INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH

.355-364

Authors: Abraham A. Embi Bs MBA

Background The main purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a mechanism supporting a previously hypothesized factor in cancer origin, where endogenous energy emission during cell respiration was identified as additional factor in cancer origin. Recent published reports identify the pressure profile of shockwaves as causing lipid droplets membrane deformation. Lipid metabolism has been highlighted to have a key role in cancer metabolism, and metastasis; for example, several publications have suggested targeting lipid metabolism of cancer cells as a strategy to control metastasis. New studies have revealed that lipid layers are responsible for the storage and discharge of static electricity. This manuscript introduces shockwaves from oxygen bubbles bursts as a mechanism causing intracellular lipids discharge or static electricity. The effect causes shape changes of lipid droplets up to a light emission stage. Materials and Methods Cheek cells intracellular material, including DNA strands and lipid droplets were precipitated in a test tube by following written instructions on DNA precipitation published online by The University of Michigan. The DNA precipitate was transferred onto a clean glass slide and covered by a similar one and dubbed a sandwich (SDW). A slide assembly was developed where the effect of oxygen bubbles cavitation-induced shockwaves on the trapped DNA precipitate and lipid droplets were recorded. Microphotographs and video recordings were stored in a computer via a video-microscope. Results Lipid droplets exposed to prolonged shockwaves energy were documented to undergo recurrent expanding architectural deformation up to a final contracting phase where light was emitted. Conclusions Intracellular lipid droplets are ubiquitously present in cells; and recent research has shown their expanded roles in cellular signaling in both mitotic and non-mitotic cells. In cancer, one highlighted key role is the potential of lipid metabolism in metastatic colonization. Data introduced in this manuscript demonstrates a direct consequence of ROS (H2O2) decomposition (via oxygen bubbles bursts) as a trigger for lipid cells emission of light radiation, thus supporting a previously proposed biophysical mechanism in cancer origin.

14-36

Authors: Mamudu Njodi , Mohammed D. Toungos , Mu’azu Babayola , Hassan Kashim

Field experiment were conducted at Yola and Mubi locations to study the effects of increased plant population of five (5) varieties of maize Viz: SAMMAZ 11, SAMMAZ 14, SAMMAZ 15, SAMMAZ 16, and SAMMAZ 17 on yield and yield component during the 2011 cropping season. The experimental design was a split plot design with maize varieties as the main plot treatments, while plant population, (53,333, 63,333, 80,000 and 106,666) as the sub-plot treatments. The treatment were replicated three (3) times. Characters measured included plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of days to 50% tasseling, number of day to 50 % silking, days to 95% maturity, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, length of ear, diameter of ear, number of grains per ear, 100 grain weight, number of grains per ear. Yield per plot and total grain yield per hectare. The result of the experiments showed that there was significant difference due to varietal effect in plant height at 3 WAS in Yola and at 7 WAS and 9 WAS in Mubi. Variety also affects days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking and days to 95% maturity at both locations. Variety also affects ear length at both locations. Interaction of variety and population affected harvest index in Mubi. Population significantly affected yield per plant, yield per plot, total grain yield per hectare in both locations. Combined analysis result showed highly significant effect due to location on plant height at 3 and 5 WAS and also due to variety. Location also affected number of leaves per plant significantly at 3WAS and highly significantly at 5, 7, 9 and 11 WAS. Varieties affected number of leaves per plant at 5 and 9 WAS and was highly significant at 11 WAS. Location and varieties affected days to 50% tasseling, days to 50 % silking and days to 95% maturity, while population only affected days to 50% silking. Diameter of ear and harvest index was highly significant by location and on number of grains per row. Varieties also showed significant differences in length of ear. Location affected straw weight per plant, while varieties affected yield per plant and yield per plot, weight of 100 grain yield and total grain yield per hectare was also highly significantly affected. Population affected yield per plant, especially the ones in Yola. Straw weight, total grain yield and weight of 100 grain were significantly affected. SAMMAZ 15 which gave a plant population of 106,666 ha-1 is recommended at both locations.

