INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH

1-5

Authors: Christopher L Materu , Essau W. Losujaki

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) is one of the important crop in East Africa as a source of food, income and export. Occurrence of different pest including indigenous and alien in tomato fields are considered as a major threat pests to tomato growers. Worldwide pest problems in horticultural investment need to be considered carefully as their presence increase cost of production. Despite of this information in Tanzania there has been little research to update pest list infesting our tomatoes. The study was conducted in Morogoro region in Kauzeni and Bigwa wards whereby farmers grow different varieties of tomatoes. Farmers spray different fungicides and pesticides twice per week to manage different pests. The selected fields were located at S 04˚47ʹ41.7ʹʹ, E 038˚13ʹ11.8ʹʹ and S 06˚53ʹ38.3ʹʹ, E 037˚36ʹ07.4ʹʹ Random sampling using “W” Pattern was used to get representation of the fields. Occurrence of pest population was estimated from ten plants during 2018/19, searching from young, middle and older leaves. Insect specimens were collected using fine forceps, aspirators, and preserved in ethanol 70% for laboratory identification. The results showed no aphids were detected from frequent sprayed tomato fields, other pests observed include the white flies with mean (57) individuals per plant, followed by leaf miner (70) and the highest number was thrips representing (107) Mean population comparison showed a significant differences P< 0.005. Understanding occurrence of different pests in tomato growing areas could assist in planning sustainable Integrated Pest Management programme in tomato growing areas.

22-29

Authors: Wordu G. O. , Wachukwu- Chikodi H. I.

Hypertension is the commonest non communicable disease affecting both adolescents and adults. Its origin is in childhood, but information on its prevalence and associated risk factors in adolescents are scarce. This study assessed the prevalence of High blood pressure and associated risk factors on an adolescents in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive study of 150 respondents selected using a multistage sampling technique from secondary schools in Port Harcourt. Height, weight and blood pressure (BP) of the respondents were measured, while body mass index (BMI) were calculated using standard methods. Hypertension, overweight and obesity were recorded high among participants. About 22%, 28.8% and 34.7% were in the categories of prehypertension, stage by hypertension and stage 2 hypertension respectively. A total of 36.16% were overweight and 9.3% obsessed. This study demonstrated high prevalence of hypertension overweight and obesity among the adolescents in Port Harcourt other intervention to promote healthy eating habits and life styles, especially among high risk groups are suggested. Similar studies should be conducted in a rural setting.

39-47

Authors: Fenky Marsandi , Hermansah , Agustian , Syafrimen Yasin

Land type changes in the super wet tropical rain forest area caused fluctuations in the diversity of soil fauna which caused disruption of ecosystem balance. This research was conducted for four months, in November 2017-February 2018. Data on soil fauna was taken using pitfall traps and hand sorting. Furthermore, the soil fauna data obtained were identified and calculated the value of the diversity index, evenness and dominance on each type of land for four months. The results showed that forests had a high diversity index of soil fauna, which were 3,134, 3,313 and 3,314 in the first to the third month. While in the 4th month the forest diversity index decreased to 2,981. In open land, the soil fauna diversity index value is moderate, which is 2.631, 2.998, 2.782 and the diversity index increases in the fourth month, is 3.084. Mixed gardens have a value of the fauna diversity index of 2,728, 3,113, 2,870 and increased in the fourth month of 3,084. Whereas monoculture gardens have diversity index values of 2,527, 3,214, 2,935 and 2,927. Changes in land types of super wet tropical rainforests have an effect on changes in the level of diversity of soil fauna and not always these changes reduce the level of diversity of soil fauna.

58-60

Authors: Yan Leyfman

Wernicke Encephalopathy is an acute neuropsychiatric condition, characterized by confusion, nystagmus, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia, resulting from thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, typically secondary to alcohol abuse. Failure to properly diagnose, which occurs in 80% of the time, can result in gradual progression to irreversible Korsakoff Syndrome, characterized by irreversible personality changes, and anterograde and retrograde amnesia. The present case report seeks to highlight this patient’s chronology to Korsakoff Syndrome and our attempted interventions.

