Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

425-429

Authors: A B. Baskar*,N Ethiya

Introduction: Heart rate variability analysis is being widely used in the study of endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism. It is well established that cardiac autonomic dysfunction occurs in hypothyroidism and is also confirmed in this study. Aim: To find out the effectiveness of each time- domain parameters of short- term HRV analysis done in time-domain analysis method. Materials and Methods: 25 Hypothyroid subjects are obtained (study group) from the department of endocrinology and metabolism, govt. Rajaji Hospital attached to Madurai Medical College, Madurai. And 25 normal subjects who are age and sex matched with the study group form the control group. All the persons are free from any other illness. Serum TSH levels are estimated in all the subjects. ECG recording in Lead II is performed in all the subjects using computerized ECG machine enabled with physio-pac software and time domain parameters are obtained by short term HRV analysis method. The results are tabulated and analysed by applying student- t test. Results and Conclusion: Time domain parameters with increasing mathematical complexity (SDRR, RMSSD) yield good correlation between the two study groups.

434-438

Authors: Azra M,Abhaya Prabhu*,Balachandra N

Introduction: Talus is a short, compact bone with muscular attachments. Its head and body are oriented in specific manner. Thus it is subjected to modifications due to change of direction of forces by adapting different postures. Here we present an anatomical study on types of calcaneal articular facet and squatting facet with emphasis on anatomical co-relation of squatting facet with different angles at the neck of Talus. Materials and Methods: Total 125 dry tali (right-64 and left-61) were studied with no anomalies or pathology. We observed types of calcaneal articular facet on tali, squatting facet, angle of deviation (AD), angle of inclination (AI) were measured. Statistical evaluation of the measured indices was done. Result and Conclusion: Type II articular facet was the most common type of articular facet on calcaneal surface of tali, 2nd most common being Type I. Squatting facet was observed on 44% of tali on right side while 37.5% tali on left side Average AD and AI were 26 and 125 respectively. We found significantly high AI on right sided tali than left sided. No significant co-relation was observed between the AD and presence or absence of squatting facet but in those tali where squatting facet was present, angle of inclination was significantly larger. We conclude that incidence of calcaneal articular facet and modification on neck of talus (squatting facet with high AI) are attributed to differences in race, habitual activities, posture, gait and level of plane used for locomotion by Indian population.

443-448

Authors: Shaikh Sanobar Ismatulla,Abdur Rafe Abdul Waheed*,Asim Badaam

This study entitled “Metrical parameters for approximation of height from superior extremity long bones in humans” was worked out in the Anatomy Department, GMC, Aurangabad. Students belonging to second year of M.B.B.S, B.D.S, and B.sc Nursing with other non-medico members of the department were included in the study. The age range of the study subjects was between 20 to 50 years including both males and females totaling 500 in number. The study focused on devising a linear regression equivalence to estimate height from the length of arm and forearm bones (viz. humerus, radius and ulna). The stature or height was measured with the help of an anthropometer from crown to heel, length of humerus from humeral head to the farthest point on trochlea, length of ulna from the tip of olecranon process to the distal point of its styloid process, length of radius from the most proximal margin of the head to the distal point of its styloid process. All these measurements were taken with the help of spreading calipers. Correlation coefficient (r) for length of long bones with stature was 0.565 for male humerus, 0.4699 for female humerus, 0.5434 for male radius, 0.4987 for female radius, 0.6398 for male ulna and 0.5637 for female ulna. ‘t’ test applied for testing the statistical significance of the obtained values was found to be significant. The regression equations for approximation of stature were formulated using length of humerus, radius and ulna.

454-456

Authors: J. Vasudeva Reddy*,C Sreekanth,S Lokanadham

Introduction: Majority of the sudden cardiac deaths were due to anomalous origin and distribution of the coronary arteries. Aim: To study the arterial vascular pattern of the human heart by using dissection method in Rayalaseema population. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 human fresh heart specimens were obtained from the Department of Forensic Medicine, S.V. Medical College, Tirupati for the present study. Results: We have observed both the coronary arteries arising from single coronary ostia in 76 specimens whereas 4 heart specimens noted with coronary arteries originated from two ostia. Right and left dominance circulation was noted more in males than females. We have also observed double posterior interventricular branches arising from the right and left coronary arteries showing the balanced type of coronary circulation in 2 (Male-1; Female-1) hearts. Conclusion: Arterial pattern and its variations are important to prevent false interpretation of the arterial angiograms in management of coronary artery diseases.

461-463

Authors: Usha Kothandaraman,S Lokanadham*

Introduction: Thyroid volume measurement is a better reflection of thyroid gland growth than any other linear dimension of the organ. Foetal thyroid volume is significantly correlated with gestational age and foetal weight. Aim: To evaluate the foetal thyroid volume in relation to the gestational weeks. Materials and Methods: A total of 22 (Male - 9; Female - 13) aborted foetuses were collected from the department of Anatomy, ESIC Medical College & PGIMSR, Chennai. Results: We have observed there was significant increase in thyroid volume with the correction factor (CF-0.479) by ellipsoid method in relation to gestational weeks. Thyroid volume with correction factor was noted to be more in males as compared to females in all gestational age groups. There was a gradual increase in thyroid weight in relation to thyroid volume in all groups of gestational ages in our study. Conclusion: The present study evaluated the foetal thyroid volume in relation to the gestational age in aborted foetuses and also suggested the volume related changes of the thyroid gland in foetal life and its abnormalities.

468-473

Authors: Umadevi B,Suresh Nayak B*

Introduction: Globally, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is increasing. Endothelial dysfunction is known to be associated with T2DM. The aim of the present study is to assess endothelial dysfunction by measuring plasma levels of von Willebrand factor and urine albumin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective, case-control study conducted in the department of physiology in association with department of Endocrinology, MS Ramaiah Memorial and Teaching Hospital, Bangalore. A total of 50 subjected were recruited into the study. Among them 25 were T2DM patients as cases and 25 age and sex matched healthy controls. Under aseptic conditions, After 12 hours of fasting 5 ml venous blood sample is collected and plasma is separated. The separated plasma sample was used for the estimation FBS, PPBS, von Willebrand factor (vWF). Urine sample is used for the estimation of urine albumin. Anthropometric parameters like blood pressure, height, weight and BMI was measured. Results: In the present study, systolic blood pressure, FBS, PPBS, von Willebrand factor, urine albumin levels were significantly increased in T2DM cases compared with healthy controls. Von Willebrand factor and urinary albumin levels showed a weak correlation in type 2 DM patients (r= - 0.245, p = 0.237) but such correlation was not observed in healthy subjects (r=0.212, p=0.310). Conclusion: In this study, von Willebrand factor(vWF) levels in plasma and urine albumin levels were increased significantly in T2DM patients compared to normals, which suggests that there is significant endothelial injury and vascular damage in T2DMPatients.

478-482

Authors: Nirmala S. Anand*,Shivaprasad S. Goudar

Introduction: The gonadal hormones accompanying the menstrual cycle in a female affect the ventricular repolarization regionally in the cardiac muscle as well as affects its recovery time both of which are QTc AND QTd measured conventionally using a non-invasive ECG. A prolonged QTc and QTd are predictors of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine whether the cardiac ventricular repolarization is altered during different phases of menstrual cycle by the endogenous gonadal hormones. Materials and Methods: Thirty eumenorrhic females were examined using 12 lead ECG during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Statistical Analysis: Data was analysed statistically using student’s paired t-test. Results: It was observed that the heart rate in follicular phase was (78.8 ±7.48) while in luteal (84 ± 8.17), R-R interval in follicular was (82±5.89) while in luteal phase was (77±3.69) QT interval in follicular was (0.39±0.09) while in luteal phase was (0.33±0.08), QTc in follicular was (0.43±0.03) while in luteal phase was (0.39±0.03), QTd in follicular was (67 ± 2.30) while in luteal phase was (58±4.08). Conclusion: We hence elucidate interactions between the sex steroids and cardiac conduction dynamics which is characterized by a prolonged QTc and QTd during the follicular phase.

488-490

Authors: G Sivagami*,Milind V Bhutkar

Introduction: Yoga is a technique which improves physical and mental health.Yoga unites the body and mind. Nadisudhi pranayama is one type of yoga; on regular practice it causes feeling of freshness, energy and lightness of body and mind. Aim and Objectives: The study was designed to assess the beneficial effects of Nadisudhi pranayama on reaction time. Materials and Methods: 60 young healthy subjects in the age group of 17-24 years were selected for the study. They received Nadisudhi pranayama training of 6 days a week for 6 weeks. Auditory reaction time & visual reaction time were recorded before and after 6 weeks of training. Results: Results were analyzed by using paired ‘t’ test. There was significant decrease in auditory& visual reaction time after practice of Nadisudhi pranayama which signify a more alert state as well as improved central neural processing in Nadisudhi pranayama trained persons. Conclusion: Nadisudhi pranayama is effective in decrease the reaction time. So Nadisudhi pranayama training may be beneficial to reduce the stress and improve the concentration.