46-50

Authors: H.P.R. Menike , W.D. Chandrasena

Biology is a very important discipline as it focusses on structure and functions of living organisms in this world. Hence, it has become a significant area of study in school curriculum and it is also a main subject discipline in the Grade 10 science syllabus in Sri Lanka. The time allocated for the biology section in Grade 10 syllabus is one third of the total time. Although, biology is perceived as an easy discipline to study compared to other disciplines in science, students’ achievement in biology is not very satisfactory. Thus, there may be different reasons for students’ poor achievement in biology such as content in the syllabus, teaching style, students’ learning and studying habits, students’ negative feeling and attitudes towards the topics, and lack of enough resources (Cimer, 2011). The practices based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) could be used in biology classrooms to enhance students’ enthusiasm towards learning. SDT is an important psychological theory of motivation and it addresses issues of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. According to SDT people have three innate psychological needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. If these universal needs are met, the theory argues that people will function and grow optimally. Thus, to actualize their inherent potential, the social environment needs to nurture these needs (Deci & Ryan, 2014). However, there is a dearth of research and practices in Sri Lankan school classrooms using SDT to facilitate students’ learning. Hence, the unit of “Classification of Organisms” in Grade 10 syllabus was selected to study the effectiveness of SDT in teaching biology for Grade 10 students. “Classification of Organisms” is an important unit since it is the foundation of learning about different types of living beings. This is an experimental study and two groups of students were used as control and experimental. Experimental group is taught using the SDT and the control group is taught according to the traditional method. During the lessons observations were made while maintain the records of field notes. The collected data were analysed using thematic analysis. Students’ motivation, engagement, enthusiasm, and performance in both groups were compared. The results of the study showed that the above characteristics are higher in the experimental group compared to the control group. Thus, the classroom practices based on the SDT can be used as a good technique in teaching biology in order to enhance the students’ intrinsic motivation

68-82

Authors: Dr. Vandana Dabla , Dr. Ramesh Allam Reddy

Background: India is the country with the third highest HIV disease burden globally. One of the most common long-term complications of HIV infection is bone diseases. There is prevalence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and thus higher risk of fragility fractures among PLHIV. Further, many HIV-positive cohorts suggest Vitamin-D hypovitaminosis exposing to osteopenia/osteoporosis in this population. This detailed review would provide an insight on correlation of Vitamin-D hypovitaminosis and HIV infection. Material & Methods: A thorough review of published research studies and literature work was conducted. These studies were selected on the basis of data available on HIV seropositive population and Vitamin D in peer reviewed indexed journals. Both prospective and retrospective studies with or without control groups and randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) reporting baseline vitamin D status in HIV seropositive patients were included. Results: We reviewed the association of vitamin D deficiency with HIV progression, mortality, and AIDS events, increased incidence and severity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a challenging metabolic condition in PLHIV. Further, the impact of antiretroviral drugs on vitamin D metabolism was studied. The effect of body index mass and non- and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors effects with hypovitaminosis D was further reviewed along with supplementation therapy of the vitamin and its effect in HIV positive population. Conclusion: The optimal levels of 1,25(OH)Vitamin D is necessary for regulation of calcium and phosphorus balance for bone mineralization and remodelling. Without its adequate level in bloodstream; dietary calcium cannot be absorbed and thus causes a low BMD.

90-96

Authors: Dr. Anjali Pandey

Masks are used all over the world for their expressive power. It is an important part of theatre and rituals. It is generally used to conceal the identity or to transform the character. In India the festival mask are used to represent the deities and mythological character in dance and drama performance as well as in many ceremonial functions, religious and social rituals and in entertainment since ancient time. The evidences of mask could also be seen since prehistoric age. Many tribes of India mask are used in rituals and performances. The masks of different region are distinct and peculiar in size, shape, form, design and material used. In early era the masks were made in simplified form, now some innovative decorations have changed their aesthetic value.