70-78

Authors: Syed Tallataf Hussain Shah , Mohsin Tariq , Nangyal Ghani Khan , Faizan-ur-Rehman Qaiser , Arsalan Iftikhar , Ammar Farid , Shah Naseer

Chromite is an important source for the manufacturing of stainless steel, nichrome, paint, and chemicals industries and has wide industrial utilization. In Pakistan, the chromite deposits are mostly associated with the ophiolitic sequence resulting as an outpouring of molten material in the fractured zones of the Indian plate and the Neo-Tethys Ocean through the Cretaceous era. The discovery and documentation of chromite in Pakistan is traveling back to 1960s, but unfortunately, most of the reports are lacking authentication in reserve estimation and grading. If the modern and proper geophysical and geochemical analysis is performed to the reported area, then there are more bright chances of acquiring the more authenticate reservoir estimation, its distribution in the prospect zone and chemical composition per metric ton. The current article is an effort towards making a composite record of all the published/unpublished reports and articles regarding the chromite discovery, estimation, and extraction in Pakistan.

93-101

Authors: Mustafa A. Rajab , Maher N. Abdullah , Sabah A. Salman

One has to realize that the best design for cars, aircraft or parts of machines is to be able to carry the loads and conditions of service, from here to the composite materials to combine two or more materials that often have completely different properties Which work together (those materials) to give unique vehicle properties, to be used in electrical, thermal and environmental applications. The composite materials used in the research on epoxy and phenol formaldehyde resins have been mixed in different proportions and then reinforced with carbon fibers, fiberglass and Kevlar fibers to demonstrate the effect on both Electrical conductivity and Electrical dielectric.

106-117

Authors: Mukhtar , Risnita , Nurazmi

This study aims to examine the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables either partially or simultaneously. The research objectives were arranged as many as 10 points. The research location in the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Jambi Province which consists of the Ministry of Religion office in Jambi City, the Office of the Ministry of Religion of TanjungJabungTimur, the Office of the Ministry of Religion of the Regency of Batanghari. This study produces ten conclusions, namely, including: 1). There is a direct influence of organizational culture (X1) on employee achievement motivation (X4). Based on the results of the calculation of the analysis obtained tcount (18,31)> t table (1.969), so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. It means that organizational culture has a significant influence on employee achievement motivation. 2). There is a direct effect of work commitment (X2) on employee achievement motivation (X4). Based on the results of the calculation of the analysis obtained the value of tcount (7.61)> t table (1.969), so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. It means that the work commitment that develops in the institution has a significant influence on employee achievement motivation. 3). There is a direct influence of organizational culture (X1) and work commitment (X2) on employee achievement motivation (X4). Based on the results of the calculation of the analysis obtained the value of Fcount (16.36) >Ftable (3.45), so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Meaning that the organizational culture and high management knowledge in the institution have a significant influence on employee achievement motivation. The conclusion of the study is, from the results of testing the hypothesis, it can be concluded that the 10 hypotheses are accepted, namely there are effects of exogenous variables on endogenous variables both partially and simultaneously, both directly and indirectly. The research implication is that an employee's achievement motivation is strongly influenced by organizational culture, work commitment, and management knowledge, the better the organizational culture, the higher the work commitment and management knowledge, the higher the spirit of achievement in carrying out a job

125-131

Authors: Abdal Gadir Yonis , Professor. Dr. Al Safi Ahmed Abdallash , Dr.Mona Ahmed , Dr. Ashraf Mustafa Mohammed Osman

Background: Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, causes periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension in approximately 13%-18% of those afflicted with the disease in the Gezira irrigated areas of Sudan. This a prospective study compromise of 360 consecutive patients at North Gezira State between 2016 to 2019 aimed to assessment of pathological change in schistosomiasismansoni infection using B-mode grayscale ultrasound, The images done by portable Sono Scape- A6 machine using convex probe with frequency range from 3.5 to 5 MHz and the data analyzed by SPSS version 15. The result showed that the majority of patients were male and periportal fibrosis had high incidence associated with schistosomiasismansoni, Out of 360 patients with schistosomal PPF under study there were no PPF noted in 56 (15.6%) , while the remaining had mild in106 (29.4%), moderate in166 (46.1%), and severe PPF in 32 (8,9%) The study concluded that the B- mode Gray scale portable ultrasound machine is the most frequently used imaging modality to assess patients for the presence of periportalfibrosis especially in the endemic area.

