JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY AND THERAPEUTICS

1-5

Authors: Md. Rageeb Md. Usman, Koli Deepak Ramdas, Kiran D. Baviskar

The majority of the farmers are unaware of pesticide types, a level of poisoning, safety precautions and potential hazards on health and environment. According to the latest estimate, the annual import of pesticides in Nepal is about 211t a.i. with 29.19% insecticides, 61.38% fungicides, 7.43% herbicides and 2% others. The gross sale value accounts the US $ 3.05 million per year. Average pesticides use in Nepal is 142 g a.i./ha, which is very low as compared to other Asian countries. Pesticidal misuse is being a serious concern mainly in the commercial pocket areas of agricultural production, where farmers are suffering from environmental pollution. An incidence of poisoning is also increasing because of intentional, incidental and occupational exposure. Toxic and environmentally persistent chemicals are being used as pesticides. Many studies showed that the chemical pollution of the environment has long-term effects on human life. It is therefore essential that manufacture, use, storage, transport and disposal of chemical pesticides be strictly regulated.

12-19

Authors: Preet Amol Singh, Neha Bajwa

A long cycle of adaptation is going on in the ecosystem either it is a human being who adapted or a plant. Recently carnivorous plants have taken the stage of adaptation. By not getting photosynthesis and nitrogen from the environment noncarnivorous plant has adapted to carnivorous species. Researchers have discovered thousands of new species of carnivorous plants. Recently the social network photographs have revealed the third largest species of Droserea family that is Droserea magnifica. In this article, we have discussed Droserea magnifica, its discovery, habitat and its future prospects in relation to its phytochemistry and pharmacology.

34-37

Authors: Sanjoy Kumar Mukharjee, Iqbal Mahmud, Shajida Akter, Shakaout Hossain

Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide public health concern now and only proper knowledge and practices can solve the problem. This study was aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use among the University students who study Microbiology. In January- February 2017, a cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 266 students of the Microbiology department at the Noakhali Science and Technology University in Bangladesh. Students of all the academic years (first year to masters) took part in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was provided during regular lectures. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics of participants and 25 questions about their knowledge, attitude and actual practices about antibiotic use. Collected data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). In a case of knowledge, 23.7% of the respondents stated that antibiotics are appropriate for viral infections, 48.9% think that antibiotics can speed up the recovery of cold and cough and 45.9% provided a positive response regarding the better efficacy of newer and costly antibiotics. Overall attitude towards antibiotic resistance is good among total students (87.6% -100%). Student’s practices regarding proper antibiotic use (63.5%-84.6%) is poor than their knowledge and attitude. About half (52.26%) of the students took antibiotic last year and of them, 75.5% took those antibiotics through the professional doctor’s prescription. A high proportion of the study participants (36.5%) mentioned that they usually take antibiotic for fever and 31.6% said they started an antibiotic therapy after a simple doctor call or without a proper medical examination. Students of the Microbiology department in Noakhali Science and Technology University have a fair knowledge and attitude about antibiotic usage but their practices of antibiotic usage need to be improved. As these Students are the future contributor of the health sector in Bangladesh, their proper knowledge and practices are highly expected.

41-50

Authors: Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo, Surepalli Ram Mohan Rao, Muvvala Sudhakar

The present study deals with the development and evaluation of controlled porosity osmotic pump (CPOP) tablets of zidovudine-lamivudine. Wet granulation method was used for the development of core tablets. Core tablets were incorporated with HPMCE5 LV polymer, different concentrations of fructose as osmogen and additives. The CPOP tablets were coated with cellulose acetate as a wall forming material, polyethylene glycol as flux regulating agent, and sorbitol acts as pore forming material in SPM. The formulated tablets were evaluated for FTIR, DSC, pre-compression parameters, post compression parameters, in vitro drug release study and scanning electron microscopy study. The optimized formulation had no significant effect on the pH and agitation intensity, but depends on the osmotic pressure of dissolution media indicated that mechanism of drug release. SEM images revealed that no pores were found before dissolution and after dissolution had shown the porous nature of the membrane. Short term stability study at 40±2ºC /75±5% RH for the months on the CF4 formulation indicated that there was no significant change weight variation, % friability, drug content and in vitro drug release.