497-500

Authors: Prasad Maruthy*

Introduction: Azygos system of veins comprising unpaired azygos vein and its main tributary, the hemiazygos veins. Variations have been observed in formation, course of azygos vein, also in its, tributaries and anastomoses. Objectives: To observe azygos venous system pattern. Materials: 50 embalmed human cadavers irrespective of their sex and age. Methods: Following Anson’s classification system in which azygos venous system having vertical and horizontal connections which include three basic types, primitive or embryological types, transient type, and single type as and their eleven subgroups. Results: The basic type pattern in all the specimens (100%) was transitional type. In subgroups: atypical type observed in 12 specimens (24%). group 5 & group 6B was observed in 11 specimens (22%), group 2 was observed in five specimens (10%), group 4 was observed in five specimens (10%), group 7 was observed in 3 specimens (06%), group 10 was observed in 03 specimens (06%). Conclusion: The importance’s of variations in the pattern of azygos venous system which has to be identified during computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of mediastinum may be confused with aneurysm, lymphadenopathy and other abnormalities like tumor. During surgery of large vessel and the mediastinal operations, these kinds of azygos venous system pattern variations have to keep in the mind.

508-514

Authors: Geena Augustine,Ranjith Sreedharan*,Ursula Sampson,Jithesh T.K,R. Manikumar

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents glucose levels in the high end of the population distribution during pregnancy. GDM carries a high risk of adverse outcomes such as perinatal outcomes and a longer-term risk of obesity and glucose intolerance in offspring. Mothers with GDM have an excess of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and a high risk of diabetes mellitus after that. This study aimed to evaluatethe influence of hypoxia status, haematological parameters, cord blood lactate, and birth weight of infants on GDM and its complications. The study was conducted on 100 pregnant women having Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), and the control population consists of 50 normal pregnancies. Samples included in this study were foetal cord blood and maternal blood. Parameters such as blood gases, lactate, haemoglobin, RBC count, red cell indices, and fetal birth weight were determined. No suggestive changes were found in pH of GDM neonates when compared to the healthy foetus.GDM offspring, when compared to the normal, showed a significant decrease in pO2 and pCO2.A relative reduction in O2saturation and O2 content in GDM foetus when compared to a healthyfoetus. Lactate level is significantly increased in GDM neonates when correlated to the control group. There is a striking change in haemoglobin, RBC count, total WBC count, MCV and MCH in GDM. The results also suggest a correlation of cord blood Hb, cord blood PCV and Cord blood pO2 with the birth weight of infants. Lower oxygen saturation and oxygen content and increased lactate concentrations in offspring of GDM mothers indeed emulate intensified fetal metabolism as an outcome of hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, and therefore these fetuses demandconstant supervision at term and during delivery.

519-524

Authors: Samani Shreyas Pragya,Pratap C Sanchetee*

Aims: The present study aims at demonstrating changes in alpha wave frequency on electroencephalograph (EEG) at two and four months of preksha meditation training in young novice students. Materials and Methods: Participants included 52 girls between the 17 to 21 years of age from a local college selected using a convenience sampling technique. They were randomly divided into experimental (n = 29) and control (n = 26) groups. Study duration was 4 months during which experimental group was administered a supervised PM training for 4 months. During this period control group continued their normal activities without mediation practice. EEG was analyzed for alpha waves and compared at base line, at 2 months and at 4 months. Results: The mean value of alpha wave frequency (%) in control group at beginning was 49.65 ±21.598 which increased to 52.58±18.005 at 2 months. In experimental group, in beginning it was 49.52 ±18.169 which increased to 54.31±22.490 at 2 months. However, this increment was not statistically significant in both groups. A statistically significant increment in alpha waves percentage to 66.59±9.493 was observed in experimental group after four months of PM which was significant at the level of p<0> Conclusions: A significant increase in alpha waves was observed at 4 months of PM practice in young novice students. This increase was observed at 4 months and not at 2 months suggesting that longer practice of meditation is needed to bring out significant improvement.

530-534

Authors: Raghavendra Sherikar,Mohammed Jaffer*,Shivakumar J,Usha Sherikar Volume : 5

Introduction: Many aspects of airway functions are controlled by autonomic nerves. Bronchospasm, airway edema and excessive mucus secretion may occur due to abnormality in autonomic regulation of airways. All these events lead to airway obstruction in bronchial asthma. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the autonomic functions between bronchial asthma patients and normal controls. Materials and Methods: As per American Thoracic Society guidelines thirty bronchial asthma patients in the age group of 18-50 years were chosen. Thirty age and sex matched controls were chosen for comparison. Standardized autonomic function tests were done. Statistical analysis was done using students unpaired t’ test. Results: Significantly higher basal heart rate was found in asthmatics in comparison with controls. Parasympathetic function tests showed significantly higher values in asthmatics compared with controls. Statistically significant difference is also found in the sympathetic function tests between asthmatics and normal controls. Conclusion: Our study shows that autonomic dysfunction is present in asthmatic patients. Parasympathic activity is enhanced in asthmatics, thus supporting the hypothesis of enhanced parasympathetic reactivity as an integral factor in pathophysiology of bronchial asthma.

540-545

Authors: Sipra Rout,Priyanka Daniel*,J Suganthy

Introduction: Knowledge of branching pattern of mental nerve (MN) at mental foramen (MF) along with prevalence of accessory mental foramen (AMF) exhibiting accessory mental nerve (AMN) is an obligatory consideration in orthodontics like osteotomy reconstructive procedures, placement of implants, nerve blocks. It has been reported to show population differences regarding these in various osteological studies. However no cadaveric study is reported in South Indian population so far. Aim: To analyze the branching pattern of MN at its emergence, to determine the location of MF in relation to mandibular teeth and to study the frequency of occurrence of AMF with the structures emerging through it in South Indian population. Materials and Methods: 30 cadavers were dissected bilaterally, exposing the mental foramen. Terminal branches of MN at the foramen were carefully dissected and their distribution was noted. The position of MFs and AMFs were noted in relation to mandibular teeth. The AMN (if present) was carefully dissected and noted. The mean distance between accessory mental foramen and mental foramen was also measured. Results: A single MN was noted in all the cadaveric specimens (n= 60). The MN most commonly branched into two branches in 51.66% of cases. The location of MF was found to be inferior to the second premolar on either side in 66% cases. The AMF with AMN passing through it was found only in 3.3% of cases. Conclusion: The commonest pattern of MN observed was MN dividing into 2 branches at the MF. Though high prevalence of AMF noted, not all AMF exhibited AMN.

553-558

Authors: Sunitha Narayanan,Geetha GN*

Introduction: The intracranial part of vertebral artery, basilar artery, and their branches together form the veretebrobasilar system. Identification of anomalies or variations in the vertebrobasilar system can be useful in diagnosing associated aneurysms, and in preventing complications during endovascular treatment. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 60 randomly selected brain specimens obtained from the cadavers used for dissection by the undergraduate medical students in the department of anatomy. The length of the basilar artery, variations in its course, level of formation and termination were noted. The variations in the caliber of right and left vertebral arteries and their symmetry were noted. Photographs were taken to document the variations. The results obtained were then tabulated. Results: In the present study variations in the origin of basilar artery was noted in 25% of specimens. Other variations like fenestration and button hole formation was also noted. Asymmetry of vertebral arteries were present in 14% of specimens. Hypoplasia of vertebral artery was also noted. Conclusion: Knowledge of variations in the vertebrobasilar system is helpful for the neurosurgeons to plan and execute surgeries for treatment of stenosis, aneurysms, and arteriovenous malformations in the posterior cranial fossa.

564-565

Authors: D N. Sinha*

Reviewing the article of Prof Panagariya on Medical education and healthcare planning in present state. It is difficult to understand as to what planner says, what is motive, and when the phenomenon of implementation is not at right tract due to political instability and understanding. Moreover, the planning is politically criticizing the past system without giving any reason as to how this will be taken in governance in true humanitarian spirit for removing the suffering of the common people. Change in the name may not cause any value in this mission of medical education.

291-294

Authors: Pooja Ojha, Nitin Pandey, Seema Singh

Introduction: EEG is a useful, noninvasive, safe technique to study the electrical activity of brain in various physiological and pathological conditions like alertness, sleep, seizure activity. Normal brain rhythms, the electroencephalogram (EEG) represents the electrical activity of brain as recorded through the metal electrodes applied over scalp. An insight to the possible source of EEG, various rhythms and its activation during certain maneuvers can give a better understanding to its applications. Materials and Methods: Number of electronic database, as well as library resources were searched for related references included in published literature till 2017, using following key words ‘cortical’, ‘electroenchephalogram’,’ EEG’,’ EEG Rhythm’,’ EEG wave’, ‘alpha wave’,’ beta wave’,’ theta wave’,’ delta wave’. Those which were related to our subject were included in the review. Results: Of the total number of studies we have finally included 35 studies from search results. These are mentioned in the references. Conclusion: Beta, Alpha, Theta & Delta are produced from various regions of the brain, including cortical & thalamic networks, hippocampus, reticular networks and so on. The rhythm of EEG can be correlated with the level of activation of the brain, with beta wave being produced during alert state and delta wave being produced during deep sleep. Interventions like hyperventilation and photic stimulation can be used to increase the diagnostic yield of EEG. It has been seen that sex-related differences do exist in the degree of lateralization of hemispheric function.

