectively. Concentration of FSH significantly increase (P < 0.05) the TCL and P but not for DO. The means DO, TCL and P were 5.0, 4.5 and 1.6, 5.5, 8,8 and 1.8 and 8.4cm, 12.3 and 5.3 ng/ml for treatments C, B and A respectively. Persentage of pregnancy was decreasing by the increasing of ovulations rates and the highest percentage of pregnancy 75% was obtained on treatments C. The normal single birth was found for treatment C and neonatal death were occurred for treatment B and A where the number of calves is higher than 2. In conclusion the FSH increased the ovulation rates in dairy cattle and the ovulation rates obtained was also affected by the concentration of hormone. Key Words: Hormone, FSH, Ovulation, Twin Birth

297 - 307

Authors: April H Wardhana, S Muharsini, S Santosa, L.S.R Arambewela, S.P.W Kumarasinghe

Treatment of myiasis caused by the larvae of Chrysomya bezziana resulted variation results. The aim of the experiment are to compare larvacidal effect of atsiri oil of Piper betle leaf originated from Sri Lanka and Bogor agains Chrysomya bezziana larvae and to identify atsiri oil using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Silica gel plate GF254 with toluena and ethyl ecetate as diluents was used in TLC. L1 and L2 of Chrysomya bezziana larvae were used for in vitro assay using agar plate contained atsiri oil of three concentrations ie. 2, 3 and 4%. Asuntol 1% and aquadest sterile were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Ten larvae were used in five replicates. The larvae were observed every 30 minutes for four hours. Larval mortality were counted and probit analysed using POLO-PC software, therefore the lethal concentration (LC50 and LC95) and lethal time (LT50 and LT95) were defined. The results showed there was a difference on migration distance between atsiri oil from Sri Lanka and Bogor on nRf 79-88 analysed using TLC. In vitro assay showed that both lethal concentration and lethal time of atsiri oil from Sri Lanka was higher than from Bogor. This results indicated that larvacidal effect of atsiri oil from Bogor was stronger than atsiri oil from Sri Lanka in in vitro both on L1 and L2. Key Words: Piper Bitle Leaf, Atsiri Oil, Chrysomya bezziana, Sri Lanka, Bogor

174 - 181

Authors: Elizabeth Wina, B Tangendjaja, T Pasaribu, T Purwadaria

Utilization of jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient is limited by the presence of several anti nutritive and toxic compounds in the seed meal. The aim of this research is to evaluate feeding of jatropha seed meal detoxified using fermentation by two fungi and rumen microbes (as biological detoxification) and using a combination of chemical and physical treatments on broiler performance. One hundred seventy five chicks (7 days old) were used and were divided into 5 treatments in 7 replications and each replication in one cage consisted of 5 chicks. R1 was control feed (K) without jatropha seed meal., 2) R2 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Neurosphora sitophila (FNS), R3 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (FAS), R4 was feed with 4% of Jatropha seed meal fermented by rumen microbes and R5 with 4% of Jatropha seed meal treated by autoclaved, refluxed by hexane and soaked in methanol (OEHM). Treated feed was given for 14 days at the end of the feeding treatment, two chickens from each replication were slaughtered and organ weights were recorded. Body weight of chicken and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The rest of the chicken was fed commercial feed for the next 7 days (recovery periode). Chicken mortality was almost 0% but 1 chicken from FAS treatment died at the recovery period. Feed consumption was lower at fermented jatropha seed meal than control (K) or OEHM, resulted in lower body weight of chicken. The abdomen fat weight and organ weights especially pancreas or spleen resulted from treatment with jatropha were much lower than that of K. In the recovery period, body weight of chicken in the OEHM treatment was almost similar from that of control chicken. In conclusion, biological detoxification on BBJ was able to reduce chicken mortality but could not improve the daily gain higher than control treatment. The best method to detoxify jatropha seed meal was the combination of physical and chemical treatment (using autoclave, followed by hexane and methanol extractions). Key Words: Broilers, Jatropha Seed Meal, Detoxification, Fermentation