59-65

Authors: Pankaj V Dangre, Vijay D Fating, Seema B Wakodkar, Mangesh D Godbole

Stevioside is a non-caloric sweetener and used as the alternative to sugar in many countries. It has been reported to have promising antidiabetic activity. In the present investigation, we have developed a multi-particulate system of stevioside consisting of nonpareil pellets for antidiabetic patients. The drug loading on pellets was performed by solvent evaporation and suspension layering method. The loaded pellets were evaluated for yield (%), drug loading efficiency (%), flow properties and in-vitro dissolution study. The stevioside loaded pellets (STL 4) showed yields (92.36%), drug loading efficiency (86.60%), friability (0.74%), drug release (98.31%) within 60 min and good flow properties. The in vivo study indicates the significant reduction in blood glucose levels in alloxan induced diabetic rats after administration of stevioside loaded formulation (STL 4). The developed formulation of stevioside pellets can find its dual applications as a sugar substitute having the potential anti-hyperglycemic effect which can be given easily and safely to the diabetic patients.

69-72

Authors: Pankaj Singh Niranjan, Chandrul Kaushal, S. K. Jain

This research was performed to characterize the hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Polypodium decumanum leaves in alloxanized diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract of Polypodium decumanum leaves was administered orally at different doses (250 and 500 mg kg‐1) to normal rats. The dose of 500 mg kg‐1 was found to be more effective dose in oral route and it decreases Blood Glucose Level (BGL) by 22.2 % in normal healthy rats after 14 days of administration. After daily treatment with the both dose (250 and 500 mg kg‐1) of ethanolic Polypodium decumanum extract for 21 days to severely Diabetic (FBG 300‐350 mg dL‐1) rats, the BGL reduced to 128.2 mg dL‐1 by 250 mg kg‐1 and 111 mg dL‐1 by 500 mg kg‐1. The findings of our study indicate the hypoglycemic and potential antihyperglycemic nature of the extract. It is not similar effective when compared with the standard drug Glibenclamide, but quite effective in reducing BGL. It reduces blood glucose level up to 194.1, 119.4, 111 mg dL‐1 at successive days of 7, 14, 21, at the dose of 500 mg kg‐1 in rats compare with the standard drug which reduces blood glucose level up to 256.6, 140.7, 101.2 mg dL‐1. We found that the ethanolic extract of plant Polypodium decumanum leaves is only 10 % less effective in reducing the BGL compare to standard drug (Glibenclamide).

78-81

Authors: Suneel Kumar Niranjan, Chandrul Kaushal, S K Jain

The present study was carried out to evaluate the optimum Production of Rifamycin B by using fed- batch mode in the shake flask at the defenit level of different agitation and aeration rate, amongst different carbohydrate in the form of monoshacride. Amongst the various carbohydrate (Arabinose, Fructose, Galactose, Glucose, Glycerol, Maltose, Mannitol, Sorbitol, and Sucrose) sources maximum, the rifamycin (578 µgml-1) with 10% glucose level was found as compared to control which was (138 ± 2.70µgml-1).The environmental factors such as incubation temperature. The optimum temperature for maximum antibiotic production (525µgml-1) was found to be 29°C, initial pH, aeration and agitation rates were also optimized. The optimum rifamycin yield (950 to 1100µgml-1) was obtained in 1.0 L fermenter with working volume of 1.5 L at 28 °C with initial pH of 6.2 to 6.5. The agitation and aeration were 300 rpm and 0.5 LL-1 min-1respectively.

97-102

Authors: Adane Teshome Kefale, Beza Dereje Tefera, Tessema Tsehay Biru

Background: Drugs have become one of an essential component of health care systems worldwide. However, there is a concern for their safety. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is common during usual clinical practice and it is associated with increased morbidity, hospitalization and mortality. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of health care professionals (HCPs) towards ADRs reporting at inpatient wards of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 HCPs at the inpatient wards of TASH. The data required for the present study was collected using self-administered structured questionnaire and samples were selected through both stratified and systematic random sampling methods, where the type of profession was used as a stratum. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.00 for the window. Results: Of 280 HCPs to whom the questionnaire initially administered, 213 respondents filled and returned the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 76.1%, and were included in the analysis. The study revealed that 78.9% and 47.9% of HCPs have poor knowledge and negative attitude towards ADR reporting respectively. Among respondents, 38% of HCPs encountered patient with ADR, 90.2% of them reported the ADR they encountered, of them only 10.8% were reported to Ethiopian food, medicine, and health care administration and control authority, a regulatory body for receiving and monitoring ADR throughout the country. Conclusion: HCPs in TASH had poor knowledge, attitude and practice towards ADRs reporting. The hospital should devise strategies to enhance detection and reporting of ADRs.