299-302

Authors: Veenodini Warhade, Sonali Khanapurkar, Pratibha Mehta

Introduction: Dental education has been recognized as highly demanding & complex training program. Many bright teenagers also face various difficulties during the tenure of their first semester. Most common reasons have been observed are language problem, vast syllabus, admission for dental course against student’s wish, coming from protected environment, peer pressure, adjustment problems, home sickness & many more. Some students have the capabilities to cope up with all stressors but many of them land up with some psychological problems like anxiety, depression & so on. Anxiety can be defined as a strong and unpleasant feeling of nervousness or distress in response to a feared situation, often accompanied by physiological effects such as nausea, trembling, breathlessness, sweating and palpitation. Increased anxiety level can hamper the performance & learning ability in dental students. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess & evaluate the anxiety index in 1st year BDS students at SDCH, Pune. Also, to plan accordingly various programs for the management of anxiety by conducting workshops on Yoga, Meditation & newer relaxation techniques for the students prone for anxiety. Materials and Methods: 1] Total 94 students were taken from first year BDS as subject; 2] Approval from Institutional ethical committee has been taken; 3] Written consent has been taken from every student in English & vernacular language (Marathi); 4] assessment of anxiety index (Zung scale) was done by giving validated questionnaires. Results: Evaluation was done using appropriate statistical methods. It has been observed in present study that 30% of students were showing the symptoms of moderate to severe type of anxiety, while 70% have never or only some time shown signs of anxiety. Conclusion: After comparing with other studies and going through various personality development parameters, we came to a conclusion that positive parental upbringing, good financial support from the family, friendly approach of the teacher towards students might have uplifted the confidence level of the student & helped them to cope up with new environment.

308-313

Authors: Kavyashree A.N, Bindurani M.K, Asha K.R, Lakshmi Prabha

Introduction: Stature estimation is an indispensable part of the identification process of human skeletal remains or body parts. Height is also fundamental to assess growth and nutrition and calculating body surface area. Studies on anthropometric measurements of lower limbs among living people have been used as an important tool by forensic anthropologists to reconstruct the living stature of unidentified skeletal remains. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to estimate the stature from percutaneous tibial length (PCTL) by formulating linear regression equations and also by using multiplication factors, which would be useful in the field of forensic anthropology. Materials and Methods: Sample size measured 350 subjects of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, age group ranging from 17 to 22yrs were considered for the study. Height and PCTL were measured using the standard anthropometric technique. Results: Stature was estimated from PCTL using simple regression analysis. The height of males was significantly higher than that of females. The mean height in females and males was 158.87cm and 170.88 cm respectively; and mean PCTL was 38.54cm and 33.99cm in male and female respectively which was significantly (p<0 y=109.885+1.58x y=122.385+1.07x.> Conclusion: Stature can be estimated using the anthropometric measurements of tibia in an intact mutilated leg.

320-325

Authors: Mukesh R Dinkar, Alpna Mathur, Bharat H Patel

Introduction and Objective: Preclinical diabetes has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Indian population. The current study was conducted to screen out preclinical diabetes (impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance) and assess serum lipids as atherogenic risk factor for future cardiovascular complications. We compared serum lipids in subjects with IFG and IGT to find out the high risk population so that early interventions can be done to prevent future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: 200 non-diabetic apparently healthy subjects were selected for the study. 75g oral Glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed in all of them, plasma glucose levels were estimated by GOD-POD method. Based on criteria by American Diabetic Association they were divided in four groups: Group I Normal fasting Glucose/Normal glucose tolerance (NFG/NGT, n=70), Group II isolated Impaired fasting glucose (iIFG, n=34),Group III isolated Impired glucose tolerance (iIGT, n=38), Group IV Impaired fasting glucose and IGT(IFG/IGT, n=54).Serum cholesterol, Triglycerides and HDL were estimated in the morning fasting samples from all the subjects and compared among the groups. Results: The current study showed that Serum LDL and Triglycerides were significantly higher and serum HDL is significantly lower in prediabetic subjects (iIGT, iIGT, IFG/IGT) when compared with Control subjects (NFG/NGT). Also Serum LDL was significantly higher in those with iIGT and IFG/IGT as compared to those with iIFG thus increasing atherogenic risk in iIGT subjects. Also it was observed that Serum LDL, TG and HDL do not show significant changes between those having iIGT and IFG/IGT. Also these levels were comparable in those with iIFG and NGT. A positive correlation is also found between serum lipids and other known cardiovascular risk factors like BMI, Systolic blood pressure and Rate pressure product in prediabetic subjects. Conclusion: This suggested that iIGT subjects having raised LDL, TG and low HDL were at a higher risk of atherogenesis and future coronary heart diseases (CHD), hence can be targeted for early dietery, lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to prevent future risk of CHD.

331-336

Authors: Kalpana Purohit, Ankita Purohit, Sapna Kabiraj, Raj Kumar Srivastava

Normal fetal kidney dimensions are necessary to diagnose fetal kidney abnormalities. The maximum fetal renal growth occurs during 26-34 weeks gestation. Fetal kidney length correlates well with gestational age. Aim of the present study is to measure fetal kidney size at 30 and 38 weeks of gestation in singleton pregnancy. No statistically significant difference was found in the mean parameters of right and left kidney at a particular gestational age (p?0.05) in this study. The mean length in mm of fetal kidneys was slightly longer than the approximate gestational age in weeks.

340-343

Authors: Parameshwari K, Madhusudhan U

Introduction: Uncontrolled growth of a group of cells is called cancer. Most of the drugs and therapies used in the management of cancer are immune suppressive. Objective: The present study was undertaken to observe the functional aspects of neutrophils in patients with malignant solid tumors before treatment and after chemotherapy and G CSF Administration. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 adult male and female patients who were newly diagnosed with malignant tumors were included as cases. 30 normal age and gender matched individuals were included as cases. Collection of blood was performed as per standard guidelines. Results: There was a significant (P value<0> Conclusion: Our results are in accordance with earlier studies as we have observed positive impact on neutrophil percentage followed by the intervention. We recommend further detailed studies in this area with involvement of more parameters and large population.

347-349

Authors: Madhusudhan U, Kumar Sai Sailesh, Jabir P K

Introduction: Om chanting and Ragas for stress alleviation. Different Ragas are likewise observed to be exceptionally compelling in overseeing or curing illnesses. In such conduct, a blend of particular notes or Ragas is being utilized to follow up on a specific chakra. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of Raga therapy in the treatment of stress. Materials and Methods: Total ten male participants with in the age group of 9-13 years, with type-d personality were recruited in the study. OM followed by Raga Bhairavi intervention was given once a day for 12 weeks and post intervention values were collected after 12 weeks. ISMA questionnaire and DASS 42 was used to assess the stress levels. Results: The results are presented in table 1. There was a significant decrease in the stress scores followed by the intervention. A significant difference is found between the stress scores of subjects before and after the intervention of Raga therapy. Conclusion: The present provides further evidence for beneficial effects of Raga therapy in the management of stress among children with type-d personality. We recommend further detailed studies in this area with higher sample size and more parameters to recommend inclusion of the Raga therapy as a tool for management of daily life stress.

353-356``

Authors: Umesh P Modasiya, Sanjaykumar D Kanani

Introduction: The floor of the temporal fossa is bounded superiorly by the frontal and parietal bones and inferiorly by the greater wing of the sphenoid and squamous part of the temporal bone. All four bones of one side meet at a around H-shaped sutural junction known as Pterion. Asterion found at the junction of the lambdoid, occipitomastoid and parietomastoid sutures. Materials and Methods: 110 dry human adult aged skull of unknown sex without any gross pathology or abnormality were studied. Sutural pattern of the pterion was observed on both sides of each skull. The sutural pattern of pterion was classified as per Murphy’s criteria, into 4 types – sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, epipteric or stellate. On both sides of each skull, the sutural pattern of the asterion was classified into type I and type II. Result: Sphenoparietal was the most common type of pterion observed, 80.9% of total pterion. Epipteric was the least common type of pterion observed, 8.18% of total pterion. Frontotemporal was not observed in any skull. Sphenoparital, stellate and epipteric type of pterion shows bilateral symmetry. Most common type of asterion observed to be type II, found in 91.18% of total asterion. Bilateral symmetry only found in type II asterion. Conclusion: Observations of our study may be applicable with other commonly used method like radiological analysis for better prediction of different type of sutural morphology. Knowledge of sutural morphology may helpful for better surgical safety and efficacy.

361-365

Authors: Nirmala S. Anand, Shivaprasad .S. Goudar

Introduction: The endogenous gonadal hormones accompanying the menstrual cycle affect the cardiovascular responses to a bout of static isometric exercise. The uncertainty over the consensus as to which phase of menstrual cycle poses greater cardiovascular stress on the female was a question often unanswered. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence different phases of menstrual cycle on cardiovascular responses like heart rate, blood pressure, rate pressure product to static isometric handgrip exercise. Materials and Methods: Thirty eumenorrhic females were examined after using a hand grip dynamometer during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Statistical Analysis: Data was analysed statistically using student’s paired t-test. Results: It was observed that the baseline values of heart rate in follicular phase was (78.8 ±7.48) while in luteal (84 ± 8.17), SBP in follicular phase (113.9 ± 6.63) while luteal phase (115.8 ±5.91), DBP was (72.8 ±6.90) in the follicular phase and (76.5 ± 6.82) in the luteal phase. MVC at 30% was maintained for 1, 2 and 4 mins and it was observed that all the values of HR, SBP and DBP were higher in the luteal phase. The rate of fall to baseline for all the cardiovascular parameters i.e.HR, SBP and DBP were higher in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase. Conclusion: The results suggest a greater sympathetic activity during the luteal phase to a bout of static isometric exercise hence it can be inferred that the sex steroids lend themselves to an interaction with the ANS indirectly reflecting in cardiovascular system functioning.

