Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

6 - 9

Authors: I.P Kompiang, Supriyati

An experiment had been carried out to study the effect of supplementation of humic acid via drinking water as natural feed additive on the performance of broiler chickens, in order to find the replacement of antibiotic, which recently known had negative effect on the consumen. Three hundred and twenty of day old broilers were divided into 4 treatment groups: (I) control (without humic acid); (II), (III) and (IV) with 100, 200 and 300 mg l-1 humic acid in the drinking water, respectively. Each group consisted of 4 replications with 20 birds each replication. The drinking water contained 2 mg l-1 probiotic. The birds were kept in litter system; feed and water were given ad libitum for 5 weeks. The parameter measured were body weight gain, feed convertion ratio (FCR) and percentage of carcass. The treatments had a significant effect on both body weight gain (P<0.05) and FCR (P<0.05). Body weight gain of control (I) 1839 g head-1 5 weeks-1, with FCR 1.66 were poorer than that of the group received humic acid: 1882 g head-1 5 weeks-1, 1.66; 1881 g head-1 5 weeks-1, 1.64; and 1874 g head-1 5 weeks-1, 1.59 for treatments II, III and IV, respectively. There were no significant different (P>0.05) between treatment II, III and IV neither on body weight gain nor FCR values.The treatments had no significant effect on carcass yield, 66.28 ± 1.78; 67.06 ± 3.11; 67.63 ± 2.06 and 67.68 ± 2.21% for treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively. It is concluded that humic acid has a potential effect as natural feed additive, which could improve growth and feed efficiency without affecting carcass yield. Key Words: Humic Acid, Natural Feed Additive, Broiler

16 - 21

Authors: Ermin Widjaja, Bambang Ngaji Utomo

Solid heavy paste, a byproduct of crude palm oil processing, is found in an excessive amount in Central Kalimantan. It is estimated that 400 tons of this material were produced per day by crude palm oil (CPO) factories in this region. This material contains 12.63-17.41% crude protein, 9.98-25.79% crude fiber, 7.12-15.15% crude fat, 3217-3454 kcal/kg (gross energy) and 1.5% CPO. Considering its composition, this material can be used as an ingridient in broiler’s diet. This study was conducted on broiler chickens of Hubbard strain in Kapuas district. The objectives of the experiment were to study the cholesterol, fatty acid and vitamin A retained in meat and liver of broilers as a result of feeding ration containing solid heavy paste. This experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments were levels of solid in the diet, i.e., 0.0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5%. Four hundred broilers were divided into 4 treatmen groups with 5 replications, consisted of 20 chickens in each replication. Data was analyzed based on statistical and descriptive analyses. The results of this experiment indicated that 25% solid in the diet decreased the total fat and cholesterol in the meat and liver, but increased polyunsaturated fatty acid contained in meat. The highest contain of vitamin A in meat and liver was found in the group that received diet containing 12.5% solid. Key Words: Solid, Broiler Chickens, Cholesterol, Fatty Acid, Vitamin A

27 - 33

Authors: B Santoso, B Mwenya, C Sar, J Takahashi

Methane is produced as a result of anaerobic fermentation of the soluble and structural carbohydrates by methanogens in the rumen of ruminant animals. Removal of methane from rumen represents a loss of approximately 7.22% of gross energy intake. Four ruminally fistulated Cheviot wethers were used in a crossover design to determine methane production and energy partition in sheep fed timothy silage- or hay-based diets. The experimental diets consisted of either timothy silage or timothy hay and a commercial concentrate (85:15, on DM basis). Variables measured were nutrients digestibility, energy balance and methane production. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose were significantly higher (P<0.05) on sheep fed silage-based diet than those fed hay-based diet. Sheep fed silage-based diet had greater (P<0.01) urinary energy loss, methane and heat production, but lower (P<0.05) fecal energy loss. Methane production, either expressed as g kg-1 dry matter intake or g day-1 was markedly lower (P<0.05) in hay-based diet as compared to silage-based diet. There was a strong relationship between methane production (g day-1) and NDF digested (g day-1) (R2 = 88.4%, P<0.001). Methane production expressed as g kg-1 NDF digested in silage-based diet was higher (P<0.05) than in hay-based diet (66.44 vs 62.70). These results indicate that methane release by sheep increased with increasing NDF digested. Key Words : Methane, Silage, Hay, Neutral detergent fiber, Sheep

