European Journal of Medicine

190-194

Authors: Galawish A. Abdullah, Mohammed Y. Abbas, Hyam Raouf, Batool M. Mahdi, Haider H. Zalzala, Laheeb A. Abid, Zena Nehad

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) as part of the immune system has a role in the disease process. Genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to vitiligo. Our aim in this study is to assess the relationship between HLA-DRB1 alleles frequency in Iraqi patients with vitiligo compared with a healthy control group using the PCR-SSOP method. The patient group consisted of forty Iraqi Arab Muslims patients with vitiligo that consulted the dermatological department in Al-Kindy teaching hospital from September 2013 to June 2015 were assessed for HLA genotyping for HLA-DRB1. A control group consisted of thirty healthy volunteers among the staff of AL-Kindy College of medicine that did not have vitiligo or family history of vitiligo. HLA genotyping for HLA-DRB1 was performed for each patient and for the control persons using PCR with sequence-specific-oligonucleotide primers. Results showed an increase in the frequency of HLA genotype DRB1* 07:0101 (P value= 0.026) and DRB1* 11:0101 (p-value = 0.016) in patients with vitiligo compared with healthy controls. In conclusions, our results suggest an association between HLA-DRB1* 07:0101 and DRB1* 11:0101 and susceptibility to vitiligo.

208-213

Authors: Goh Bee See, Nor Haslinda Mohari, Hamzaini Abdul Hamid

We describe a rare case of isolated congenital incus anomaly without other otologic anomalies in this case report. We detected this condition in an adult who presented with long standing, non progressive unilateral reduced hearing. Isolated congenital incus anomaly was identified incidentally during her visit for other otological problem. We discussed regarding the case and the important role of HRCT imaging as a single tool for diagnosing the anomaly without surgical exploration.

221-234

Authors: Elena Žiaková, Stanislava Klobucká

Background. Currently, EEG biofeedback (Neurofeedback) is used in the rehabilitation of children with brain damage with the symptoms of attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity and impulsivity. After treatment improvements were observed not only in the control of attention and impulsivity but also in voluntary and involuntary movements. The aim of the prospective clinical study was to measure the impact of EEG biofeedback on motor abilities of children with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and compare the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback with classical rehabilitation. It was assumed that in children with ADHD in combination with central motor disorders EEG biofeedback therapy will strengthen not only the control of impulsivity and attention but also motor skills. Material. The observed group consisted of 60 (N = 60) children with mild central motor disorders with ADHD. They were randomly assigned to either the EEG biofeedback group (N = 30, mean age 8.9 years) or the classical rehabilitation group (N = 30, mean age 8.5 years). Methods. Both groups received thirty 30-45 minute sessions of training, at a frequency of 2-3 times a week. Pre-post assessment included testing of motor skills with PANESS test (Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs) for both groups and the EEG biofeedback group were assessed also for changes in impulse and attention control using CPT (Continuous Performance Test) test AX version and changes observed by parents using TLC Subjective Assessment (The Learning Curve, 2004). Results. Achieved overall score of EEG biofeedback group was lower after therapy (Mdn = 24.00) than before therapy (Mdn = 55.00), T = 0.00, p <0.01, Z = -4.78, r = -0.62. Values of significance (Asymp.Sig. 2-tailed = 0.000) and effect size (effect size r = -0.62) indicate a statistical and factual significant positive effect of EEG biofeedback to improve overall motor skills (lower score is better). Conclusion. EEG biofeedback therapy in children with ADHD improved control of attention, impulsivity and also improved motor skills. There were no significant differences in improvement of performance of timed movements between groups. Also, parents of children who received the EEG biofeedback therapy observed positive changes in behavior, learning and motor skills. Improvement in motor skills was significantly higher in the EEG Biofeedback group then in the classical rehabilitation group.