143-147

Authors: Santosh Pal

The present study has been conducted to explore the status of development of spiritual intelligence among D.El.Ed. students. 92 students were selected as the sample for the study. Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SIS) developed by K. S. Misra was used to collect the data from students of D.El.Ed. I and III semester. t-ratio was computed to analyze the data. The significant gender, and locality differences in spiritual intelligence score are found. Male students are found more spiritually intelligent than females. Urban students had greater spiritual intelligence than rural students. No significant difference was found in the spiritual intelligence of D.El.Ed. I and III semester students.

156-166

Authors: Jadson Belem de Moura , Rodrigo Fernandes de Souza , José Mateus dos Santos , Luiz Cesar Lopes Filho , Willian Marques Pires , Walber Alves Ribeiro

Today the world has turned its attention to the phenomena of climate change on the planet. Excess emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from human activity are responsible for this change. Gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are part of GHG and have a large capacity to store the energy of the sun in the form of heat, increasing the average temperature in the atmosphere. After the Kyoto treaty, major powers pledged to reduce GHG emissions into the atmosphere, but this practice implies a slowdown in the industrialization and profits of these countries. Countries that can not or do not opt to reduce emissions can buy credits from nations that can generate extra emission reduction values, thus resulting in trade in these credits. Small properties have the potential for credit production, which can generate extra income for the small producer. Therefore, this work aimed at evaluating the potential of commercialization of carbon credits by small properties. The methodology of the work consisted in a systematic literature review on the current state of the art of the proposed theme.

173-182

Authors: Mukhtar , Risnita , Edy Kusnadi

This research is motivated by the pessimism of the Head of Islamic Education in improving their careers to a higher level. This situation is inseparable from the role and guidance carried out by the Madrasah supervisor. This study aims to: 1) Know the supervision of Madrasah that have not been accountable in fostering the career of the head of the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri in Jambi Province. 2) Determine the accountability of supervisors of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri in Jambi Province. 3) Knowing the career of the head of the Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri in Jambi Province. 4) Knowing the accountability of madrasah supervisors in the career development of Madrasah heads in Jambi Province.The research approach used is a descriptive qualitative approach. The technique of collecting data uses observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis using the Creswell model and data validity techniques using data triangulation. The results of the research on the accountability of madrasah supervisors can be seen from the existence of transparency, liability, controllability, responsibility, responsiveness, ability, development, skills, training, and care. Career Head of Madrasah can be seen from the implementation of the stages of planning, growth, direction, exploration, development, stabilization, innovative work, professional ability, promotion, promotion, and appreciation. The conclusion is that the accountability of madrasah supervisors can develop the career of the Head of the Public Madrasah Tsanawiyah in Jambi Province. The implication of this study is that the accountability of madrasah supervisors is able to develop the career of the Madrasah Chief.

191-199

Authors: Asa Elmaryami , Abdulla Sousi , Walid Saleh , Sharefa El-Mabrouk Abd El-Mawla , Mohamed Elshayb

In steam boiler industrial sector, pressure and temperature of the water tube are the two main factors that affecting the safety and efficiency of a steam boiler. Explosions may be occurring because of a sudden drop in pressure without a corresponding drop in temperature. Therefore, understanding the temperature distribution of the water tube boiler is essential control the failure and explosion of the boiler. Once the temperature distribution is known then the limiting factors that affect the water tube life such as maximum allowable thermal stresses can be determined. ANSYS software will be used to determine the temperature distribution in the water tube of a utility boiler during operation at elevated inlet water and furnace temperature. The theory of axisymmetric has been utilized since water- tube is cylindrical in shape. In axisymmetric theory, a three-dimensional cylindrical problem like water tube can be reduced to two dimensional by ignoring the circumferential Ө, while r-axis and z-axis became x-axis and y-axis or Cartesian coordinate. Then two-dimensional rectangular elements meshing for the profile cross-section along the water tube in r and z axes were implemented in a computerize simulation using ANSYS 10 to find out the steady state temperature distribution of the water tube.