110-119

Authors: Ramesh Yerikala, Venkata Prasad Pudi, K Saravanakumar, Sireesha Vadhireddy

The cefotaxime is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. It is mainly used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Cefotaxime is a suitable candidate for controlled release administration due to its short elimination time 1 hour. The main aim of the present investigation is to increase the gastric residence time by preparing floating drug delivery by using raft forming approach thereby improving bioavailability. The prepared Cefotaxime floating drug delivery by using raft forming approach were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, thickness, friability, drug content uniformity, total floating time, In-vitro dissolution studies and buoyancy lag time. Floating tablets were formulated using direct compression technique. Various polymers are used in the formulation they Microcrystalline cellulose used as binder, HPMC K15M, Guargum used as hydrophilic polymers, Chitosan, Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as an effervescent substance, Sodium alginate used as viscous gel forming agent, Magnesium streate used as lubrication, talc was used as diluent. The formulated Cefotaxime tablet to be evaluated the following parameters as follow Weight variation (mg), Hardness, Thickness, Friability, Drug content uniformity, Floating lag time, the in vitro cumulative amount of drug released was shown the F7 is 99.28% within 45 minutes the comparative studies with marketed formulations F7 show the better results.

125-128

Authors: Azra Shaikh, Ankit Agrawal, Neetesh K Jain, Mahesh Kumar Gupta

An attempt has been made to formulate new chewing gum for Dolasetron. The new drug delivery system was obtained, at room temperature conventional pharmaceutical equipment. The resulting chewing gum comprises a gum core combined with fillers, antioxidants, coloring agent and plasticizers, which provide smooth appearance and flexibility during storage and chewing. Drug release from a dosage form is the critical step in drug absorption and bioavailability, thus an experimental work has been designed to evaluate the efficiency of this kind of therapeutic system by verifying its capability to release the drug dose and by assessing the delivery of Dolasetron for bypassing the hepatic first pass effect. Simple diffusion into the medium causes the release of only a small percentage of the drug contained in the medicated chewing gum, while the delivery of the major part of the dose occurs during mastication. In the present study, an attempt has been made to formulate the chewing gum of Dolasetron. Different formulations of chewing gum with varying concentration of plasticizers like glycerol and castor oil were formulated. MCG II formulation was considered to be the best-optimized formula which consists of synthetic gum base (45%), Sorbitol (14.6%), sucrose (46%) etc. which shows first slow release the fast release in the phosphate buffer saline (ph 6.8). The cumulative drug release of MCG II formulation was found to be 99.43 %. From this study, we can conclude that the medicated chewing formulation can be a better choice in the coming years which provides several benefits and also benefits commercially.

137-141

Authors: Shanmugam Shanmugam, Rakesh Kumar Jat

The DM patients glucose level alteration results indicated to some extent increased Glucose level with DM ( 19.1 ± 0.0 ), Type-I DM ( 74.5 ± 2.74 ), T-II DM ( 173.5 ± 6.85 ) when compared to regular well-fit volunteer ( 125.7 ± 2.73 ) & 40-50 years age groups of the patients were higher prevalence of DM ( 553 Numbers & 36.9 % ). Non Vegetarian are exaggerated more numbers & percentage of DM (542 Numbers & 36.1 %) when compare to Vegetarian (958 Numbers & 63.9 %) & also prominently affected DM with professional workers (540 Numbers & 36 %). Comparatively, 80-100 Kgs body weight of DM patient’s prevalence increased in Coimbatore zone. The results of collected blood samples were expressed in the form of TCH levels DM + inflammation ( 35.1 ± 0.484↑), subsequent to drugs taken potassium levels DM associated diseases such as hypertension ( 0.590 ± 0.02543↑ ), PTP levels exposed that the DM + hyperlipidemic ( 1 ± 0.0296↑ ), myocardial infarctions ( 16.94 ± 0.4321↑ ) patients SGOT levels, sodium levels DM linked diseases such as DM + bradycardia ( 7.2 ± 0.2453↑ ), DM + congestive heart failure ( 980 ± 0.61 ↑ ) numbers of WBC, ( 12.6 ± 1.882 ) were HB elevated more, HDL variability results have shown DM + hyperlipidemic ( 0.78 ± 1.4252↓ ), RBC count indicated DM + inflammation ( 0.269 ± 0.08105↓ ), have shown DM & associated diseases patients after the drugs taken LDL levels for hypertension ( 33.8 ± 3.291↓ ) & subsequent to the drugs taken DM + inflammation ( 1.65 ± 0.0032↓ ).