106-125

Authors: Aduralere Opeyemi Oyelade

The study investigated the economic analysis of solid waste management of Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State: Evidences from value belief norm (VBN) and willingness-to-pay theory. The study distributed two hundred and fifty (250) to both household and contractors and two hundred questionnaires was distributed to household while fifty questionnaires for contractors. The methods used include descriptive statistic, cross tabulation, both ordinary least square (OLS) and logistic regression as well as gross margin and net income analysis. The OLS regression result revealed that income of the household, educational status, age and sex are the factors that determine the amount pay to Ibadan waste management per month in Ibadan metropolis while the factors that determine willingness-to-pay for environmental goods in Ibadan metropolis from logistic regression are income of the household, household size, educational status, occupation and sex and they are inelastic in nature. Furthermore, gross margin and net income from waste management business to the contractors sampled are N100,408.5299 and N86,852.20 per month respective. The study recommended that contractors in the study area can jointly establish recycle plants where they can recycle waste and make more income from the recycled products. Waste management contractors should be prompt in their service delivery. Also, every household should have solid waste facilities such as garbage bin and dustbin for easy disposal. Lastly, government should re-introduced the monthly sanitation in order to make a lot of household become more conscious of the purity of their surroundings

132-140

Authors: Elok Mahmud Putri , Vivin Maharani Ekowati , Achmad Sani Supriyanto , Zaim Mukaffi

With the existence of a conducive and comfortable work environment, will create enthusiasm from employees in work and will improve performance and work discipline in each his job. Comfortable work environment, adequate facilities, and good employee relations. Will affect employee performance. When employees feel comfortable with the environment in which they work will certainly bring them to be more disciplined and can improve their performance in achieving the goals of the company/agency. The purpose of this study is to find out (1) the influence of the work environment on employee performance (2) the influence of the work environment on work discipline (3) work discipline mediates the influence of the work environment on employee performance. This research uses a quantitative approach that is useful for researching the population and samples within a company, where in this study using proportional random sampling as a sampling techniques. The population in this study amounted to 208 employees. And a sample of 137 respondents from PT. GatraMapan. Methods of research data collection used questionnaires. Data analyzed with Path Analysis. The results of this study prove that work discipline is able to mediate the influence of the work environment on employee performance.

147-161

Authors: Okuroghoboye Diepreye Itugha , Emmanuel Munakurogha Adigio

The detection of moving particles and the ability of processing the captured images using highspeed cameras can be an effective means of monitoring the sliding, and rolling movement of bedload sediment along river beds. In this study, two different types of synthetic Plexiglas Beads of size 7mm and 10mm with porosity 0.7125 and 0.8522 respectively were used for the evaluation of the velocity profiles in a flume bath. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) crystal of molecular weight 158.03 and density 1450 kg/m3 was used as a passive dye-tracer. The cavity region of the flat plate was attached to the oscillatory mechanism in the flume bath where plume activities were monitored. When there is oscillatory flow, the crest of roughness elements induce elevation zones to force (advection) the flow upwards and pull it down at the trough phases as the tracer plume scales over the obstacles, establishing low and high pressure zones in the flow. The enhanced particles in the process mix and dissolve or decay faster with increasing oscillatory frequency, resulting into inter-particle collisions which initiate the conditions of advection and shear dispersion. This phenomenon could be a combination or coupling of the processes of gradient fluctuations enhanced through dispersion due to pressure in the macroscopic pore-fluid field caused by the oscillatory motion. The lightening as the dye-particles cascade in the porous medium is associated with mixing-gain due to the enhanced oscillatory motion. It was observed that the depth of the tracer-blob entrapment is inversely proportional to the friction velocity.