188 - 195

Authors: Andi Tarigan, L Abdullah, S.P Ginting, I.G Permana

One of the main constraints in increasing livestock productivity in the tropical region is the scarcity of good quality feed throught the year, particularly during the long-dry season. Being a leguminous tree, Indigofera sp known to be tolerant to dry climate and salinity, should be considered as alternative fodder for ruminant animals. This study is aimed to investigate the productivity and some nutritional quality of Indigofera sp under different interval and hight of defoliation. The experiment was designed in a randomized block of factorial treatments. The factors were interval of defoliation (30, 60 and 90 days) and hight of defoliation (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m above ground level). Indigofera sp was planted in 4 x 3 m plots of 36 plots (4 replications) and were harvested at 8 months old. The DM production, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility were measured according to the treatments. The highest DM productivity was (33.25 t ha-1 y-1) at defoliation interval of 90 days and defoliation hight of 1.5 m, and was not different (P > 0.05) from the treatment combination of 60 days defoliation interval and 1,5 m defoliation hight (31.23 t ha-1 y-1). The highest leaf/stem ratio was 2.6 (P < 0.05) in the 30 day defoliation interval across the defoliation hight. The OM content of Indigofera sp was not affected by defoliation treatments and ranging from 884.6 to 906.8 g/kg. The highest NDF and ADF contents were (P < 0.05) in the 90-d defoliation interval and 1.0 m (387.9 and 272.6 g/kg, respectively) and were not different (P > 0.05) for the 90-d defoliation interval and 1.5 m defoliation hight (385.6 and 267.0 g/kg, respectively). The crude protein content was lowest (P < 0.05) in the 30-d defoliation interval across the defoliation hight ranging from 211.2 to 219.7 g/kg, and it was not different between the 60 and 90-d defoliation interval across the defoliation hight (255.0-258.1 g/kg and 230.3-236.0 g/kg, respectively). Defoliation hight did not affect (P > 0.05) the DM and OM in vitro digestibility. They were at the 90-d defoliation interval ranging from 680.2 to 706.8 g/kg and from 668.6 to 686.8 g/kg, respectively across the defoliation hight different. The DM and OM digestibility were not different (P > 0.05) between the 30 and 60-day defoliation intervals. It is concluded that when planted at low land of wet climate the combination of a 60-d defoliation interval and 1.5 m defoliation hight is an optimum cutting management in utilization of Indigofera sp as foliage for ruminant. Key Words: Defoliation, Nutritive Quality, Productivity, Indigofera sp

205 - 214

Authors: Achmad Fanindi, B.R Prawiradiputra, L Abdullah

Kalopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) was used as cover crops in plantation. Besides, kalopo can be used as forage, esspecially in dry season. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of light intensity on forage and seed production. Research was conducted at Research Institute for Animal Production, Ciawi Bogor and Laboratory of Agrostology Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agricultural University, for 16 months. Four levels of light intensity, namely: 100%, 80%,60% and 40% were applied, leguminous species of kalopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), was used. Block Randomized Design with 3 replications was applied in this research. Data collected was analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Forage production was evaluated within one year. The forage quality and digestibility (invitro) were investigated. Seed production was accumulated as seasonal seed production during one year. The results showed that light intensity affected (P < 0.05) forage and seed production, chlorophyll and total chlorophyll of kalopo, but did not affect (P > 0.05) quality and digestibility of kalopo. Seed production of kalopo was affected (P < 0.05) by light intensity, the highest forage and seed production of kalopo were obtained from treatment of full light intensity (100%). The seed quality of kalopo was affected by light intensity. The best seed quality of kalopo was achieved from 80% light intensity. The result shows that plots with light intensity of 100% was the best light intensity for forage and seed production of kalopo. Kalopo could grow well in the plots up to 80% light intensity. Key Words: Light Intensity, Forage, Seed, Kalopo

