Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Authors: Benny Rachman

The study is aimed at analyzing feasibility of the dairy farm on several development scheme. Domestic resource cost (DRC) analysis is used to understand problems in dairy farms. The study was carried out during August to December 1994 in Bandung and Bogor regencies of West Java . The result of this study indicates that the milk production produced by credit pattern, recommendation pattern and farm group pattern namely, 3,800 liter/ut/year, 4,422 liter/ut/year and 4,270 liter/ut/year, respectively, and also the international market price is Rp. 375/liter tend to be efficient. This phenomena is characterized by coefficient of DRC <1 .0 . Nevertheless, in term of dairy farm development should be based on several aspects such as, economics of scale and scheme of dairy farm. Moreover, farm group pattern (PPK) is more relatively efficient than the others. Keyword : Domestic resource cost (DRC), credit pattern, recommendation pattern, group pattern

15 - 21

Authors: A.P Sinurat, T Purwadaria, A Habiebie, T Pasaribu, H Hamid, J Rosida, T Haryati, I Sutikno

A series of experiment was conducted to improve the utilization of coconut meal in poultry ration . A bioprocess (fermentation) approach was adopted. Coconut meal was fermented followed by an enzymatic process at room temperature or 50 OC.The nutritive value of the fermented products was determined chemically. Product with the highest nutritive value was then used for a feeding trial to study the interaction effect between dietary levels of fermented coconut meal and phosphorous level on the performances of laying ducks. Nine experimental diets were formulated, i.e ., the factorial of 3 levels of fermented coconut meal (0, 30 and 40%) and 3 levels of total phosphorous (0.6, 0.8 and 1 .0%) . The diet was fed to pullet ducks and the performances of the ducks were observed for 16 weeks of production period. The results showed that the nutritive value of coconut meal increased by fermentation and the highest yield was achieved when the enzymatic process was performed at 500C. There was no significant interaction effect between dietary fermented coconut meal levels and the phosphorous levels on all parameters observed, except on egg weight. Inclusion of fermented coconut meal in the ration up to 30% did not produce negative effects on the productivity oflaying ducks, however, higher levels (40%) ofinclusion reduced the egg size Keywords: Coconut meal, fermentation, ducks, egg production

27 - 33

Authors: Supar ., Kusmiyati ., B Poerwadikarta

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains possessing either K99, F41 or K99F41 are responsible for causing neonatal diarrhoea and mortality of calves and difficult to control using antimicrobial drugs. A whole cell ETEC vaccine containing fimbrial antigens of polyvalent strains based on field serotypes was produced . The efficacy of ETEC vaccine used to control neonatal colibacillosis of dairy calves was studied in experimental animals and field trials. Five pregnant dairy cow were used for experimental study. Three animals were injected subcutaneously with 5 ml vaccine at 6 weeks and again 2 weeks before expected date of calving, others were left unvaccinated as control. Two calves born from vaccinated cows were given colostrum and milk from their own mothers. A calf born from vaccinated cow was not given colostrum, but milk from other vaccinated cow at day 8 . Three day old calves receiving colostrum of vaccinated cows were challenged with 2 ml either ETEC K99 or F41 suspension containing 108 colony forming units per ml did not show clinical signs of diarrhoea and their body weight increased progressively. Whereas, a calf born from unvaccinated group was challenged with ETEC K99 developed clinical sign of diarrhoea at 15 hours later and died at 8 days post-inoculation . A calf born from unvaccinated cow was challenged with ETEC F41 developed watery diarrhoea, it did not die, but its body weight relatively did not increase. The use of two doses ofpolyvalent ETEC vaccine at late gestation gave protection to the suckling offspring against challenged . Under farm conditions, dams vaccination with 2 doses of polyvalent ETEC vaccine 6 week and 2 weeks before expected date of calving reduced the calf mortality from average of 13% per months to 0.7%. It was concluded that dams vaccination with polyvalent ETEC containing K99 and F41 fimbrial antigens gave protection to their suckling offsprings or through consuming their colostrum or milk against homologous ETEC infection. Keywords: Calf, colibacillosis, ETEC, dams vaccination