178-184

Authors: S.A.B. Maheshinee , W.D. Chandrasena , J.P. Liyanage

Science education is a valuable asset to gain scientific knowledge and share it within the community. Some students’ performances in physics are not very satisfactory. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relations of G.C.E. (O/L) students’ science self concepts, motivation with the teaching methods in the lessons on forces in Grade 10. The four different teaching methods used for this study were included problem based learning; practical based learning, cooperative learning, and integrated learning. This study was conducted in an educational zone in the North Western Province, Sri Lanka. A convenience sample of 185 Grade 10 students and 5 teachers participated in the study. The quantitative data were collected using a pre test paper, physics self-concepts scale, physics motivation scale and a final assessment test paper. Qualitative data were collected in Grade 10 students to explore their views on different teaching methodology. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed that students’ self concepts and motivation were highest in the integrated teaching method while the lowest was problem based. However, practical approach was highly admired by the students and teachers to learn forces lesson. The findings of this study could be used in planning forces lessons in Grade 10.

199-205

Authors: Dr. Bharath M.J 1 , Dr. Sahadev C.K 2 , Dr. Sandeep R , Dr. Santhosh p Sagar , Dr. Ananda Gowda R , Dr. Abhisek Guria

Aim: To Compare and evaluate the microleakge of newly introduced Glass Hybrid restorative system(Equia Forte) with alkasite based restorative material(Cention N). Materials and Methods: 30 premolars free of caries or any other defects and extracted for orthodontic reasons were chosen for the study. Subsequently class I cavities were prepared and teeth were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (n = 15) and restored using EQUIA FORTE and CENTION N respectively. All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling. Specimens were stained with 0.6% RhodamineB dye and evaluated for dye penetration under stereomicroscope. Results: Equia Forte showed lesser leakage than compared to Cention N. Conclusion: The study therefore concluded that EQUIA FORTE to have lesser microleakage compared to CENTION N, thereby having better sealing ability.

213-244

Authors: Afaq Ahmad

Hindi cinema has acquired a universal identity in Indian society as it is one of the most popular forms of entertainment, education and information in India. As purveyor of entertainment, Bollywood has provided a platform to many actors to flourish their talents as an actor. As far as Aamir Khan is concerned, acting is the life, blood, and soul of Aamir Khan. The way he portrays various characters in his movies, make him a perfect actor of versatile genre. Less studies have been conducted on Aamir Khan and his movies, and on the versatile portrayal of Aamir Khan contained in his movies. The purpose of this paper is to understand the versatile characteristics played by Aamir Khan in his movies. The present paper makes an attempt to critically analyse the three movies of different genres of Aamir Khan. These movies were purposively selected as Lagaan – a patriotic, productional and nostalgic movie, Rang De Basanti – a revolutionary, nationalistic and rebellious movie, and Taare Zameen Par – an inspirational, experimental and directorial movie, on account of their distinguishing stories. As the selected films etched a niche in the hearts and minds of cinemagoers and movie viewers due to their innovative stories and splendid cinematography, the thematic analysis was undertaken. It has been found from the study that message-oriented aspects depicted in these movies. Further, the informative, inspirational, patriotic, reformative, and revolutionary characteristics predominantly glimpsed in his movies. The versatile characteristics of Aamir Khan was also meticulously scrutinized. It has been found after having a critical analysis that Aamir Khan has versatile characteristics as depicted in these three selected movies under study.

255-260

Authors: डॉ. श्रीमती अनुराधा शर्मा

लोकतंत्र लोक की भावनाओं का आदर करने वाली व्यवस्था है। लेकिन भारत के संदर्भ में कुछ अनुभव इसके विपरीत है। यहां लोकतंत्र के नाम पर व्यवस्था को ‘लोक’ की भाषा से दूर करने वाले ‘तंत्र’ लगातार हावी रहे हैं। इस दृष्टि में उसे सच्चा और अच्छा लोकतंत्र कहते हुए शब्द ठिठकते है। प्रशासन की लोक भाषा से दूरी अनेक समस्याओं का मूल है तो न्याय की लोक की भाषा से दूरी बनाये रखने की जिद्द न्याय पर प्रश्नचिन्ह लगाती है। इसी का दुष्प्रभाव है कि शिक्षा भी उस भाषा से आलिंगन कर रही है जो लोक भाषा के स्वाभिमान को नकारती है। भारतीय भाषाओं को उनके स्वाभाविक अधिकारों से विमुख करना भारतीय लोकतंत्र का सर्वाधिक नकारात्मक पक्ष है।