220 - 230

Authors: Bambang Ngadji Utomo, R.R Noor, C Sumantri, I Supriatna, E.D Gunardi

The information of Katingan cattle as an indigenous cattle in Central Kalimantan is very limited, especially phenotypic characterization. A number of 72 heads, consist of 57 heads female and 15 heads male of Katingan cattle in adults category were used in this study. The samples were obtained from three sub districts in district of Katingan, those were Tewah Sanggalang Garing (Pendahara Village), Pulau Malan (Buntut Bali Village) and Katingan Tengah (Tumbang Lahang Village). The location were used as the variable of groups (subpopulation). This study was conducted to describe morphometric performance, which was analysed by discriminant and canonical to estimate the phylogenic relationship and to determine the discriminant variable among the group (subpopulation). The SAS package program version 6.0 and MEGA 2 program was used to analyze data. The observed parameters were body length, wither height, chest width, chest depth, chest circumference, hip heigth, hip width, head height, head length and head width. The chest depth and hip height of female cattle from group of Buntut Bali were lower (P < 0.05) than that of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang groups. The parameter of: chest width, hip width and body length of Buntut Bali groups were higher (P < 0.05) than that of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang groups. The average body weight of male Katingan cattle from Buntut Bali was higher (P < 0.05) than that of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang groups but there were not different (P > 0.05) on bodyweight of female Katingan cattle among location. The highest similarity value was Katingan cattle from group of Tumbang Lahang (92,86%) followed by group of Pendahara (40.91%) and group of Buntut Bali (38.89%), repectivelly. Katingan cattle from group of Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang had closest genetic distance (1.406), while the longest genetic distance (2.046) was between group of Buntut Bali and group of Tumbang Lahang. Genetic distance between group of Buntut Bali and Pendahara was 1.929. Katingan cattle from Pendahara and Tumbang Lahang within one cluster. Body length in canonical structure 2 can be used as discriminant variable. Key Words: Katingan Cattle, Morphometric, Genetic Distance, Discriminant Analysis, Canonical

240 - 251

Authors: Risza Hartawan, Karl Robinson, Timothy Mahony, Joanne Meers

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the main antigenic determinants of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. The features of these surface glycoproteins have been intensively studied at the molecular level. The objective of this research was to characterise the genes encoding these glycoproteins by sequencing of multiple clones. The H5 and N1 genes of isolate A/duck/Tangerang/Bbalitvet-ACIAR-TE11/2007 were each amplified in one or two fragments using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), and subsequently cloned into pGEM-T Easy TA cloning system. The sequencing result demonstrated high homology between respective clones but with several variations that were identified as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 1,707 base pair and 1,350 base pair of H5 and N1 genes respectively were successfully assembled from multiple clones containing the genes of interest. The features of both H5 and N1 genes from this isolate resemble the typical characteristics of Indonesian strains of H5N1 virus from sub-clade 2.1.3. Key Words: Avian Influenza, Characterization, Gene Cloning, Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase

88 - 96

Authors: Yosi Fenita, Urip Santoso, Hardi Prakoso

The purpose of this research is to produce enriched eggs (high concentration in protein, amino acid and β-karoten) but law in lipid and cholesterol content. An experiment was conducted to study the utilization of fermented palm oil sludge (LSF) using neurospora sp for layer. The present study was done based on Randomized Design in which 100 layer were distributed to five treatment group as follow: Layers were fed diet with (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% LSF). Experimental results showed that LSF significantly (P < 0.05) affected egg mass production, feed comsumption, feed conversion, and HU and highly affected (P < 0.01) yolk colour. The best treatment was with 10% LSF. LSF had no effect on egg weight, shell thickness, albumen index and yolk index (P > 0.05). LSF reduced egg smell, improved taste of egg and yolk colur (P < 0.05). Protein and fat, contents of eggs were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) and cholesterol content of eggs was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Utilization LSF increased the content of β-karoten yolk (P < 0.01), and modified the composition of amino acid in yolk. In conclusion, utilization of LSF improved egg quality, reduced egg cholesterol dan lipid and modified the composition of amino acid in yolk. Key Words: Palm Oil Sludge, Neorospora sp, Egg Quality

105 - 117

Authors: Dede Kardaya, K.G Wiryawan, A Parakkasi, H.M Winugroho

Effect of slow-release urea on efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) was examined using an in vitro technique. The objective of this experiment was to reveal the in vitro slow-release urea characteristics of zinc-urea, zeolites-urea, and zeolites-zinc-urea in relation to EMPS observed in different incubation time. The experimental design employed was randomized block design with 4 x 3 factorial plus a control treatment, and conducted in two replications. Factors were various urea sources (urea, zinc-urea, zeolites-urea, and zeolites-zinc-urea) and molasses concentrations (0%, 6%, and 12%) in rice straw-based diets. The control treatment was the rice straw-based diets containing neither urea nor molasses. Diets consisting of 45% rice straw and 55% concentrates (DM basis) were formulated to have similar N and TDN levels. Responses of parameters measured were subjected to MANOVA using the GLM procedure of SPSS 16.00 and differences among mean values, if applicable, were examined using HSD-test. Orthogonal comparisons were used to determine the effects of the control treatment vs. various urea sources. Results indicated that treatment of UZ combined with 6% of molasses showed the highest microbial biomass production (2.71 mg/l) at 24 hours fermentation period with its peak production estimation (3.2 mg/l) reached at 33.5 hours of fermentation period. Moreover, UZ treatment resulted in the highest microbial protein synthesis (1,381.45 ± 77.1 mg/l) at 24 hours fermentation period with its peak microbial protein synthesis estimation (1,756.04 mg/l) reached at 33.7 hours of fermentation period. The highest EMPS (25.98 ± 1.21 mg/100 mg OMD) was achieved when ration contained 6% of molasses. Key words: Slow-Release Urea, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Microbial Biomass, In vitro