39 - 46

Authors: Enymartindah ., S Wahyuwardani

Aretrospective study on anthrax in endemic area was carried out from 1984 to 1994 in West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB) to uncover the occurrence of anthrax and the pattern of the disease in livestock. Data of anthrax incidence had been compiled for the 11 years from Animal Health Section and Type B Laboratory of the Livestock Service Office, NTB Province in Mataram. This was done to get the information about locations and times when the cases occurred, and the vaccination status of livestock in the anthrax area. The pattern of anthrax in livestock was analyzed by using time series analysis, and the long term trend was then illustrated by linier regression . During the years, anthrax cases in livestock were reported high in Sumbawa island, while the cases in Lombok island were relatively low. There were no anthrax cases reported from East Lombok District . The long term trend of anthrax occurrence in livestock from 1984 to 1994 tended to decrease (Y= 6,04 - 0,0162 X). Keywords: Anthrax, cases pattern, retrospective study

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Authors: Sarwitri Endah Estuningsih

The competitive interaction of the snails Thiara scabra and Physa doopi against the snail Lymnaea rubiginosa, the intermediate host ofFasciola gigantica has been studied. Aquaria, 60 x 40 x 20 cm and 30 x 20 x 10 cm in size were used, and the two snail species were introduced in different proportion . The results over a one year period showed that the competition between snail L. rubiginosa and T. scabra or P. doopi has started after 8 months as demonstrated by the reduction of the population ofL. rubiginosa and increasing the population of T. scabra or P. doopi. The competitive interaction does not seem to be due to competition for food but to a chemical factors, possibly water-soluble pheromones. The other explanation is discussed . Keywords : Snail, intermediate host, Limnaea rubiginosa, Thiara scabra, Physa doopi, Fasciola gigantica, competitive Interaction

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Authors: Yulvian Sani, saumtira Bustami, Aisjah Grindra

Five extracts were obtained from Ageratum conyzoides leaf extracted in methanol-water (4 :1). They were neutral extract (in ethyl acetate), moderately polar extract (in chloroform); basic extract (in chloroform-methanol), polar extract (in methanol), and filtrate. Three extracts were tested biologically and the moderately polar extract was found to be most toxic for female Wistar rats . While the toxicity of neutral extract was mild and other extracts were non-toxic. Therefore, the moderately polar extract was investigated for the hepatoxicity effects in the present study. Intragastric dosing of this extract in rats has caused mortality with clinical signs of weakness, low activity and death. Pathological examination showed mottling on the capsular surface of liver. Microscopically showed anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation and necrosis . Multiple dosing of this extract may lead to liver and lung injury showing anisokaryosis, megalocytosis, bile duct cells proliferation, centrolobular necrosis, vacuolisation, mitotic figures and mononuclear cells infiltration in the liver and epithelialisation of alveolar walls, thickening of alveolar walls and oedema in the lungs. Liver regeneration occurred 7 days after the last dosing showing mitotic figures and return to the normal structure of liver. The average body weight gain reduced during the first 3 weeks of intoxication from 127.6 g. on predosing to 120,4 g. on week-3 followed by an increased on body weight until the last experiment to 130.8 g. when dosing of extract was terminated . There was an increased of alanine amino transferase ( ALAT) during the first 2 days after dosing from 14.6 IU/1 to 23 .0 IU/1 and reduced at the following days to 7.5 IU/1 at day-5 after dosing . Dosing with retrorsin has caused an increased in ALAT consistently during the first 5 days to 8.7 IU/1 . The activity of aspartate amino transferase (ASAT) reduced during the first 3 days after dosing with the extract from 29 .2 IU/1 to 15 .1 IU/I and from 15 .9 IU/1 to 8.9 IU/1 with retrorsin, but both enzymes appeared higher than control rats . The analysis of toxic compound in A. conyzoides leaf showed that the Rf value was similar to retrrorsin showing the leaf containing pyrrolizidine alkaloid compounds. Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides, retrorsine, pathology, regeneration, liver, lungs