207-217

Authors: Dr. Karim Q Hussein , Mrs. Qabas Abdal Zahraa Jabbar

To develop an e-learning module for a certain topic, many factors must be taken into account. Each factor deals with a specific area of study, therefore such development does not represent a task of software skills, programming, or developing of multimedia. But it is an integrated work in which software development represents the main tool and the main factor of that work. For Hearing Impaired Persons (HI) this work would be more difficult because the designer must consider specific factors represent the environment of teaching / learning process for HI person via e-Learning. According to our survey we did not find such systematic integrated model which would be a typical guide for developing e-learning modules (eLMs) for HI persons so that the developed eLMs would be systematic and realizing effective instructional outcomes. The integrated and systematic approach, which has been used during the development of this model, results in a model that processes all requirements of designers who would like to develop their own eLMs for any topic and for any category of HI persons

226-246

Authors: A.S. Haddabi , N. J Ndehfru , A. Aliyu

The study analyzes Food security status among rural farming households in Mubi North local Government Area of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Respondents’ socio- economic characteristics, food security status determinants of household food security and production constraints faced by respondents in achieving food security in the study area were investigated. Data were collected from one hundred and twelve (112) randomly selected rural farmers in six villages of the six (6) selected wards of Mubi North local government area using structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis. The result revealed that 72.32% of the respondents were male and 75% were married. Majority (72.33%) of the respondents had one form of formal education or the other and with a mean farming experience of 12 years. The respondents were mostly in their economically active age (mean age of 37 years) and cultivate an average of 2.95 hectares of farm land using personal savings. The mean per capita food expenditure per month was estimated to be N6, 205.11 and the value was used as food security index, and majority (74.10%) of the households were food secured in the study area. The result further revealed that educational level, farm size, farming experience and total monthly income of household heads were positively related to households’ food security status, while age of households’ head was inversely related to food security status. The major production constraints to achieving food security status in the study area include; poor access to credit facilities (98%), high cost of agro-chemicals (81%) inadequate and high cost of fertilizer (78%), shortage of labour (77%), poor storage facilities (62%) and inadequate extension visit (51%). The study among others recommended that rural farmers should be trained on farm management efficiency to boost production capacity and they should explore non-farm income to augment their existing income so as to increase their potentials considering that most of the farmers are youths.

256-264

Authors: Minhibo Magloire Yves , Akpesse Akpa Alexandre Moïse , Coulibaly Tenon , Koua K Hervé , Coulibaly Adama

Fruit flies are a major constraint to the production and export of mangoes by causing the rot of mangoes. The objective of this work is to follow the fluctuation of population of flies in the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire between May 2015 and October 2016. A network of trapping flies using food baits (the Torula and Ceratrap) and sexual attractants (Methyl Eugenol and Trimedlure) were set up in Korhogo and Ferké mango orchards with the forest Diabaté Kamonon and the forest Petit Clerc as reference area. During trapping, 11 species of fruit flies were identified at all study sites. Among these species, Bactrocera dorsalis and Ceratitis cosyra, were the most abundant in the area. In general, diversity indices were low. The Ferké’s Forest has the highest Shannon index (H = 1.20). This index was higher than the index found in Ferke's orchards (0.9398). At Korhogo the Shannon index in orchards (H = 0.84) is higher than in the forest (H = 0.41). It has been observed that the genus Bactrocera swarmed on mango orchards when precipitation was plentiful. While the genus Cerartitis only appeared when precipitation was low. In addition, knowledge of the ecology and fluctuation of fruit flies, will allow to develop a site monitoring device through a trapping system with sexual and food attractants.