373-376

Authors: Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Pooja Chaurasia, Arun Chaturvedi

Introduction: Globally, diabetes is the leading known cause of neuropathy. In type 2 diabetes mellitus, neuropathy being the most common complication contributes to majority of morbidity and mortality in such patients. Hyperglycemia is the main risk factor for diabetic neuropathy. A positive association exists between low serum magnesium levels and symptoms characteristics of peripheral neuropathy. Materials and Methods: The study was done in 60 diabetic neuropathy patients attending the neurology O.P.D of S.N Medical College & hospital, between February 2009 to August 2010. These patients were divided into two groups. Group I (n=30) receiving magnesium and metformin therapy for a period of 16 weeks. Group II (n=30) receiving only metformin therapy. The blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum magnesium at 0, 4, 8, 16 weeks respectively. Nerve conduction velocity for common peroneal nerve was done at 0, 4, 8, 16 weeks respectively. Average of males in group 1 was 54.36±1.18yrs and of females was 53.09±1.47yrs and in group II was 55.94±1.62yrs and of females was 52.83±1.58yrs respectively. Results: In Group I mean baseline value for sensory N.C.V of sural nerve is 42.23±0.76 and after treatment values at 4 weeks is 46.85±0.99, 8 weeks 49.57±1.08, at 16 weeks 50.62+0.85 respectively. The difference between before and after treatment was extremely significant in Group I. In Group II mean Baseline value for sensory N.C.V of Sural N. is 42.89±0.63 and after treatment values at 4 weeks is 43.74+0.63, 8 weeks 44.1310.61, and at 16 weeks 44.53±0.62 respectively. Statistically insignificant difference was observed in group II patients for sensory nerve conduction velocity before and after treatment values at 16 weeks (p>0.05). Conclusion: Magnesium supplementation along with regular anti diabetic therapy improves sensory nerve conduction velocity.

380-382

Authors: Arpith M.N, Revathi Devi M.L, Manjunatha S.N, Purushothama S.M

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension are common non communicable disorders that are frequently present together. Hypertension in the type 2 diabetic individual increases the risk and accelerates the course of cardiac disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, retinopathy and nephropathy. The hallmark of hypertension in type 1 and type 2 diabetics appears to be increased peripheral vascular resistance. Objective: 1) To study the importance of diet influences on diabetic and hypertensive patients attending medicine OPD, KR Hospital. Materials and Methods: All the patients attending the medicine OPD of KR hospital, mysuru for 3 months, 210 patients having both hypertension and diabetes were selected cross sectionally, including both males and females of age group 35-50 years. They were categorized as vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet group. All of patients were screened for diabetic and hypertension by checking fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood glucose and blood pressure, Dietary habits and body mass index were also compared. Results: The study found that known cases of type 2 diabetic mellitus and hypertension are very much statistically significant benefits among vegetarian diet compare to non-vegetarian diet.

389-393

Authors: Mehak Mufti, Ravikiran Kisan, D.V. Deshpande

Occurrence of autonomic imbalance is not very uncommon in diabetic patients and evidences of subclinical autonomic imbalance in their offsprings are also reported. Objective: To study the effect of parental diabetes on cardiac autonomic functions of their non diabetic children. aterials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Physiology SSIMS and RC, Davangere, after the approval of the institutional ethical committee, on 100 subjects. 50 non diabetic offsprings of diabetic parents (cases) and 50 non diabetic offsprings of non diabetic parents (controls). The subjects were in the age group of 18-25 years and were selected on the basis of predetermined inclusion exclusion criteria. The study protocol was explained and informed written consent was taken from the subjects. Battery of six conventional cardiac autonomic function tests were done which included, resting HR, HR response to deep breathing, HR response to Valsalva, DBP response to IGHT, BP and HR response to change in posture, BP response to CPT. Statistical analysis was done using Student’s unpaired t test. Result: Our results show decreased parasympathetic activity as indicated by increased basal HR (p< 0> Conclusion: Our results show that there is a state of sympathovagal imbalance in the non diabetic offsprings of diabetic parents that can be inferred from an increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity.

397-401

Authors: Mohd Rasheeduddin Imran, Shweta K, Aryan Singh, Mohd Abrar Hassan

Aim: To study the effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiations from cell phone on Humans. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a secluded room of the Central Laboratory of the Medical College where use of electronic devises is prohibited. The study was conducted on 25 healthy male subjects and 25 health female subjects in the age range of 18–25 years of age. In post night fasting state, the study subjects were isolated in the secluded room for 3 hours to prevent any exposure to electromagnetic radiations. Blood sample is collected and divided into two aliquots, one is control sample (not exposed) and test sample (exposed to EMR with strength of 0.471 W/Kg for 30 minutes from a distance of 5cm). The samples were evaluated for blood cell count, blood indices and blood sugar levels. Nerve conduction study was done on median nerve prior to and after exposure to EMR for 5 minutes. Results: Significant increase was observed in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) (p 0.012) and Neutrophil count (p 0.026) in test sample compared to control sample. Significant decrease was observed in Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) (p 0.049) and blood sugar levels (p<0> Nerve conduction study on median nerve has shown significant increase in conduction velocity (p 0.014). Conclusion: The study has shown that even a limited exposure to EMR in recommended strengths can cause significant changes in haematological parameters and conduction velocity of nerve.

406-409

Authors: Rashmi C Goshi

Introduction: Dermatoglyphics is the study of quantitative and qualitative patterns of ridge in palms and soles. It is being investigated in diseases having genetic basis. The recent evidence from adoption studies has provided a basis for the genetic contribution in generalized tonic clonic seizures. The parameter taken is ATD Angle and measured and compared between cases and controls. Objectives: To study the ATD angle in palmar dermatoglyphic patterns in generalized tonic clonic seizure patients. To compare dermatoglyphic angle of cases with the normal population. Materials and Methods: The ink method was followed to take palm prints. The palmar prints of 50 epileptic patients and 50 normal individuals of both sexes were collected for the study. ATD angle was measured and compared with normal. Results: ATD angle is increased in both right and left hands of combined series of male and female epileptics and only in left hand of female epileptics which is statistically significant. Interpretation and Conclusion: There is significant difference in the epileptic patients in various. dermatoglyphic features when compared to controls. One of them is with respect to ATD angle. Hence, it is possible to identify ‘at risk’ population with the help of dermatoglyphics.

412-415

Authors: Shuhbhangi B. Ghule, Bhushan Vitore, Amrut A. Mahajan

Introduction: Knowledge of nutrient foramina is important in surgical procedures. Objective of present study is to know the number, location and direction of nutrient foramina in diaphysis of humerus and to test the significant difference of total length and foraminal index on right and left side separately. Materials and Methods: Total 100 dried humerii of unknown sex (52 of right and 48 of left side) were taken for present study. The identification of nutrient foramen was confirmed with the help of magnifying lens and metallic wire. The total length of humerus and distance of nutrient foramen from proximal end of humerus was measured by sliding caliper and osteometric board. Foraminal index was also calculated. Results: All the examined bones showed single diaphyseal nutrient foramen. Majority of foramina (81%) were present on middle 1/3 of anteromedial surface of shaft of humerus. The direction of these foramina was similarly found in all bones i.e. towards the elbow joint. There were no significant differences between right and left side for total length and foraminal index. Conclusion: An accurate knowledge of the location of nutrient foramina is important in surgical procedures like reduction of fracture, bone grafting and microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation.

422-424

Authors: Veena C N, Tejaswi Meghana, B C Vastrad, Nandan T M

Introduction: Physiologic and cognitive function in humans vary considerably with the circadian rhythm, which also regulates the sleep cycle. Sleep is an active, repetitive and reversible behavior serving several different physiological functions. Medical students are a unique group of young adults whose academic commitments and lifestyle can have an impact on their sleep habits. Objectives: To evaluate day time sleepiness using Epworth sleepiness score among medical students. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 130 first year MBBS students selected randomly based on their consent. Data was collected with the help of Epworth sleepiness scale. Results and Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the presence of excessive day time sleepiness among 45% of the students. Since a strong relationship is evident between good sleep quality and high academic performance, measures to improve the sleep quality among medical students need to be focused.

154-156

Authors: Supriya Bajirao Sakhare, Ajit Ashok Holkunde

In the present study, obese subjects (body Mass Index >30 kg/m2) and non-obese subjects (Body Mass Index <25kg/m2) were selected with to study the effect of obesity on the parasympathetic nervous system. To test the functioning of parasympathetic nervous system in these two groups, heart rate variation during deep expiration and during deep inspiration (E/I ratio) as well as heart rate variation during supine and immediately in standing position (30:15 ratio) were calculated. The expiration/inspiration ratio was significantly lower in obese subjects, as compared to non-obese subjects. Thus, obesity is associated with altered parasympathetic nervous system which may result in various cardiovascular complications.