124 - 130

Authors: Fera Mahmilia Mahmilia, Meruwald Doloksaribu

Productivity expected from these crosses is the effect of heterosis or hybrid vigor. Boer goat is selected to improve the productivity of local Kacang goats, because this goat has a high genetic potential and has a large body formation. The objective of this research was to evaluate relative superiority of crossbreed between Boer and local goat (Kacang) during pre weaning period. The research was conducted at Goat Research Station, Sei Putih-North Sumatra, from Januari 2007 to December 2009. During pre weaning period the kids were reared with their mothers in group pen. Research results showed that birth weight and weaning weight of crossbreds (Boerka 1 and Boerka 2) were heavier than that of Kacang goat. The relative superiority of the crossbreds were 21,89 - 43,20% for birth weight, 32,88 – 54,68% for weaning weight and 37,11 – 53,32% for pre weaning daily gain. In addition the degree of mortality at pre weaning period of crossbreeds was lower than that of Kacang goats. Key words: Kacang Goat, Boer, Boerka, Relative Superiority

138 - 146

Authors: Asep Anang, Heni Indrijani, Didin Tasripin

Season, rainfall, day of rain, temperature, humidity, year and farm are fixed effects, which have been reported to influence milk yield. Those factors are often linked together to contribute to the variation of milk production. This research is addressed to study the fixed effect factors, including lactation curve, which should be considered for genetic evaluation of milk yield based on test day records of dairy cattle. The data were taken from four different farms, which were PT. Taurus Dairy Farm, BPPT Cikole, Bandang Dairy Farm, and BBPTU Baturraden. In total of 16806 test day records were evaluated, consisting of 9,302 at first and 7,504 at second lactation, respectively. The results indicated that fixed effects were very specific and the influences had different patterns for each farm. Consequently, in a genetic evaluation, these factors such as lactation, temperature, year, day of rain, and humidity need to be evaluated first. Ali-Schaeffer curve represented the most appropriate curve to use in the genetic evaluation of dairy cattle in Indonesia. Key words: Fixed Effects, Milk Production Curve, Test Day, Dairy Cattle

157 - 161

Authors: Sulaiman Ngongu Depamede

T cells isolated from spleen lymphocytes of rat (Rattus rattus) have been commonly used in an immunological research. However the T cells are still contaminated with other splenic cells. Therefore a simple and reliable technique to isolate the T cells in one step process is needed. The aim of the present study was to assess whether T cells isolated from spleen lymphocytes of rat as a model by means of discontinuous density gradient of Percoll could give pure T cells with their activities as needed in an immunological research. Isolation was carried out in 5 density gradients of Percoll i.e. 1.052, 1.063, 1.075, 1.085, and 1.122 g/ml. The purity of the cell fractions was determined by immunocytochemistry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) methods. The activity of each lymphocyte fraction was determined through cell proliferation assays by culturing the cells in the presence of phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) as T cells inducers. The FACS results show that fraction I and II were found to contain mostly B cells and macrophages. The fractions were obtained on the layers of gradient 1.052/1.063 and 1.063/1.075. Fraction III (gradient 1.075/1.085) contain T cells (43.2%) which consisted of CD4 (34.4%) and CD8 (18.6%), B cells (36.5%), and macrophages (10.0%). Fraction IV was strongly expressed T cell receptors (76.2%) which consisted of CD4 (63.6%) and CD 8 (20.0%), while B cells were found 20.0% and macrophages just about 0.6%. The activity of T cells as expressed by their respond to PHA and Con A shown that fraction III gave the most positive response, while fraction IV which contained the most ‘pure’ T cells gave less activity. From the present study it can be concluded that the discontinuous density gradient of Percoll method can be used to isolate and purify T cells in one step process. Furthermore, the present study indicated that T cells to proliferate in response to mitogen require other immune cells such as B cells and macrophages. Key words: Percoll, Lymphocyte, T Cell, Rat, Mitogen

