Science and Transport Progress

16-24

Authors: L. V. Martseniuk, Yu. M. Proskurnia

Purpose. In highly developed countries, railway tourism is very popular, through it the tourists can comfortably and within their financial capacity to travel all around the world. Ukraine has faced with the problem of significant reduction of the tourist volume flows, aging of fixed assets, lack of investments on their renewal, reduction in passenger traffic and a sharp drop in people income. The purpose of the article is to justify the development of railway tourism in Ukraine. Methodology. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research is built on analysis of problems to ensure the competitiveness of the tourism industry in the area of passenger transportation, theoretical principles of economic science in the field of railway tourism efficiency and management of tourist flows. The authors suggest the development of railway tourism in Ukraine. In particular it concerns the introduction of new services in the field of tourism, management of tourist flows and others. The attention is focused on the development of the internal railway tourism. Findings. As a result of the assigned tasks the following results should be achieved: improving the image of Ukrainian railways; creation of an attractive investment climate for the greater involvement of investments into the tourism, engineering, transport and municipal infrastructures; improving the safety of tourists; ensuring effective protection of their rights, legitimate interests and property maintenance. Originality. The authors justified the need and potential of rail tourism on the territory of Ukraine taking into account the experience of foreign developed countries. Рractical value. Researchers presented theoretical generalization and new solution of scientific tasks. It manifests itself in the development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the development of railway tourism. Rationally applied measures of proposed by the authors ways of tourist flow management will significantly increase the revenues to the state budget from tourism.

40-52

Authors: B. Ye. Bodnar, M. I. Kapitsa, A. M. Afanasov, D. N. Kyslyi

Purpose. In modern conditions of rolling stock operation, the actual vital task is the increasing the efficiency of its use by reducing the cost of energy, including for the traction. It can be achieved by the way of locomotives power control systems creating, in particular the use of operating cards and on-board software and hardware. Methodo-logy. The article discusses ways of starting and acceleration of the train. Traction calculations with the definition of energy-efficient trajectories provide the search of a rational consumption of energy with time of running trains. When selecting energy saving train trajectories and the development of operating trains of reference cards, it is necessary to consider the variables such as: the profile area, weight of the stock, series of the locomotive and others. When the transmission power from the primary power equipment to the driving wheel pairs the inevitable losses that are described by the efficiency factor occur. For the most part of the locomotive elements the dependences of the efficiency factor are described by the nonlinear equations. Getting the energy-saving function of traction control at starting and acceleration to reduce the specific consumption of energy by improving the algorithm for calculating the trajectories of multiple trains was considered. The method of selection of energy-efficient trajectories at dispersal trains and power control electric and diesel locomotives with electric transmission which bases on the mathematical methods for evenly search and parametric optimization was offered. Findings. For the variables of the train situation and rolling stock was built two-parameter functional dependence of the power control locomotive and analytically determined the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Originality. In the work result the authors received the power saving function of traction control, which depends on the mass of the rolling stock and slant. In contrast to existing development of rational management of trains, this function requires much less computer time with a high accuracy of the calculations, which makes it possible to incorporate it into the onboard control system of the locomotive and energy savings. Practical value. Experimentally established algorithm, which is part of the on-board software package definition of energy-saving modes of conducting trains, will contribute to the reduction of energy expenses.

