Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

117-121

Authors: Dayananda G, Thejaswini KO, Ruthvik S Murthy, Srinivasa R

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a globally present metabolic syndrome characterized by macro vascular and micro vascular damage. Commonest micro vascular complication is diabetic retinopathy (DR) which can cause visual impairment and sometimes also lead to blindness. It is observed that even before the onset of the micro vascular lesions of DR, the neural retina of the diabetic eye undergoes subtle functional changes, like the color vision. Electro physiologic techniques have served to detect early neuroretinal functional changes that occur in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The color pattern reversal visual evoked potential (Color PRVEP) is a useful electro physiologic indicator of early color vision changes in DM. Materials and Methods: The cross sectional case control study consisted of 30 subjects, 15 as Cases with newly diagnosed T2DM in the age group 35 to 40 years and 15 age and sex matched subjects without T2DM as Controls. PRVEP and color PRVEP were recorded from all subjects and the HbA1c was determined. An informed written consent to participate in the study was taken from the subjects. There was no financial burden on the subjects. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. All the quantitative data such as age, latency, duration of the diseases, HbA1c, P wave latency and amplitude were summarized and statistically analyzed. Results: The basic characteristics with respect to age did not show any significant difference between the diabetics as compared to non diabetics (p<0.05). The HbA1c of diabetics was significantly increased as compared to non diabetics (p<0.05). The P100 latency after PRVEP and color PRVEP was significantly delayed (increased) in diabetics as compared to non diabetics (p<0.05). Pearson Correlation of HbA1c with P100 latencies in diabetics was statistically significant for Black / White PRVEP (p<0.05). Conclusions: There is a delayed P100 latency observed in T2DM as compared to non diabetics. This delay could be of various possibilities and importantly due to demyelination which is the mainframe of the abnormal PRVEP. HbA1c does not correlate well with the PRVEP parameters in these newly detected diabetics. This warrants the possibilities of worsening scenario in long standing, chronic diabetes.

126-130

Authors: N. Neelambikai, M. Sowmya

Background and Aim: Ratio between the index and ring fingers (2D:4D) is an indirect evidence of prenatal androgen exposure. Neck circumference (NC), is a simple screening measure reported to be positively correlated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The current study aims to analyse whether there is a correlation between NC and intra uterine testosterone exposure by using digit ratio as proxy marker. Method: The study population consisted of 150 healthy volunteers in the age group of 18 – 35 years. After eliciting a detailed socio-demographic history from all the subjects, their digit ratio, neck circumference, height and weight were recorded. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between 2D:4D and NC. Confounding effects of body weight were removed by calculating partial correlations. Results: There was a positive correlation between digit ratio and neck circumference which was significant in males (p<0.05) but not in females (p>0.05). Conclusion: There exists a possibility that prenatal testosterone exposure is protective against CHD and digit ratio can be considered as an earlier, simple and cost effective method to predict the risk of CHD.

135-139

Authors: Nitixa P. Patel, Deepa S.Gupta, Nisha D. Parmar

Background: Atlas, an atypical 1st cervical vertebra bears anterior and posterior arch. The superior surface of posterior arch presents groove for vertebral artery. Sometimes bony out growth extending from superior articular process to the posterior arch is known as ponticle which may cause external pressure on the vertebral artery when latter passes from foramen transversarium to foramen magnum of the skull. Aim: The study was to find out an incidence of atlas ponticles (bridges) for its clinical and surgical significance. Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 dried macerated atlas vertebrae of unknown age and sex were collected from department of anatomy of medical colleges of South Gujarat and examined for presence of ponticles. Results: Out of 50 atlas vertebrae, total 11 (22%) bones presented with ponticles of which incidence of posterior ponticle was seen in 10 (20%) cases and lateral ponticle in 1 (2%) case. Total incidence of complete and incomplete variety was noted in 5 (10%) and 6 (12%) cases respectively. Incidence of bilateral ponticle was observed in 2 (4%) while unilateral in 9 (18%) vertebrae of which 5 (10%) right sided and 4 (8%) left sided. Conclusion: The presence of ponticles may reduce the cross sectional area of vertebral artery, compromising its blood flow resulting in vertebro-basilar insufficiency which may lead to various types of neurological symptoms like dizziness, fainting, transient diplopia and vertigo.

145-147

Authors: P.K. Sankaran, M.Kumaresan, G. Karthikeyan, Yuvaraj M

Background Significance: The pseudounipolar neurons in the sensory ganglia are wrapped by small satellite cells which play a similar role like Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. The pseudounipolar cells of trigeminal ganglion are surrounded by a capsule formed by satellite glial cells. These satellite glial cells play important role in maintaining normal functions of the neuron. Aim & Objective: To localise GFAP in satellite glial cells of trigeminal ganglion. Material & Methods: Six male wistar albino rats trigeminal ganglion were collected and immunohistochemically stained for GFAP in six male wistar albino rats. Result: GFAP was localised in the cytoplasm of satellite glial cells surrounding the neurons. GFAP was also localised around Schwaan cells of an axon. Discussion: GFAP is an intermediate protein which can get up regulated due to peripheral axonal injury. This GFAP can trigger mediators of inflammation and create a neuralgia or migraine like conditions. Conclusion: This study concluded that satellite cells are type of glial cells that express GFAP. This GFAP was also expressed by Schwaan cells surrounding the axon.

154-156

Authors: Praveen Chouhan, Anjana Mathur, Ranjana Bardjatiya, Mohd. Amaan

Background: Variety of metric and non-metric measurements access the ethnic and sex differences of skull. The non-ethnic measurements are more subjective, and the actual measurements like cephalic indices provide a metric recording of size, proportions of cranial features. Cephalic indices play a crucial role in comparison of cephalic morphometry between parents, offspring and siblings and provide information on inheritance pattern. Material & Method: The present study was performed on 100 females Muslim students of higher school & medical college of 18-23 year age groups, anthropometric points were measured by using spreading, sliding caliper. Result: The present study showed the head of Muslim females is monocephalic. Conclusion: Data is utmost important in forensic medicine, anthropology and in genetics.

162-163

Authors: Gokul Krishna Reddy Nune, Smruti Rekha Mohanty, Minati Patra, S. Ch. Mohapatra, L. P. Tripathy

The Atlas/1st cervical vertebra doesn’t have a body in the normal circumstances and its body represented by odontoid process of the Axis/2nd cervical vertebra, 1,2,3,4,5 here we present a case report of an atlas vertebra with the odontoid process used to it forming the centrum/body& also the transverse ligament has been ossified, this variation can be congenital/acquired and knowledge of this variation important during cervical spine surgeries, interpretation of skiagrams by radiologists. 1,2,3