9 - 15

Authors: Farida Fathul, Sitti Wajizah

Ruminants need micro mineral for both their own requirements and rumen microbe activities. The objective of this research was to study the effect of Mn, Cu, and its combination addition in ration on the activity of in vitro fermentation using sheep rumen liquid. This research was conducted at Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition Faculty of Animal Science Bogor Agricultural Institute. The rations were R0 = basal ration; R1 = basal ration + 40 ppm Mn; R2 = basal ration + 10 ppm Cu; dan R3 = basal ration + 40 ppm Mn + 10 ppm Cu. The result indicated that addition of Mn, Cu, or Mn+Cu did not significantly influence (P>0.05) pH, NH3, bacteria and VFA; but they significantly increased (P<0.01) dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The average: pH was 4.78 ± 0.07 – 4.89 ± 0.06; NH3 was 6.77 ± 2.07 – 7.47±0,67 mM, and VFA was 93.19 ± 55.79 – 136.61±15.31 mM. R1 gave the highest value of DMD (57.63%) and OMD (70.32%). The VFA related positively to NH3 (r = 0.86); with the equation Ý = -266.9 + 54.182 X and R2 = 0.74. It was concluded that additional of Mn, Cu, or Mn+Cu did not alter pH, NH3, and VFA. The additional of Mn altered DMD, but additional of Mn+Cu reduced DMD and OMD. Key Words: pH, NH3, VFA, DMD, OMD

22 - 30

Authors: Dicky Pamungkas, R. Utomo, N. Ngadiyono, M. Winugroho

The use of corn waste and coffee pod as basal diet needs energy and protein supplementation in order to optimize rumen microbial growth. A research was done to study the appropriate supplement which is suitable based on the result of rumen fermentation kinetics. Four ruminally canulated cows, (205-224 kg of live weight) were placed in individual cages. The basal diet (BD) offered were corn waste and coffee pod mixture (80:20). Source of high degradable energy (HDE) was cassava pomace; while the low degradable energy (LDE) was arenga piñata waste. The high degradable protein (HDP) was mixed-concentrate while the low degradable protein (LDP) was leucaena leave meal. The supplementation of energy and protein to basal diet was in ratio of 50:50 based on dry matter. Feed offered were basal diet and the supplement at ratio of 60: 40 (3 % of LW). Observation was carried out for 4 periods (10 days/period). In each period, animal was fed one of the following diets: A = BD, B = BD+ HDE+LDP, C = BD+LDE+LDP, and D = BD+HDE+HDP. Rumen kinetics observed were: pH, and VFA, NH3 and rumen microbial protein concentrations. Rumen fluid was taken at the end of each period gradually along the course of 24 hours fermentation. The results showed that the diets gave significant effect (P < 0.05) on rumen pH. The lowest rumen pH (5.76) was observed on diet D at 2:00, 12 hours after feeding. Meanwhile, the highest pH (7.22) was found in animal fed diet A at 16:00. The total VFA on diet D of periode:1, 3 and 4 showed the highest level: 68.1 mmol/l; 75.37 mmol/l and 85.14 mmol/l respectively. The highest NH3 concentration was found in diet D followed by diet C, B and A. At 12:00 observation or at 4 h after morning feeding the highest NH3 was observed from diet D (41.94 mg/100 ml). It is concluded that diet D resulted in the best rumen fermentation kinetic, therefore it could be used in feed formulation in cattle diets. Key words: Corn Waste, Coffee Pod, Degradation, Rumen Fermentation