161-165

Authors: Jyoti Rao, Anjali Nadir Bhat, Amarjeet Singh Bhatia

Introduction: Sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased body mass index, increased waist circumference and type-2 diabetes, leading to metabolic syndrome. Various anthropometric variables are strong and consistent predictors for non communicable diseases. There is positive relationship between anthropometric measures and adiposity. Dyslipidemia is a marker for development of cardiovascular disease. Objective: To assess relationship of anthropometric variables with lipid profile in moderate and sedentary workers in Jammu region. Materials and Methods: The present one year cross-sectional study was carried out on healthy moderate workers (Group-I) and healthy sedentary workers (Group-II) in the age group of 20 to 60 years. Baseline data of anthropometric variables, including body mass index, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, abdominal volume index was recorded as per WHO standards. Lipid profile values were assessed according to the National Cholesterol Education Programme of USA. Mean and standard deviation reported for quantitative variables were calculated and noted. Mean values were compared with the help of unpaired ‘t’ test and statistical result was obtained. For unilateral comparison, linear regression was used. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All p-values reported were two-tailed. Results: The mean values of age and anthropometric variables in moderate workers (Group-I) were significantly less as compared to those of sedentary workers (Group-II). Serum HDL-C and serum VLDL-C of the moderate workers showed significant relationship with waist circumference. Mean total cholesterol and serum LDL-C showed significant relationship with waist circumference in sedentary workers. Serum total cholesterol showed significant relationship with WHR in moderate workers. Conclusion: Anthropometric variables, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol had significant effect in sedentary workers. High density lipoprotein cholesterol has significant effect in moderate workers showing that HDL-C increases with level of activity.

170-172

Authors: Brijeshkumar R. Aghera, Sami Ahmed, Ajay Parmar, G C Agarwal, T C Singel

Introduction: The Foramen Transversarium (FT) is a identification feature of cervical vertebrae which differentiate it from the other vertebrae. It is present in the the transverse process of vertebrae. Vertebral artery is pass through this foramen which important for blood supply for brain. Aim and Objective: To study the anatomical variation in foramen transversarium in cervical vertebrae very important for purpose of diagnostic and surgical important for Surgeon, Radiologist and Neurosurgeon. Material and Method: In our study, we included 175 dried cervical vertebrae from department of anatomy to detect double foramen FT present in transverse process in cervical vertebrae. Vertebrae with anatomical variation were photographed. Result: In our study, we found total 24 vertebrae having double FT out of 175 cervical vertebrae. Which include 12 vertebrae having bilateral double FT and 12 vertebrae having unilateral double FT. Conclusion: Knowledge of this type of anatomical variation in foramen transversarium is important for cervical approach during spine surgery to prevent injury of vascular structures.

176-179

Authors: Amruta S Bennal, R. H Takllikar2, Rashmi

Introduction: In medical education, an integral and important element of teaching is feedback, as it encourages and enhances the learners knowledge, skills and professional performance. Aims and Objective:-To know the effectiveness of feedback to students practical (clinical) skills, and students perception towards the feedback session. Materials and Methods: A interventional and comparative study was conducted in 50 first year MBBS medical students admitted during year 2015-16. 33 students received the feedback and 17 students out of 50 students were randomly selected for not receiving feedback. Results: There was high significant change in scores obtained with post feedback (P<0.0001) and also with the students who received the feedback. (P<0.0001) All the students felt that this is the better modality for enhancing the practical skills. Conclusion: Appropriate feedback is necessary for improving the skills and it can have very powerful effect on learning.

186-190

Authors: Arpan Haldar, Manisha R. Gaikwad, Amit P. Tirpude, Provas Banerjee, Soumya C Bhattacharya

Bone consists of bone cells and interstitial matrix, which is further divided into organic and inorganic. Four types of bone cells are present- osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts. The bones are arranged in Haversian system or secondary osteons, which consists of central Haversian canal surrounded by concentric lamellae of bony tissue. These Haversian canals or the canals of Havers are in direct communication with medullary cavity also communicate with the surface of bone via Volkmann’s canal. Bone ossification in human foetuses is not widely studied. The information on primates is considered for comparison. In the present study attempts have been made to study the long bone ossification pattern in aborted human foetus between gestational ages 10 weeks to 32 weeks of gestation by Alcian Blue stain. The stages of cartilage transformation to bones are seen in six stages. The present study was aimed to evidence the human foetus long bones ossification at various weeks of gestation. The emanated information may enrich the existing global information on human foetuses ossification. From each foetus of different gestational weeks longitudinal and transverse sections of 7 long bones (clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula) were taken into study. All of them were stained by Alcian Blue stain.

197-201

Authors: Vivek P., Arifuddin M. K.

Introduction: The cold pressor test which is considered to be a sympatho-excitatory maneuver is a simple, noninvasive and validated test of sympathetic activation. The heart rate and blood pressure responses to CPT could be used as indicators of global sympathetic activation, and thus of cardiac status and autonomic function. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction at the subclinical level seems to be the predisposing condition that occurs far earlier before developing an overt diabetic condition. Aims: To evaluate the cardiac autonomic status and its reactivity among healthy offspring with and without parental history of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). To Compare the autonomic reactivity by recording Heart Rate (HR) and Blood pressure during and after CPT between healthy offspring with and without parental history of T2DM. Materials and Methods: This study consists of 40 healthy male subjects with family history of T2DM (cases) and 40 healthy male subjects without family history of T2DM (controls) in the age group of 18-25 years. HR and BP during and after CPT were compared between cases and controls. Results: Student t test (two tailed, independent) has been used to find the significance of study parameters on continuous scale between two groups. HR response to post CPT showed significant differences between two groups across all the time points. Controls showed higher HR than cases at all the time points. However, the reduction of HR with time was more gradual in controls. The graphical representation of SBP changes after CPT, shows fluctuation among cases before it reaches the stable value, whereas, in controls the decrease was at constant level. Conclusion: The results suggest there was altered autonomic reactivity to physical stress among the offspring with parental history of T2DM when compared to their counterparts and hence this points towards the fact that they are at a risk of developing future autonomic dysfunction and cardiovascular complications.

205-209

Authors: Nirmala S. Anand, Shivaprasad Goudar

Introduction: The cyclical fluctuating gonadal hormones in a female affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system & a decline in parasympathetic neural activity is a forerunner to multiple cardiac conditions like MI, angina etc hence its detection at its inception is primary to institute remedial measures. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine whether the cardiac parasympathetic status of a healthy eumenorrhic female is altered during different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods- Thirty eumenorrhic females were recruited during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle & subjected to battery of parasympathetic autonomic tests. Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed statistically using student’s paired t-test. Results: The results from 30:15 ratio in follicular phase was (1.19 ±0.05) while in luteal (1.08 ±0.05 ), E:I ratio in follicular ( 1.58 ±0.15 ) while in luteal phase was (1.29 ±0.25), Valsalva ratio in follicular (1.89 ±0.32 ) while in luteal phase was (1.73 ±0.34 )while the values of DBD and Tachycardia ratio were insignificant statistically. Conclusion: We hence conclude that there is an obvious interaction between the gonadal hormones and autonomic nervous system which is reflected by a reduced vagal outflow during luteal phase.

214-216

Authors: Malini M, V. S Baljoshi, K. F. Kammar

Introduction: Obesity can cause various health hazards in women in many ways. Overweight or being obese is associated with various risk factors like diabetes and coronary artery disease in women. The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Obesity can cause alteration in pulmonary function which may lead to early morbidity and mortality. FEF 25%-75% is one of the most effort independent portion of the curve, more sensitive parameter to airflow in peripheral airways, where disease of chronic airflow obstruction can begin. Reduced Expiratory Flow rate value in obese individuals may be probably due to increase in the total peripheral resistance and airway resistance with obesity. Hence the present study was undertaken to know the impact of obesity on Forced Expiratory Flow rate25%-75% in middle aged obese females. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted ` to compare Pulmonary function test parameter FEF 25%-75% in middle aged obese and non-obese females, to determine the impact of obesity on FEF25%-75%. Materials and Methods: Dynamic Pulmonary Function tests (PFTs) of 50 normal, healthy, non-obese middle aged females and 50 healthy but obese middle aged females, age group 30-45 years of Hubli city were determined and were compared with its normal counterparts. Study subjects were classified into obese and non-obese based on WHO classification of BMI. To obtain the dynamic pulmonary function test computerized Spirometer Eazy on-PC model were used. Dynamic PFT parameter FEF25%-75%was used as measure of lung function. Results: In our Study conducted, middle aged obese females had FEF25%-75% (litre) of 2.53± 0.85 compared to corresponding values in controls were 2.77±1.06.Our study showed statistically significant differences between two groups. Conclusion: In our study Dynamic pulmonary function test parameter FEF25%-75% showed statistically significant reduction in obese compared to non-obese middle aged females.