66-74

Authors: V. P. Litvinenko

Purpose. Under modern conditions the applying methods and design models as well as the evaluation of the operational characteristics of diesel engines do not completely take into consideration the specifics of the combustion processes. In part, such situation is characterized by the complexity of considering of varied by its nature processes that haven’t been completely investigated. In this context it is necessary to find the new methods and models which would provide relatively simple solutions through the use of integrated factors based on the analysis of parameters of diesel engines. Methodology. The proposed algorithms for the estimating of the combustion process in the form of volumetric and linear velocities is based on the well-known parameters of power and mean effective pressure and allows to compare the efficiency of their behavior in various versions of diesel engines. Findings. The author specified that the volumetric / linear velocity ratio is characterized by some strength and depends on the geometric dimensions of the cylinder-piston group. Due to the assumptions it has become possible to consider the operation of a diesel engine as a system comprising: 1) the subsystem that provides the possibility of obtaining the thermal energy; 2) the subsystem providing the thermal energy transformation; 3) the subsystem that provides the necessary diesel engine power depending on terms of combustion of air-fuel mixture. Originality. The author of the paper proposed the indices of volumetric and linear combustion velocity of air-fuel mixture in the engine cylinder, that allow to obtain the comparative value in different modifications taking into account the possible choice of optimum ratio. Practical value. The usage of indices of volumetric and linear velocities of the combustion processes in the engine cylinder combined with a mathematical model will simplify the method of diesels calculating. Parametric indices of the mentioned velocities will provide the following effective researches in diesel engine design as well as the evaluation of their loading during the operation.

84-96

Authors: M. B. Kurhan, D. M. Kurhan, O. F. Luzhytskyi

Purpose. The intersection of highways and railways in one level – railway crossing, is a zone of increased danger for rail and road transport. Nearly half of all crossings are available on the main directions of passenger transportation. From this comes the problem of maintenance and service locations of intersection roads and railways. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the processes of emergence and development of inequalities in the area of railroad crossings and identify the factors that cause them. Methodology. The presence of derogation from the plan and profile within the railway crossing and approaches to it reduces evenness of riding and passenger comfort. Today, there are various possibilities for shooting natural geometry of a railway track. For research on a large number of areas during long service life, the tape of a track measuring car remains the most convenient. However, this tool is directed to assess the state of the railway line and does not determine the exact geometrical position. When trying to determine valid outlines of the track inequalities on track measuring tape, some difficulties arise. Findings. Performed statistical analysis showed a steady trend of growth of inequalities in the area of the railway crossings. Generally, the level of inequalities in the vertical plane increases in1.3−3.2 times and in 1.2−2.0 times in the horizontal plane (compared with areas that are outside crossing). During the deflection lines of action in the area of railroad crossing concrete slabs work as ribs that limit deflections of rail-tie grating. When placing the wheels of the bogie before (or after) and within crossing the calculated modulus of elasticity under the rail base, brought to the point of wheels contact can vary up to 3 times. Originality. Issues of the assessment and investigation of inequalities on track started to be developed. The resulting statistics on inequalities accumulation gauge in the zone of crossing were obtained. Analytical research changes in the characteristics of stress and deformation of the track at the site of the conclusion of the railway crossing were presented. Practical value. Obtained results will be useful for measures to improve the evenness riding of trains and increase the comfort level of passengers.

107-114

Authors: I. O. Vakulenko, A. G. Lisnyak, O. M. Perkov, Xu Xiao Hai

Purpose. The research supposes the explanation of influence of stress impulses from an electrical discharge in water on the level of the limited endurance at a cyclic loading of the thermally work-hardened carbon steel. Methodology. Material for research was steel 45 (0,45 % carbon) with сoncentration of chemical elements within the limits of steel composition. Specimens for tests are made as plates in 1 thick, width 15 and length 120-180 mm. The structural state of steel corresponded to quenching on a martensite from the normal temperatures of annealing and tempering at 300C, duration of 1 h. Microstructure was investigated with the use of electronic microscopy, the density of dislocations was estimated on the methods of X-ray analysis. Hardness was measured on the method of Rockwell (scale of «C»). A cyclic loading was carried out in the conditions of symmetric bend on a tester «Saturn-10» at a temperature +20C. The treatment by shock voltage from the electrical discharge was carried out in water on setting of bath type «Iskra-23», used for cleaning of castings manufactures. Electric impulses were formed at 15-18 kV with energy of 10-12 kJ and amplitude of 1-2 GPа. Findings. As a result of processing pulses of a pressure wave of heat-strengthened steel 45 found the increase of endurance under the cyclic loading corresponds to an increased amount of accumulated dislocations on the fracture surface. The use of Coffin–Manson Equation allowed finding the decrease of deformation per cycle of loading as a result of arising stress from an electrical discharge in water. On the fracture surface (after pulse exposure) was found the increased number of dislocations, located in different crystallographic systems, that is a testament to the rather complicated development of dislocation transformations in the structure of steel, which provide an increase of endurance at a fatigue. The increase of the limited endurance became as a result of impulsive treatment largely related with the number change of mobile dislocations. For the area of low-cyclic fatigue the growth of amplitude of loading is accompanied with the decrease of distinction in the values of the limited endurance (before and after the treatment of shock voltage). Originality. For the field of high-cycle fatigue, the result of shock voltage of carbon steel with the structure of the improvements, the increase of limited endurance is accompanied with a decrease in deformation per cycle. As far as growth of amplitude of stress cycle the effect of increase of endurance from treatment of metal by the shock voltage declines. Practical value. Treatment of metal by the impulses of pressure waves from an electrical discharge in water can be used for the time extending of exploitation details of the rolling stock, which are subjects of the cyclic loading.