40 - 46

Authors: Sisca Tirajoh, W.G. Piliang, P.P. Ketaren

Most poultry feed in Indonesia are imported while some of local feed such as rice bran is available throughout the year. Rice bran contains fiber and phytic acid so it needs to be supplemented with degrading enzymes and phytase to be used as poultry feed. This experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect of various levels of degrading enzymes and phytase on performances of broiler chickens fed diet containing rice bran. Based on Completely randomized design, a number of 280 of day old chicks (unsexed) were allotted to receive 7 experimental diets: (i). P1 = basal diet (control); (ii). P2 = P1 + natugrain: xylanase 1650 EXU + β-glucanase 1200 BGU/kg; (iii). P3 = P1 + phytase 500 FTU/kg; (iv). P4 = P1 + phytase 1000 FTU/kg; (v). P5 = P1 + fibre degrading enzymes (PU42 + BS4) 7,5 unit /kg; (vi). P6 = P1 + fibre degrading enzymes (PU4-2 + BS4) 7.5 unit /kg + phytase 500 FTU/kg; (vii). P7 = P1 + fibre degrading enzymes (PU4-2 + BS4) 7.5 unit/kg + phytase 1000 FTU/kg. The chickens were fed and given water ad lib for 6 weeks and then some were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Results showed that supplementation of 1000 FTU/kg phytase to the diet improved feed efficiency and percentage of breast weight of chickens significantly (P<0.05). Supplementation of other levels of phytase, fiber degrading enzymes and its combination levels into the diets did not affect feed consumption and live weight gain of the chickens. Key words: Broiler Chickens, Fiber Degrading Enzymes, Phytase

56 - 62

Authors: Ferry Lismanto Syaiful, Zesfin BP, R Saladin, Jaswandi ., Hendri

The purpose of this research is to determine the effectivity of various cell co-cultures of cattle embryo production by in vitro CO2 5% incubation system and get the best cell co-culture. Cell co-culture which are used in the synthesis is the oviduct cells, isthmus cells, ampulla cells, follicle cells and without cells. Data were analyzed based on completely randomized desiggn. The average growth rate/ cleavage in various cell culture was: the oviduct cell 59.24%, ampulla cell 58.69%, isthmus cell 58.25%, follicle cell 52.24% and without cells 47.76%. The average growth of 8-16 cells embryos to various cell co-culture was: the oviduct cell 46.02%, ampulla cell 45.45%, isthmus cell 45.15%, follicle cell 43.07%, and without cell 38.50%. The mean percentage of morula in various cell co-culture treatment was: the oviduct cell 20.59%, ampulla cell 20.48%, isthmus cell 20.30%, follicle cell 16.96% and without cell 12.58%. The average percentage of embryonic growth (cleavage, 8-16 cells and morula) was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The treatment of a variety of cell co-culture increased significantly (P>0.05), blastocysts production, namely: the oviduct cell 3.28%, ampulla cell 3.22%, isthmus cell 3.08%, follicle cell 2.45% and without cell 1.97%. In conclusion, the treatment of various cell co-culture in 5%CO2 incubation system can increace the growth of cattle embryos in vitro. Key words: Cell Co-Culture, In Vitro Embryo, 5%CO2 Incubation System, Cattle

72 - 80

Authors: Hartati ., Sumadi ., Subandriyo ., Tety Hartatik

PO cattle is one of the local cattle with high genetic diversity. The aim of this research was to study genetic diversity of PO cattle in smallholder farmer based on morfology and molecular markers. This research was conducted at breeding center in East Java and Central Java include Tuban, Lamongan and Blora regency, since June until December 2008. PO bull used were of 18 months until 24 months of age and cow of 24 months until 36 months of age or at first calving as much as 30 head each location. The variables measured were body weight, body length, withers height, hip height, shoulder point width, chest girth, chest depth, canon bone circumference, head length and head width. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, average analysis between subpopulations, discriminant and canonical analysis and mahalanobis distance was done by SAS DISCRIM procedure. Whole blood were collected to get the data of polymorphism DNA microsatellite using technology of PCR and electrophoresis using 6 microsatellite loci. Variable measured were number and size of alel, alel frequency, heterozygosity,genetic distance and fixation index (F-stat). Data were analyzed using analysis of Microsate Toolkit, GENEPOPV4, MSA (Microsatellite Analyser) and Mega 4. The result showed that Blora and Tuban subpopulation have genetic diversity which is relative lower compared to that of Lamongan. The genetic distance which was close presented by Tuban and Blora subpopulation while Lamongan and Tuban subpopulation show far genetic distance. The result of canonical analyses showed high correlation on shoulder point width, head width, body length, withers height and hip height variable so this five variable can be used as distinguishing variables among subpopulation. The result of molecular genetics analysis using microsatellite showed that highest frequency of alel presented by HEL9 locus at Tuban population so this loci have the high polymorfism. The genetic differentiation among subpopulation showed by differentiation FST value among six loci indicating the increasing of inbreeding in the three subpopulations. Key words: Morphological Diversity, Genetic Differentiation, PO Cattle