220-223

Authors: N. Gowdhaman, D. Vijayalakshmi

Introduction: Traditional teaching methods aid students to procure subject knowledge content but not knowledge construct. Problem based learning (PBL) is evolving as one of the paramount methods of improving students’ knowledge construct. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Problem based learning as an instructional tool in procurement of content knowledge, critical thinking and problem solving skills in cardiovascular Physiology among I MBBS students. Materials and Methods: Thirty students from I MBBS were randomly selected for the study. They were administered with pre-test, exposed to one hour of problem based teaching and again administered with post-test the next day. Results: There was statistically significant improvement in students’ knowledge construct in cardiovascular physiology following exposure to problem based teaching methods. Conclusion: PBL was found to be an effective instructional tool in development of critical thinking and problem solving skills among medical students.

229-232

Authors: Pratik N. Trivedi, Mohit V. Changani, Ashish J. Rathwa, Chintan J. Lakhani

Introduction: Cadaveric dissection has been the integral part of the first year anatomy teaching since long back. With advancing technologies in the medical field, many teaching aids have been provided to replace the dissection. Objective: To investigate and understand the perceptions of undergraduate medical students towards the cadaveric dissection and its psychological and emotional impacts. Material and Methods: Two sets of questionnaires were prepared. These questionnaires were circulated through 283 medical students and their responses were recorded. Observations and Results: It was observed in the study that 97.2% students were of opinion that cadaveric dissection is an integral part of first year anatomy teaching while 91.2% student believed that cadaveric dissection is preferable to other practical anatomy teaching aids. Conclusion: It concludes that cadaveric dissection is an important part of medical curriculum. Cadaveric dissection is also the best method for learning of anatomy. Though prosected specimens, plastic models, plastinated specimens etc. will be helpful in learning of anatomy, cadaveric dissection should be the basic part of anatomy learning.

237-240

Authors: Vedashree Hegde, N G Borade, S. Naveen, Bhargava V. Devarakonda

Introduction: Sedentary lifestyle has given rise to various lifestyle diseases. Regular exercise training is known to improve cardiovascular functions. Heart rate variability analysis is done to assess cardiac autonomic function. The present study is to assess and compare heart rate variability in trained athletes and sedentary individuals. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study, matched for age and sex, was done in 30 apparently healthy trained athletes and 30 apparently healthy sedentary individuals. BMI, resting pulse, blood pressure and heart rate variability analysis was done and analysed statistically. Results: In trained athletes; parameters of heart rate variability RMSSD (Root Mean Sum of Square Difference), Low Frequency (LF) and High Frequency (HF) showed significant increase and Resting pulse rate and Diastolic blood pressure showed significant decrease as compared to sedentary individuals. Conclusion: Heart rate variability is increased in trained athletes than sedentary individuals.

246-249

Authors: Satyendra K. Prajapati, Balaji W. Ghugare, Mukesh R. Dinkar

Introduction: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) assess neuropathy in thyroid dysfunction. Entrapment neuropathies and general sensorimotor polyneuropathies are often diagnosed in these patients. F waves are usually prolonged in generalized and entrapment neuropathies. Hypothyroid patients often present with carpel tunnel syndrome. Objective: To evaluate and compare F wave study variables in hypothyroid patients with normal subjects. To assess neuropathies in hypothyroid patients, by using F-wave study as an independent test. Materials and Methods: 23 hypothyroid and 23 normal participants were selected according to selection criteria underwent F wave study. Variables like F wave minimum, maximum and mean latencies were obtained from control and cases. Data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 10.0 version. Unpaired t’test was used to evaluate significant difference between cases and controls if any. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: F wave study variables of 23 (twenty Three) hypothyroid cases were compared with 23 (twenty three) age and sex matched controls. Statistically significant difference (p value < 0.05) were observed between Median motor F wave minimum, maximum and mean latencies of control and cases. No significant difference was observed between Ulnar motor F wave minimum, maximum and mean latencies of control and cases (p value >0.05). Conclusion: Present study concluded that F wave study may be used as an independent electrodiagnostic (EDX) test to assess median neuropathy at wrist in hypothyroid cases with or without clinical neurodeficit.

254-259

Authors: Naresh Thanduri, Neha Rai, Sheema Nair, Vishal Bankwar

Introduction: For transcondylar approach, most relevant step during surgical process is the resection of OC. Also it is important to have knowledge about it relevant anatomy and its relation with hypoglossal canal. This helps to avoid any iatrogenic injury during craniovertebral surgeries. Aims: The present study helps us to understand the morphological and morphometric data of occipital condyles and its relation with hypoglossal canal and its importance in transcondylar approach. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 85 adult human dry skulls of unknown age and sex, obtained from Dept. of Anatomy, LNMC& JK hospital, Bhopal, India. Manual vernier calliper was used for the measurement. The length of the OC was measured. Also its shape was noted. In addition to all this, the different location of hypoglossal canal in relation to OC were assessed. Statistical Analysis: Mean and standard deviation of the parameters were analysed. Comparision was made of left and right side using unpaired t test and p value was calculated. Percentage of location of hypoglossal canal was calculated in relation with occipital condyles. Results: The mean of the length of occipital condyle on right side were found to be 21.24 mm and on left side 20.71 mm. The most common shape was quadrilateral type. The most common location of intracranial orifice of hypoglossal canal was located at location 4 and extracranial orifice was detected at location 3. Conclusion: All these parameters will be useful for performing various transcondylar surgical approaches and for reaching lesions in middle and posterior part of cranial base.

266-268

Authors: Suvarna A. Gulanikar, Savita Kadam, SmitaShinde, G. A. Shroff

Introduction: The important reason for progression of various glomerulopathies is variable Radial glomerular count [RGC]. There are few studies on the radial glomerular count. Therefore, we conduct this study, with an aim to contribute the knowledge of the human developing kidney by counting radial glomerular number. Materials and Methods: Thirty normal human fetuses of midgestational period [14 to 28 weeks] were selected for the study. The fetus should not have any congenital anomaly. The fetal kidney tissue slides were prepared and stained in hematoxylin and eosin. Then numbers of glomerular generations were counted and correlate the data with the different gestational groups. Results: The results showed that the average RGC is gradually increasing from 4 to 15 counts in mid gestational age. The results suggest significant statistical correlation between the period of gestation and the number of glomerular generations (Correlation coefficient value R2= 0.99). The fetal kidney weight and the number of glomerular generations in respective gestational age also shows definite statistical correlations. Conclusion: The present study concluded that gradually increasing average RGC can express human fetal kidney growth in intrauterine life. The histomorphologic assessment of RGC can be used as relatively better method of estimating gestational age. The observed growth tendencies of fetal glomerulus in human fetal life by RGC could be useful to assess the kidney maturity in the future.

274-277

Authors: Arun kumar M, Venkatesh D

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) of knee is the causes for chronic pain and disability which makes the patient seek regular treatment. The non-pharmacological mode of management is needed for such chronic conditions as long term use of medications can have serious adverse effects. Low level laser therapy is one of the modalities of treatment which is known to reduce pain, and improve the functions. Materials and Methods: The subjective assessment of pain and disability was done by using visual analog scale (VAS), Modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) for Indian Population and Severity index of Lequesne for Knee osteoarthritis. Such scores were compared before and after Low level laser therapy for duration of 3 months. Results: The average VAS score was 7.3 ± 0.73 and 4 ± 1.76 before and after 3 months of LLLT respectively which was statistically significant. (p =0.000). There was statistically significant difference in WOMAC index score and Severity index of Lequesne before and after 3 months of LLLT (p=0.000). Conclusion: LLLT produces a demonstrable reduction of pain, improvement in the mobility and reduction of stiffness in subjects with senile OA of knee.

281-285

Authors: Amit Tirpude, Prakash Mishra, Manisha Gaikwad, Praveen K. Ravi, Mantu Jain

Introduction: Human pelvis exhibits sacrotuberous, sacrospinous and transverse acetabular ligament performing the function of stabilisation of pelvis and hip joint respectively. The ossification of this ligaments has been reported solitary and rarely in composite. Materials and Methods: During undergraduate osteology teaching authors noticed a dry human male pelvis demonstrating compounded ossification of ligaments and bony distortions. Case Report: The left sacrotuberous ligament was partially ossified and demonstrated triangular anteroinferior and posterosuperior segments. The transverse acetabular ligament of right side was totally ossified and left was partially ossified. A bony mass was observed at the left ala of sacrum with fusion of pedicle and left lower part of body of fifth lumbar vertebra and ala of sacrum. Bilateral sharp bony spicules at iliopectineal lines and exostosis at bilateral iliac tuberosity was noticed. Conclusion: This exhibit brings out an unreported rare anatomical variant of bony pelvis, the knowledge of which will be of paramount importance to radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons.

289-290

Authors: Mahendra Lodha, Hemanshu Pande, Suresh kumar, Ashok Puranik

Ectopic liver is a very rare developmental anomaly of liver , it is rairly diagnosed preoperatively because of rairrity of condition and very scarcely produces any symtom,it is missed in radiology .we report a case of ectopic liver which was diagnosed intraoperatively on laparoscopy as a incidental finding while doing a right radical nephrectomy,it is not clear in literatur what is to be done for this incidentaly diagnosed normal ecctopic liver while doing other surgery. A brief review of its prevalance, embriology, diagnosis, and pathology which develop in ectopic liver will be disccused in this review.