287-296

Authors: Li-Hsing Ho , Alang Manglavan , Chung-Cheng Fu

The model for updating marginal cost pricing by overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) indexes as well as P*A*Q under existing market tough competition. Motivation/Background: When production capacity is constant and the AC curve is higher than the MC curve, AC pricing can be employed. Because of market competition, businesses producing in small quantities and low diversity use MC pricing. To reduce the risk to profit, a novel cost pricing mechanism can be adopted by using the unit DC of MC to correspond to the OEE under Areeda-Turner Rule. Method: The correspondence of the OEE with the unit direct cost (DC) is deduced and verified in this paper by calculating the quotient found by dividing the OEE indexes by unit DC as conditional as Bill of Material (BOM) cost. Results: Research findings revealed a positive alert for timely updating pricing between average cost (AC) pricing and marginal cost (MC) pricing. Conclusions: This approach reflects the dynamic game in a timely manner. The OEE comprises the performance, availability, and quality indexes. These three indexes reconcile the unit DC pricing, and using MC in optimization of marginal revenue (MR). In practice, shop floor management measures key indexes of idleness and loss; the objective is to eliminate laggard and static pricing problem. This realizes dynamic examination of cost difference of the BOM cost pool. One case study is employed to explain the MC pricing strategy in industry.

304-309

Authors: Shristy Poddar , Sumit Bharti , Kavitha S Sharma

The dynamic development of the microfinance business has been advanced by market powers as well as by cognizant activities of national governments, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and the benefactors who view microfinance as a successful device for killing neediness. The incredible push behind this immense and expanding support for microfinance showed that national monetary and social effects are noteworthy and it should be analysed all the more intently. Self Help Group (SHG) provides microfinance services for people in rural regions so they can use the capital for small business, productive work and become financially stable and independent. In this article, we have described the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation its impacts on people and society. Here we have explained, the main purpose of this article is to present Microfinance and how it can be useful for poor people and the reduction of unemployment.

321-330

Authors: Mohammad Munayem Chowdhury

Tax incentives are tools used worldwide to enhance domestic and foreign investment and enhanced investment leads to expected economic growth. This study is an attempt to review the industrial policies and direct tax incentives of Bangladesh to have a deep insight on the congruence among them and also show some indirect impact of tax incentives on development through analyzing some fiscal and investment data. Content and document analysis method has been used to accomplish this study. Sources of data were the industrial policies, tax codes and economic surveys of Bangladesh and some scholarly articles. By reviewing some tax related aspects of industrial polices and existing direct tax incentives provided by the tax authority, it was found that incentives suggested by industrial policies and actually provided tax incentives are almost same and the changing pattern of priority sectors have been shifted to infrastructure, power and technology sectors. By observing some investment and GDP related data it is found that local private sector investments are dominant over FDI and the manufacturing sectors contribution to GDP are increasing and consistent in last 13 years

340-342

Authors: Akinwale M. Oteniya , Matthew N. O. Sadiku , Sarhan M. Musa

Cyber capabilities are becoming more and more important in modern warfare. Strategists and decision-makers increasingly regard cyberspace as an indispensable weapon to achieve national objectives that can supplement the need for land, sea, air and space power. The concept of cyber power has received much attention in the U.S and around the world. This paper provides a short introduction to cyber power.

351-359

Authors: Yashraj Sharma , Yashasvi Sharma

On the basis of reliability, rational models are useful but not in terms of systems which involve huge amount of data; in such cases, non-relational models are much more useful. To store large chunks of data, NoSQL databases are used. NoSQL databases are scalable and wide ranged because they are non-relationally distributed. In relational databases, it was not possible to manage data which involved very large number of Big Data applications hence the concept of NoSQL database was introduced. There are a lot of advantages of NoSQL which not only involve its own features but also some features of relational database management system. The severe benefit of NoSQL database is that it is an open source system which helps to adapt many numbers of features for newly generated applications. This paper is focused on understanding the concepts of non-relational database system architecture with relational database system architecture and figure out the advantages and disadvantages of both simultaneously