123-131

Authors: V. M. Bohomaz, L. M. Bondarenko, K. Ts. Hlavatskyi, K. O. Sokol

Purpose. The value of drive resistance to its movement is the main parameter at calculating the drive power of bridge crane. The value of the wheel rolling friction on the rails is one of the important parts of the resistance to movement. It is necessary to determine the dependence of static (dynamic) quantities of resistance to the bridge crane movement on a straight section of the track from the position of the bogie in the span, and explore the influence of the wheel flanges resistance for wear. Methodology. Using the analytical dependences for determining the rolling friction coefficient, that depends on the size of the half-width of the contact between the wheel and rail, the improved method for calculating the required drive power of the crane was proposed. Findings. With the proposed method of power calculation the characteristic curve of the crane wheel loads, the coefficient of rolling friction of the wheels and the crane resistance to movement from the position of the bogie on span were built. In the result of graphs analysis it was found that the engine power, obtained by the proposed method is higher than the recommended by the existing standards. The more precise formula for determining the total coefficient of sliding friction that takes into account the friction of wheel flanges on the rail is given. The characteristic curves of such coefficient of friction and the total resistance to movement of the position of the crane bogie were built. Originality. The scientists proposed an improved method of determining the required engine power of bridge crane, which takes into account the effect of rolling friction of the wheels on the rails and the bogie in the span. The improved formula for determining the coefficient of friction that takes into account the friction wheel flanges of the rail was given. The characteristic curve of this coefficient of friction and the total resistance movement of crane from the position of the crane bogie were built. Practical value. The application of the proposed method of determining the driving power of the crane allows determining its value more precisely, taking into account the impedance of the rolling friction of the wheels on the rails with a flanged on the rails. This approach enables better selection of elements of the mechanism of the bridge crane movement.

141-149

Authors: O. H. Reidemeister, O. A. Shykunov

Purpose. In the paper it is proposed to find methods of structural reinforcement of a side frame of a bogie in areas of stress concentration (the compound zone, the corners of the pedestal jaw opening, etc.), where, as the experience of operation shows, it is possible the emergence of fatigue cracks. It should avoid a significant increase in weight of the structure and does not cause «overflow» areas with a lot of stress from one portion of the structure to another. Methodology. The stresses in the side frame are determined by finite element modeling. Firstly parts of structure that is subject to be strengthened are detected. At the next stage the possible ways of enhancement are developed (wall thickness increase, change of fillet radii, introduction of additional truss plate, etc.). After which according to the results of simulation the effectiveness of each method is evaluated. Amplification of individual sections of the side frame does not always lead to its hardening as a whole (stress decrease in one place often leads to stress increase in the other one). The further procedure is iterative in nature: best-case changes are entered in the design of the frame; weakened areas of construction again are revealed and so on, till to the achievement an acceptable level of safety. Findings. Directional iterative search allows finding a combination of local amplification that increasing significantly the strength of structure. Namely, radius of the transition from the column to the support surface and in the openings between the column and the inclined belt up to 40 and 50 mm are increased respectively; truss plate are added between the upper and lower shelf of Triangel guide and on the inner guide of jaw aperture; technological area of the aperture in the column is reduced by one-third. Due to the proposed stresses combination, voltages in construction were reduced by 41%. Originality. The efficiency of the iterative search procedure of local amplifications combinations in design of the side frame that let significantly increase its strength without a significant increase in weight is presented by scientists. Practical value. Obtained results give the possibility to increase significantly the strength of the side frame in the three-piece truck without any noticeable change in its geometrical and mass characteristics.