1-4

Authors: Naveen S. Kotur, Anitha M. R., Vijayanath V., Ghansham Sharma.

Introduction: The way the young professional students are looking at their own profession is changing from the time of their admission to the course and at the time of their internship. In the recent past, the instances of students undergoing mental trauma are often being published. And the same mental attitude will have some of its impact in their future professional life. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was prepared with preambles and the questions mentioned in Beck’s Depression inventory. Medical college students who have passed their MBBS exam and doing their internship from different colleges were sent the questionnaire and 36 have responded completely. This was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The study sample has been categorized according to gender, schooling before joining the professional college, medium of study, parent’s occupation, family history and habits of the individual. Among these, family history and habits were found to be significantly affecting the depression. Conclusion: Students may be assessed and parents may be updated about their ward psychological condition in the initial days of professional course; so that any undue event may be prevented by appropriate measures.

9-12

Authors: Anjalee Govindrao Ovhal, Mohammad Mujahid Ansari, Ramakant Zargar.

Introduction: The different types of issues affect academic performance of freshly admitted first year M.B.B.S. students negatively. The importance of academic guidance has been recognized and counselling sessions were implemented to help out first year M.B.B.S. students to cope up with the lengthy and tough academic syllabus. Aims and objectives: To study the relationship and the effect of counselling method on the academic performance of first year M.B.B.S. students through students’ perceptions. Materials and Methods: Hundred second year freshly passed out M.B.B.S. students who underwent face to face individual interviews (counselling) with skilled faculty members of Department of Anatomy during their first M.B.B.S., were given questionnaires and the analysis was based on their feedback responses to the questions. Results: 1. 98% students reported that counselling helped in their study planning; 2. 98% students agreed that counselling augmented their theory performance; 3. 95% students agreed that counselling enhanced their practical performance; 4. 94% students reported that counselling helped to improve their presentation skills in theory and Practicals; 5. 97% students opined that counselling helped to enhance their performance in university exam. Conclusions: The individual counselling has a positive effect/impact on the academic performance of first year M.B.B.S. students.

17-19

Authors: Seema Prakash, Parveen Ojha2.

Plantaris muscle though a vestigial muscle and absent in 10% of cases still has a diagnostic and clinical importance e.g., of its being an isolated cause of tennis leg. This study was done on 50 lower limbs of 25 adult cadavers for morphology and prevalence of plantaris muscle in our region. We have observed absence of plantaris muscle in about 26% of limbs and both belly and tendon of the plantaris muscle had a wide variation in its length and width. In two of the limbs double head of origin of muscle was seen.

25-28

Authors: Ganesh T Waghmode, Vishal M. Salve, Anjali G. Gosavi.

Introduction: Defective closure of rostral pore of neural tube leads to anencephaly. Folic acid deficiency is most common cause anencephaly. In most of the cases of Anencephaly is associated with other systemic anomalies. Objectives: Aim of present study was to find out the incidence of anencephaly associated systemic anomalies and their correlation with maternal age, sex of the foetus. Materials and Methods: 32 anencephaly foetuses obtained from the Department of obstetrics and gynaecology Navodaya Medical College. The period of study was from January 2013 to December 2016. Results: Out of 32 cases, 25(78.12%) cases showed presence of systemic anomalies associated with anencephaly, 53.12% of the cases were observed in primigravida. Most common associated anomaly was spinabifida 28.12% followed by gastrointestinal anomalies 6.25%. Conclusion: Incidence of anencephaly associated anomalies is not uncommon; hence gross systemic examination of the anencephalic abortus is required to find out incidence of anencephaly associated anomalies.

33-36

Authors: Binod Kumar, Jyoti P. Kulkarni, Rajiv Sinha, Md. Akhtar Jawed, Avanish Kumar.

Introduction: Cadaver dissection is the backbone of Anatomy. With the increasing number of medical colleges in India there is severe scarcity of cadavers for dissection. The realistic experience of dissection is gradually being replaced by prosected dissection, virtual techniques and audio visual aids. As the medical science is progressing in leaps and bounds the transplant surgeries are achieving great success. However there is a tremendous gap between the recipients and the donars. This gap has to be bridged by the health care professionals. Hence it is important to educate them from their early training period and onwards. The aim of the present study was to find out the extent of awareness among newly admitted first year MBBS students regarding body donation and organ donation. Materials and Methods: After a brief introduction towards organ and body donation data collection was done based on a structured questionnaire and analysed. Result: 82.02% of students were aware of body and organ donation. 56.18% of students were aware that the organ donation was from living and cadaver both. 60.67% of students were self motivated towards willingness for organ and body donation and 50.56% of students were positive regarding promotion of organ and body donation. Conclusion: Education and motivation of health care providers towards organ donation and body donation will go a long way to minimise the scarcity in the field of organ transplant and cadaver procurement for dissection purpose.

42-46

Authors: Ritesh K. Shah, Sanjaykumar D Kanani, Bharat G Patel, Jayshree N Tolani.

Introduction and Objectives: Stature is a very useful indicator of a person’s physical identity. One of the main objective of forensic investigation is establishing the identity especially when body parts are missing or mutilated. Stature estimation is an important step in positive identification of a person’s identity and various body parameters can be used to correctly estimate the stature. The current study was aimed at developing regression equations and to find out correlation between stature and head length in Gujarati adolescent population. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in 150 apparently healthy, adolescent medical students from various regions of Gujarat, India. The age of subjects ranged between 18 to 22 years. Head length and stature of the selected subjects were measured in erect posture. Obtained data were analysed to find correlation and derive regression equations for estimation of stature from head length. Result: The mean stature and head length was significantly different in males and females. Both the mean stature and mean head length were higher in males than females. Pearson’s correlation between stature and head length was significantly positive in both the sexes. We were also able to derive linear regression equations to correctly predict stature from the head length. Conclusion: Significant positive correlation was found between stature and head length in the present study. We also present the gender specific regression equation models in order to estimate the stature from the head length in Gujarati adolescent population.

52-57

Authors: V. Suganthi, S.Anu, V. Mathava kumar, K. Rekha.

Introduction: Specific nostril breathing techniques are known to influence the autonomic function. Various studies have recorded that Right nostril breathing (RNB) exercises stimulate sympathetic activity and left nostril breathing (LNB) exercises stimulate parasympathetic activity. The present study was done to find out whether this is true by observing the immediate effect of specific nostril breathing on Visual Reaction Time (VRT) and Auditory Reaction Time (ART) of the same individual before and after training. Aim and Objectives: 1. To assess the immediate effect of RNB & LNB on VRT and ART. 2. To compare the immediate effect of RNB &LNB on VRT & ART. 3. To assess the Gender difference in the RNB & LNB on VRT & ART. Materials and Methods: 40 MBBS students in the age group of 18-20 years were randomly selected. Group A (n=20) consisted of male and Group B (n=20) consisted of female volunteers. Subjects were taught breathing exercises on the first day and after 30 minutes of RNB, VRT & ART and again after 30 minutes of LNB, VRT & ART were recorded. Results: A significant reduction in ART& VRT and a significant increase in ART& VRT were seen after RNB & LNB exercises .No significant gender difference was observed on reaction time. Conclusion: RNB stimulates sympathetic activity and LNB stimulates parasympathetic activity. ART is faster than VRT and no difference in reaction times between males and females were found after immediate breathing exercises.

62-68

Authors: Meena Agarwal, Jagdish Hundekari.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of septal lesion on sexual behavior, sperm count and testicular morphology in male albino rats. 24 adult sexually experienced male Haffkine albino rats, aged between 90-120 days and weighing between 200 – 250 grams were selected for the study. They were divided into three groups Group I (n=8) as controls, Group II (n-8) were sham operated and Group III (n=8) were septal lesioned. The components of male sexual behavior are pursuit, mount, intromission and ejaculation. The latencies of different components of male sexual behavior were recorded by using separate stop watches for each of the parameters studied. Simultaneously frequencies of the different components of sexual behavior was also recorded in 10 minutes. The occurrence of each pursuit, mount, intromission and ejaculation was scored according to classical criteria. Testicular morphology and sperm count was estimated The results indicate that septal lesions are effective in suppressing the sexual behavior in rats as indicated by increase in pursuit, mount, intromission and ejaculation latencies (P<0.01) and shows significant decrease in intromission and ejaculation frequency (p<0.01) , decrease in sex drive (0.01) but no change in pursuit and mount frequency. There is statistically significant decrease in testicular weight in septally lesioned rats as compared to control and sham group. The sperm count is markedly reduced (p<0.01) in septally lesioned rat as compared to control and sham group. The present study shows that the bilateral lesion of the septal nuclei decreases the sexual behavior in male rats. The bilateral septal lesion also alters the testicular weight and morphology along with decrease in sperm count. This indicates that septal nuclei control the functions of reproductive organ in male rats. It would be worthwhile to estimate testosterone levels in male rats following septal lesions to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of septal lesion.

73-76

Authors: Subodh Pandey.