42 - 54

Authors: C Sumantri, A Einstiana, J.F Salamena, I Inounu

The morphological discriminant and canonical analysis were carried out to estimate the phylogenic relationship and determine the discriminant variables between Indonesian local sheep of thin tail sheep from Jonggol (Bogor) and Garut and fat tail sheep from Indramayu (originated from East Java), Donggala, Madura, Kisar, Rote and Sumbawa. The number of sheep used was totally 818 heads collected from 8 populations, were Jonggol (185), Garut (74), Indramayu (100), Donggala (60), Madura (86) Kisar (231), Rote (52), and Sumbawa (30). Discriminant analysis used for body weight and body measurements were body length, wither height, chest width, chest depth, chest circumference, skull length, skull width, skull height, tail lenght, tail width, ear length and ear width. SAS package program was used to analyze the data. The results from analysis variant showed that the body weight and body measurenment of Garut sheep almost the same with sheep from Indramayu and significantly higher (P<0,05) compared to another breeds. Whereas, Kisar and Rote have body weight and body measurenment significantly lower (P<0,05) compared to another breeds. The results from Mahalanobis distance (phenogram tree) and canonical analyses showed that breeds were divided into five groups, the first group is Garut, the second is thin-tail sheep which existed in Jonggol, the third was fat-tailed sheep which existed in Kisar, Rote, and Sumbawa, the fourth is fat-tail sheep which existed in Donggala, and the fiveth was fat-tailed sheep which existed in Indramayu and Madura. The groups of sheep between Kisar and Rote had the smallest genetic distance value equal to 1,623 and groups between Donggala and Garut had the biggest genetic distance value equal to 7,994. The highest similarity between individual inside the group was obtained from Sumbawa (100%) and the lowest similarity was from Rote (72,41%). The results from canonical analyses showed that tail lenght, ear width, ear lenght, skull lenght, body lenght, and tail width were the most discriminant variables to determine the diferences between breeds. Key Words: Sheep, Genetic Distance, Analysis Discriminant and Cannonica

60 - 67

Authors: R Widiastuti, R Firmansyah, Indraningsih

Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is a hormone being permitted to be used as growth promoters for livestocks in several meat-exporting countries. The presence of trenbolone residu in animal products might affect human health. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of trenbolone residue (TBA dan 17 ß-trenbolone) in tissues and urine of Onggole male calves. The implantation of 200 mg TBA as Finaplix-H® was done subcutaneously on the back side of the medial part of ear. Urine were collected periodically until 21 days post implantation. The animals were terminated on the day 21st post implantation. Urine, meat and organs were analysed for trenbolone residues. The results showed that TBA residues were detected in tissues of inner and surrounding areas of the implantation sites and liver with an average concentration of 11 ng/g, 2,1 ng/g and 1,6 ng/g respectively. The 17 ß-trenbolone residue was only detected in tissue of inner area of the implantation site at the average concentration of 8,2 ng/g. Meanwhile, none of the residues were detected in urine. Key Words: Residue, Trenbolone, Implantation

74 - 85

Authors: Yulvian Sani, Indraningsih

The purpose of this study is to investigate pathological changes in brain tissues of Frisien Holstein dairy cattle affected by organophosphate (OP). The study was directed to anticipate spongiform encephalopathy. Samples consisted of animal feeds, sera and brain tissues were collected from Lembang, West Java. Animal feeds (fodders and commercial feed) were collected directly from the dairy farms around Lembang. Sera (31 samples) were from dairy cattle owned by the local farmers and brain tissues were from the local animal slaughter house. Pesticide residues were analysed following a standard procedure using gas chromatography (GC). There was an interaction between pesticide residues in animal feeds, residue level of pesticides in sera and brain tissues to cause encephalopathy in dairy cattle. Pesticide contamination in animal feeds was regarded as the source of encephalopathy in dairy cattle. The total average of OP residues (16.8 ppb) were lower than organochlorines/OC (18.7 ppb) in fodder, showing that pesticides were originated from the contaminated soils. On the other hand, the total average of OP residues in commercial feeds (12.0 ppb), sera (85.6 ppb) and brain tissues (22.7 ppb) were higher than OC (1.8; 16.7; and 5.1 ppb). The OP appears more frequently used for dairy farm activity as insecticides. Histopathological examination for brain tissues of dairy cattle showed that most cattle were diagnosed as encephalopathy with microscopic changes of vacuolation, neuronal necrosis, chromatolysis of neurons and nucleolysis of neurons. The encephalopathy was confirmed in rats intoxicated with chlorpyrifos methyl as severe brain damage with spongiform-like lesions. Key Words: Encephalopathy, Organophosphates, Cattle