160-168

Authors: V. V. Kachurenko, D. O. Bannіkov

Purpose. The work sets forth the search results of new, more efficient design solutions for metal silos, namely, the analysis of existing types of profiles cross-section in a steel wall of such silo and development of less material-intensive section of corrugated profile.Methodology. To achieve the set goal there were researched the existing types of capacitive structure profiles and their strain-stress state under the load. The analysis was performed on the results of computational experiments. The prototype object was mathematical computer models. The calculations were made using the finite-element method. For computational experiment there was used the design-computing system Structure CAD for Windows. Findings. In this work there were obtained the data allowing to assess work of the profiles and to find more effective type of cross-section in terms of its material consumption. In the process of joint study of the authors a new type of profile for capacitive structures was developed; it has higher utilization efficiency and the attachment point of individual steel sheets with this type of profile. Both solutions are easy to install, reliable in operation and can be manufactured in the conditions of modern industrial production using standard equipment, materials and components. Originality. A new type of corrugated profile cross-section for steel silo walls was proposed; it has higher load carrying capacity and rigidity and allows reducing the metal thickness without changing the structure carrying capacity that results in material consumption reduction of the whole structure.For this and similar types of profiles there was designed and proposed the attachment point of individual corrugated sheets screwed with extending flange, which enables the unit connection in case of small size corrugations, where the distance is not sufficient to accommodate the bolt cap between the individual corrugations. Practical value.Application of the proposed solutions can increase efficiency, manufacturability and maintainability of steel silo wall structures.The results obtained during the research show promise for further development of research on finding new and more economic solutions for corrugated steel silo wall design, as well as other ways to reduce material consumption of bulk material storage structures.

180-194

Authors: Y. Y. Luchko, V. V. Kovalchuk, O. S. Nabochenko

Purpose. This research is aimed to: 1) calculation of equivalent forces caused by rolling stock in winter and summer seasons at different parameters of the irregularities of railway track; 2) research of bearing capacity of corrugated metal constructions (CMC) in terms of development of plastic hinge in the top of the metal pipe due to irreversible residual deformation of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the pipe. Methodology. The calculation of equivalent forces is carried out according to the method of calculating the railway track on strength and stability. Further a mathematical algorithm was developed in the software environment of Mathcad 14, with which the calculations were made about the formation of a plastic hinge at the top of the pipe for different values of the irregularities of the railway track and the degree of compaction of soil backfill. In these studies, the calculations were carried out at the design value of the compaction degree of soil backfill and magnitude of dynamic loading on railway rolling stock. Findings. Analysis of multivariate calculations of testing the condition of occurrence of plastic hinge at the top of the pipe arch has revealed that the first plastic hinge, which occurs in the set of CMC is revealed only when there is a simultaneous unfavorable influence of two factors (causes). These are the factors: the assumption of the development of the track irregularities out of the allowable values without the implementation of measures to eliminate or limit the speed of trains (the first cause); reduction of compaction of soil backfill below the 90 % (the second cause). In case of absence of one of the causes the origin of the plastic hinge will not happen. Originality. It was the first time, when the bearing capacity of corrugated metal construction with large diameter (more than 6 m) with account of factors complex: the degree of compaction of soil backfill, the magnitude of the dynamic loads from rolling stock by the criterion of plastic hinge development in the metal pipe when the occurrence of residual deformations of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the CMC was investigated. Practical value. The obtained results of the bearing capacity of corrugated metal constructions (like horizontal ellipse of cross-section) can be used by engineers of Bridge building stations of Ukrzaliznytsia, Ukravtodor and design organizations, which are engaged in the design of corrugated metal constructions with a diameter of more than 6 m.