Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

167 - 173

Authors: Sri Subekti, Sri Susilogati Sumarti, Tri Budhi Murdiarti

Katuk (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) is known to contain carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin C, protein, and sterol compounds. This study was aimed to determine whether phytosterol in Sauropus androgynus (SA) leaf affected the reproductive system of female quails. One hundred and fifty female quails were raised from 2-27 weeks old and divided into three dietary treatment, with five replicates and 10 quails in each replicate. The treatment diets were: 1) control group: diet without katuk leaf meal; 2) diet with 9% SA ethanol extract (TEK); 3) Diet containing 9% SA meal (TDK). The TDK-fed quails laid their first eggs at 46 day of age, compared with the TEK (52 day) and the control groups (53 day). The highest fertility (94.55%) and hatchability (93.29%) were obtained from the TDK fed quails at the age of 23 and 24 weeks, respectively. These findings indicated that the reproductive system of female quails were improved not only by phytosterol in SA leaf, but also by the β-carotene, vitamin C, α-tocopherol in SA leaf. Key Words: Katuk Leaf, Fertility, Hatchability, Quail

182 - 188

Authors: Ahmad Sofyan, Ema Damayanti, Hardi Julendra

This research was conducted to enhance the bacterial growth inhibition of E. coli by using earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) meal (TCT) which was added with chitosan and its effect on the retained protein in broilers. Inhibition of E. coli growth was tested using dilution method on the nutrient broth by additional 2% TCT combined with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% chitosan. Retained protein was measured using broiler fed diet containing 2% TCT (w/w) and added by chitosan 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.50% of TCT (w/w). The numbers of 15 broilers Cobb strain 35 days old were arranged on Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results showed inhibition of E. coli was increased using TCT mixed chitosan. The highest inhibition to E. coli growth obtained from TCT + 0.5% chitosan. Retained protein tended to increase up to 1% (w/w) chitosan. Otherwise, chitosan level more than 1% could reduce protein retention. It is concluded that use of 1% chitosan increased TCT capability to inhibit E. coli and protein retention in the broilers. Key Words: Feed Additive, Chitosan, L. rubellus, E. coli

197 - 206

Authors: Amlius thalib

Methanogenesis can be inhibited by various chemicals through different mechanism reaktion. The use of acetogenic bacteria as H2 sink is assumed to be a promising approach. Isolation and identification of acetogenic bacteria obtained from deer rumen had been conducted. Two types of media used for isolation were hydrogen-carbondioxide utilizing acetogens and carbonmonoxide utilizing acetogens. Identification of species of acetogens isolates was based on descriptions of morphology, Gram type, motility, bioreaction results, and oksygen requirement. The compositions of methane and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined on minimal media or added with sheep rumen liquid innoculated with pure isolates. The identification results showed that the isolate cultured on media of hydrogen-carbondioxide utilizing acetogens was Acetoanaerobium noterae and the ones cultured on media of carbonmonoxide utilizing acetogens was Acetobacterium woodii. Inoculumn of A. noterae and A. woodii could decreased the composition of methane resulted from substrate fermented by fresh rumen liquid of sheep (CRDF), that is culture of A. noterae added FPM and defaunator decreased methane production by 28.8% (P<0.01), while culture of A. woodii added microbe growth factors (FPM) and defaunator decreased methane production by 20.6% (P<0.05). Composition of VFA resulted from fibrous substrate fermented by inoculumn of CRDF with and without combined with cultures of A. noterae dan A. woodii were not significantly different except for culture of A. noterae combined with FPM and defaunator additives was higher than CRDF (P<0.05) (ie. 122.9 vs. 97.9 mM for total VFA and 73.43 vs. 68.37% for composition of acetic acid). It is assumed that isolates of A. noterae and A. woodii could be functioned as methanogenesis inhibitor according to the reaction of 2CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH3COOH + 2H2O by which reduction of CO2 with H2 producing CH4 can be inhibited or decreased. Their function as methanogenesis inhibitor would be more significant when they are combined with microbial growth factors and defaunator. Kata Kunci: Asetogenik-bacteria, Acetoanaerobium noterae, Acetobacterium woodii, deer, methane

214 - 220

Authors: E Taufik, W Suriyasataphorn

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of season at calving, lactation number and breeding on days open (interval between calving and conception) in dairy cattle by using Cox proportional hazards model as a survival analysis method. The data were sampled from 143 cows at 6 farms located in Khon Kaen Province, North-Eastern Thailand and classified as farm identification (FID), cow identification (CID), calving date (CDA), date at last follow up (LAF), percentage of Holstein-Friesian (PHF), lactation number (LAN) and event of interest (1 = conception, 0 = not conception) (event). Time of days open was calculated by subtracting LAF by CDA and CDA was used to determine season of calving. The result showed that based on Kaplan-Meier survivorship percentiles, overall median days open of cattle were at 210, whereas median days open for the cow calved in summer was 231 and 204 for the cow calved in other season. Median days open for the cow calved with one lactation was 226 and 207 for the cow with two lactation and more. Median days open for the cow with percentage of Holstein-Friesian <75% was 211 and 206 for the cow with percentage of Holstein-Friesian >75%. The result from Cox proportional-hazard regression of days open for Khon Khaen dairy cows showed that cows that calved in rainy and winter had a greater chance of 1.28 times and 1.76 times, respectively, of becoming pregnant than those calved in summer, although the difference was insignificant and cows with lactation number two or more were marginally had 1.54 times chance to get pregnant compare to cows with one lactation number, even though this chance was not statistically significant (P = 0.1725), whereas cows with percentage of Holstein Friesian >75% had significantly greater chance 1.17 times more to get pregnant compare to those with percentage of Holstein Friesian <75%. Key Words: Survival Analysis, Cox Proportional Hazard Model, Dairy Cow, Days Open

229 - 239

Authors: R Susanti, Retno D Soejoedono, I Gusti Ngurah K Mahardika, I Wayan T Wibawan, Maggy T Suhartono

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) subtype H5N1 isolated from waterfowls in West Java pose the known characteristic of highly pathogenic strains, with polybasic amino acid sequence of cleavage site QRERRRKKR and QRESRRKKR. This research aimed to analyze the important domains of hemagglutinin (HA) gene of those isolates. Fragment of HA gene was amplified using RT-PCR method with specifically-designed primer pairs and sequenced using dideoxy termination method with ABI automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Multiple alignment of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed using ClustalW of MEGA-3.1 program. Some of biological domains of HA, i.e. antigenic sites, receptor binding pocket, and glycosylation sites of the isolates were polymorphic. The viruses also pose conserved glutamine (Q) and glisin (G) residues at the known receptor binding site, at the position 222 and 224 respectively. This findings clearly show that all AIV subtype H5N1 isolaed from waterfowl preservesthe α-2,3NeuAcGal avian receptor specificity. Key Words: Antigenic Sites, Glycosylation Sites, Receptor Binding Pocket, AIV H5N1, Waterfowls