Introduction: Very often patients who have epilepsy also develop psychiatric illnesses, most commonly either depression or anxiety or both. The current study was conducted with the objective to determine the correlation between severity of seizures and anxiety symptoms in patients having epilepsy. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study. The cases were subjects diagnosed with epilepsy and controls were attendants of other patients who came to the out-patient departments of Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal. A total of 45 cases and 45 sex and age-matched controls were included in the study. The severity of seizures was assessed by the National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale questionnaire. The level of anxiety was assessed both among cases and controls using the Indian version of Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Developed by D. Sinha in 1961. Results: 91% of the control group showed normal anxiety score and 44.4 % of epileptics were categorised as having normal anxiety score. Only 13.3% of cases reported having very high anxiety score. We observed that the mean anxiety scores of epileptic patients and controls differed very significantly (p < 0.001). The anxiety scores among epileptics showed a positive correlation (R2 = 0.49) with seizure severity scores. Conclusions: There was a correlation between seizure severity level with the arising anxiety symptoms.

81-84

Authors: N. Pratheepa Sivasankari, S. Sundarapandian, E Sakthivel.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to find out the nuclear abnormalities like Micronuclei in the oral mucosa of the formalin exposed individuals in the department of anatomy. This MN Aaasy is an inexpensive method. Materials and Methods: Faculties and staffs working in the department of anatomy and the first-year students were included in this study. Study sample consists of 50 subjects and was divided into 5 groups according the years of exposure. By scraping with the wooden spatula in the buccal mucosa Oral squamous cells were collected and smeared on the slides. The smeared slides were fixed with methanol glutaraldehyde fixative and stained with giemsa, maygrunwald stain. After airdrying 1000 cells were screened for Micronucleus (MN). Results: Micronuclei frequency was more in the group who had more than 15 years of formalin exposure. The mean MN count was 9.60 and it was statistically significant when compared to other groups. Conclusion: Micronucleus Assay is the most simple, feasible, inexpensive method to find out the nuclear abnormalities at an early stage in the formalin exposed individuals.

91-96

Authors: Meera Dattani, Seema Tanaji Methre, Tanaji Sambhaji Methre.

Introduction: Approximately 7 million people die every year worldwide due to the deleterious effects of high blood pressure. Increased body weight is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and their association has been the subject of many studies. The present study was undertaken to examine the presence of obesity on the basis of BMI and to see how different parameters relate with the blood pressure readings in healthy individuals. The parameters measured included body mass index, waist to hip ratio, percentage of total body fat and waist circumference. The correlation of theses parameters with the high blood pressure was studied. We aimed to find out the parameter that would relate more closely to the high blood pressure readings. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional non-interventional study was conducted after the approval of the ethical committee of the institute. Two hundred subjects of age group 18-20 years were included in the study. Correlation analysis was done using Primer of Biostatistics version 7software. Results: A total of 80 males and 120 females took part in the study. The mean age was 18.18 years for males and 18.7 years for females. SBP showed positive and statistically significant correlation with height (r=0.5), weight (r=0.5), WC (r=0.3), WHR (r=0.22). DBP showed positive and statistically significant correlation with weight (r=0.3), BF% (r=0.26) and BMI (r=0.24). Conclusion: Obesity and high BP are positively correlated. Waist circumference can be better predictor of obesity related risk than waist hip ratio, body mass index and body fat percentage.

104-106

Authors: Sunetra Sarma, L. Suresh Roy, Prakash Chandra Bhardwaj, Tyngshainlang Sutnga.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important public health problem, where patients do not present with any pulmonary complaints because of large vascular and ventilatory reserve. As obesity is regarded as one of the risk factors leading to diabetes, the present study will try to determine the effect of body mass index (BMI) on pulmonary system. Aim: The present study is aimed to find out the effect of BMI on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) among diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken in the departments of Physiology and Medicine to determine the effect of BMI on PFTs. Thirty (30) known diabetic patients were recruited from medicine OPD on the basis of guidelines according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) and they were divided into two groups based on their BMI. PFTs were performed using computerized spirometer. Data were entered and analyzed using independent student’s t-test. Results: Patients with higher BMI have reduced values of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1st sec (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, Forced Expiratory Flow in between 25%-75% (FEF25-75%) compared to those with lower BMI, whereas with higher BMI, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) was increased. The differences in FEV1, PEFR and FEF25%-75% values among the two groups were found to be significant (p-values are 0.003, 0.05 and 0.026 respectively). Conclusion: Increased BMI can have detrimental effects on pulmonary functions among diabetics. So, early awareness about body weight and prevention strategy would be important steps towards making a diabetes free nation.

112-115

Authors: Usharani. M.

Introduction: In the neonatal period one of the frequently faced problems is jaundice .The American Academy of Paediatrics has published a set of practice parameters for the treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term infants. We follow the guidelines published by the American Academy of Paediatrics. In current practice if the bilirubin reaches a level that would require phototherapy and if it is predicted to raise we will start phototherapy. A major role is being played by phototherapy in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. This management method may result in inherent complications. In this study level of serum sodium study is estimated in full term neonates those who are receiving phototherapy for jaundice. Aim and Objective: To determine the level serum sodium and to compare the levels before and after phototherapy in full-term hyperbilirubinemic neonates. Methods: We started the study after obtaining approval from Ethical Committee. From the neonate’s mother informed consent and written consent has been attained after explaining about the study. The medical history of the neonate is obtained from the neonate’s mother. General examination and systemic examination of the neonate are carried out. A prospective study has been performed on 30 full-term jaundiced neonates. Neonates included in the study are 15 males and 15 females who have been receiving phototherapy for jaundice. We excluded neonates having risk factors from this study. Laboratory tests which are performed includes estimation of total serum bilirubin by Diazo method and estimation of serum sodium level by Ion selective electrode analyser method. These tests are being carried out prior to the commencement and following forty eight hours of initialising phototherapy. Blood samples taken from the newborn babies before the commencement of phototherapy in which serum levels of sodium and bilirubin are assessed is regarded as control group. Blood samples taken from the neonates 48 hours following establishment of phototherapy in which serum levels of sodium and bilirubin are determined is regarded as study group. Results: Paired t test has been used for making analysis of statistics of the levels of sodium and bilirubin in serum. Forty eight hours following the commencement of phototherapy, there is a considerable reduction in levels of serum bilirubin which is being significant. No significant change is found in serum sodium levels. Serum sodium before phototherapy has been 141.44 ±1.75 mEq /L and forty eight hours after initialising phototherapy it has been 140.54 ±1.59 mEq /L. Conclusion: Though our study shows no significant alteration in levels of serum sodium in term infants exposed to phototherapy appropriate monitoring of electrolytes subsequent to phototherapy is suggested. Accordingly we can avoid dyselectrolytemia and its related complications.

120-123

Authors: Deepmala Nagorao Deore, Yogesh Balasaheb Gavali.

Introduction: Many of the students admitted in Indian medical colleges have had school education in vernacular medium. There exists a general opinion that such students find it difficult to cope up with medical academics in English medium as they think in one language and study in another. This study was carried out to find whether such language barrier affects their professional performance. Materials and Methods: This multi-centric retrospective observational study was carried out in 274 medical students from four government medical colleges in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The medium of instruction during their school education was recorded from their 10th standard mark-sheets. The marks of final year MBBS were obtained from their academic record in academic section of the colleges. The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Result: There was statistically no significant difference of professional performance among the medical students with different media of instruction in their school education (P=0.1149). Conclusion: Medium of instruction of school education doesn’t have any significant effect on professional performance of medical students.

129-133

Authors: D. N. Sinha.

Learning Anatomy is more important for the understanding of Medical Science & more for the contribution in basic research1. An individual history could give a status & method which were prevalent during those day when computer was not available. Anatomical knowledge was greatly advanced & extensive publication were made during those days.

138-143

Authors: Priyadarshni D., Ambarish V..

Introduction: Nighttime blood pressure is lower compared to that of daytime. Reduction in this blood pressure is a physiological phenomenon. Nighttime blood pressure is a better predictor of outcome than daytime pressure with respect to cardiovascular events. Visceral fat has been shown to be associated with various aspects of blood pressure. Aim: To assess the effect of visceral fat on nighttime blood pressure in normal individuals. Materials and Methods: This study included 20 subjects. Visceral fat was measured and ambulatory blood pressure was recorded from 10 pm to 2 hours after waking up for a minimum of 8 hours. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 17. Pearson’s correlation was used to find the correlation between visceral fat and other parameters. p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: There were 20 subjects, 15 females, 5 males. Pearson’s correlation shows a significant positive correlation between visceral fat and average nighttime systolic blood pressure (r=0.747, p=<0.001), visceral fat and average diastolic blood pressure (r=0.598, p =<0.005), visceral fat and average mean arterial pressure (r=0.673, p = <0.001) Conclusion: This study showed that visceral fat is significantly associated with nighttime blood pressure which has a prognostic significance.

146-149

Authors: Sarah Ramamurthy, Aravindhan Karuppusamy, Latha Chaturvedula.

Turner syndrome is a pan-ethnic congential disorder caused by the partial or complete absence of one of the X chromosomes in females. Development of secondary sexual characteristics or menarche or spontaneous conception in Turner syndrome requires hormonal replacement therapy. Only a very few cases have been documented with spontaneous menarche with Turner syndrome. In this report, we are presenting a case of Turner syndrome, along with thyroid dysfunction who had spontaneous menarche.