370-380

Authors: Khairinal , Adrianus Chatib , Dailami Julis

Good supervision will create the professionalism of teachers in learning so as to produce good learning achievements and then produce good graduate competencies. The main questions in this dissertation research are: why is the management of supervisors in improving the quality of madrasah education at MAN / MAS Jambi City, Muaro Jambi District, East Tanjung Jabung Regency and Kerinci District? This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods with sampling techniques carried out by purposive sampling. The subjects of this study were the Aliyah Madrasah Supervisor as the key informant, while the Head of the Madrasah Education Division, the City / District Ministry of Religion, the Head of the Aliyah Madrasah, and the teacher as the informant. Furthermore, the technique of collecting data using interviews, observations and documentation studies. Data analysis using flow data analysis models include: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study found that first, the management of supervisors in Madrasah Aliyah has not been done optimally. Madrasah Aliyah supervisors have not yet made detailed monitoring plans based on their time period or period of work. Second, the internal factors that have not been optimal for Islamic Education supervisors in improving the quality of education in Aliyah Madrasah are as follows: 1) Lack of supervisory competence, 2) Low supervisory resources, 3) Lack of supervisory motivation, 4) Lack of supervisory commitment. While external factors have not been optimal, supervisors in improving the quality of Aliyah Madrasah are as follows: 1) Supervisory recruitment. 2) Effect of government policy. 3) Lack of support from the Ministry of Religion. Third, the efforts of Aliyah Madrasah supervisors in improving the quality of education are: 1) Enhancing supervisory abilities. 2) Supervision of supervisor performance, 3) Support from the Ministry of Religion. Fourth, models of supervisors who supervise the madrasa.

391-397

Authors: O. Adeyanju , S. V. Francis , R. R. Ede , P.S. Jang , J.K. Bulus

Elemental analysis, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extract of Pilostigma reticulatum (dc) Hochst were studied using paper disc diffusion method against Streptococcus pyogen, Escherichia coli and Salmonella thvpi. Elemental analysis of the plant sample revealed the presence of Ca (1.51 ± 0.01μg/g), Mg (0.43 ± 0.02μg/g). P (0.29 ± 0.01 μg/g), Mn (3.01 ± 0.01 μg/g), Fe (1.04 ± 0.01 μg/g), Zn (1.05 ± 0.02 and Cu was below detectable limit(BDL).The results of the antimicrobial studies indicated that the extracts inhibited the growth of one or more tested pathogens.The ethanolic extract showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates and terpenes. Anthraquinone and saponin were not present. Inhibition zone by the extract ranges from 4.0mm to 30mm.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges from 8.0 x102 µg/ml to 1x104 µg/ml. Pilostigma reticulatum leaf may be able to produce antimicrobial agents in drug delivery.

405-415

Authors: A.S. Talawar , Rajani P. Agadi

The age-pattern of mortality can be represented by various parametric models. In the present paper we consider a mixture of Weibull, Inverse-Weibull, and Gompertz-Makeham (GoMa) survival functions and Heligman–Pollard model to fit U.S. life table 2014. We use loss criterion for parameter estimation and demonstrate fitting of model. Both mixture and Heligman–Pollard model fit the mortality pattern reasonably well up to age 90. We notice that the estimated mortality rates fit the actual pattern fairly well, although the fit at the earlier ages could be better. We have obtained the plots using our estimated values. The plots for mortality pattern of total population and other demographic characteristics (sex and race) are also considered.

422-431

Authors: Niranjan Mudliar , Dr. Paramjeet Singh

India has been progressing steadily since last two decades in terms of affordability of commodity and purchasing power of the common man. This has given rise to demand which leads to the continuous economic growth. Of course, support from the Government of India as well as various state Governments has come in the form of reforms and infrastructure funding. However this growth has also seen the disadvantage of erratic consumption by wealthy persons as compared to the economically weaker sections, for example on one side there is heavy demand of passenger cars by the higher income group who uses it sparingly but on the other side people of the lower income group who are more in numbers have to rely on public transport. This imbalance creates a wider gap between public affordability to consume a particular commodity like passenger cars. On one side there are persons who buy the latest model introduced by the manufacturer in spite of having sufficient numbers at their disposal and on the other side basic lowest level model are out of reach of some persons in the society, who rely on two-wheeler or public transport which is not reliable. This has not only created a huge gap in public expenditure but has also impact the environment. With year on year increase in number of vehicles in tier 2 cities like Bhopal, there is tremendous influence on the carbon dioxide (CO2) in and around the city. Past decade saw increase in maximum temperatures during summer rise by 3 – 4 degrees above normal in Bhopal and there is clear effect on the monsoon pattern too which has become inconsistent with rains reaching 120 mm in three days. Earlier this quantity was spread over a month. The last major season of winter is seen getting reduced to two months only from the earlier four, again with temperatures dropping suddenly below normal etc. This effect must be the result of increasing number of passenger vehicles in the city apart from other factors which also need detailed study for their influence