270-280

Authors: WWMRGKSB Wijethunga , WD Chandrasena

Mathematics is the foundation of Science and Technology. The people cannot apart from mathematics in day to day life. Thus being “mathematically literate” will no longer be just an advantage but an absolute necessity. Despite the interest towards mathematics of school students is particularly low. It shows the poor performance of students in G.C.E. (O/L) examination. This study examines the students’ self-concepts and motivation as factors that may influence students’ performance and aspirations on Activity Based Learning (ABL) of mathematics in Sri Lanka. The results clearly indicate that ABL has developed students’ self-concepts, motivation, aspirations and performance

300-314

Authors: Prof. Dr. H. Muntholib S.M, M. S , Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I , Dr. Nur Komariah, M.Pd.I

Tata Boga is one of the entrepreneurship of students at Nurul Iman Islamic Boarding School which aims to equip students with entrepreneurial science in cooking. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. By using the method of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis uses the Miles and Huberman models, while the data validity technique uses triangulation. The results of the study were: The leadership of the Islamic boarding school planned the facilities and infrastructure before identifying the teacher, delegating the task of teaching cooking to qualified teachers, and giving curriculum autonomy, scheduling schedules and funding. In organizing activities, the head of the lodge places himself as a supervisor, and instructs the principal as the supervisor and person in charge, the chairman of the entrepreneurial coordinator as the driver, and the teacher as the implementer. In the implementation activities the leader instructs the principal so that the teacher prepares the syllabus and lesson plan, optimizes himself / herself to become a counselor and instructor, completes the class administration, and develops evaluation of learning. The supervisory activities include direct supervision by looking directly at the implementation of indirect learning and supervision activities by looking through curriculum documents.

321-328

Authors: Nelson Ricardo Coelho Flores Zuniga

In the last decade, many works compared nonhyperbolic multiparametric travel-time approximations to perform velocity analysis. In these works, some analyses were accomplished, such as accuracy analysis and objective function analysis. However, no previous works compared the optimization algorithms to perform the inversion procedure concerning the processing time and the accuracy of each algorithm. As the shifted hyperbola showed the best results among the unimodal approximations in previous works, it was selected to be used in a comparison with five local search optimization algorithms. Each algorithm was compared concerning the accuracy by the minimization of the calculated curve to the observed curve. The travel-time curves tested here are conventional (PP) and converted wave (PS) reflection events from an offshore model. With this set of tests, it is possible to define which optimization algorithm presents the most reliable result when used with the shifted hyperbola equation concerning the processing time and the accuracy.

338-354

Authors: Oğuz Polat , Zeynep Reva

Child marriage is defined as a marriage before the age of 18. In many countries, a significant number of girls still marry before the age of 18. The country governments and international communities are increasingly aware of the negative impacts of child marriages, but the actions to end the practice is still limited. Child marriage threatens particularly girls’ lives and health, and it limits their future prospects. Early marriages are not considered as a "problem" by the majority of the society where as it is a phenomenon that has been existing for long years in our country. It is observed that one of the most important sources of legitimacy of marriage is public accord and these marriages are realized mostly in the framework of this accord. Patriarchal and traditional social structure have unfortunately normalized and legitimized early marriages. It is necessary to hold meetings to create and develop awareness for implementation of Turkish Civil Code, Turkish Penal Code and Law on Protection of Minors. It will be therefore possible to ensure that children, families and people understand what kind of problems and penal responsibilities that early marriage of children constitutes Child marriage is a problem that prevents the exercise of human rights, undermines the status of women and deprive child from their main rights including especially the education. Their marriages are a field that must be struggled with in Turkey targeting social gender equality.