INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH -GRANTHAALAYAH

17-32

Authors: Yigzaw Haile *1 , Abdirahman Mohammed 2

The main purpose of this study was to assess practices and challenges of preschool education in Jijiga City administration. Mixed design was employed (both quantitative and qualitative) for this study. 19 preschool centres (6 public and 13 private preschools) were randomly selected for the study. 51 preschool teachers (12 teachers from public and 39 teachers from private teacher) were selected. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data in which 57 items were filled by preschool teachers which are dealing with Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) practices. Interview, FGD, observation and document analysis were used to triangulate the data collected using questionnaire. Percentage and thematic analysis were used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The main findings revealed that preschool practices in all sampled preschools were found to be below standard, unable to use local stories since teachers were not from the community and knowledge of parents, teachers and principals towards contribution of the preschool was found to be limited. It was found that 82.4% of the preschool had no early childhood care and education qualification, and 70.6% of the preschool teachers did not agreed that all sampled preschools had inadequate classroom space, 64.7% of the preschool centres did not have age appropriate chairs. Similarly, 76.5 % of the preschool had no any out-door playing material and 100 % of all preschool did not used approved curriculum and lack of appropriate teaching used in most of the preschool were some of the main finding. The Ethiopia Somali Regional Education Bureau is recommended to address shortage of trained ECCE teachers, develop standardized ECCE curriculum, applying developmentally appropriate content, materials, and teaching methods, use locally and culturally appropriate materials and assign teachers who can speak the local language of the community.

45-52

Authors: Güçlü Özen *1

Recreation is a concept referring to the activities people do in their spare time and how university students recreate their spare time completely takes place within the scope of facilities offered by the university. Anxiety is a multifaceted inner feature that consists physiological, physiological and behavioral reactions or event. It can also be accepted as a broad concept for many complex, emotional and encouraging (motivating) situations that occurs as a result of any threat. Research has been designed in a single group pre-test and post-test model. Research sample is same with study area which covers totally 180 of our university students (120 male and 60 female). Anxiety Inventory has been used as a measurement tool which was developed by Spielberger et al. (1970) and adapted by Öner and Le Compte (1995). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of recreational activities (trekking, camping, rock climbing) participated by the students on their anxiety level. As a result of the analysis; it was determined that the activities such as trekking, camping and rock climbing do not have a significant effect on trait anxiety scores of the participants, however; camping and rock climbing cause a significant increase on state anxiety scores. In terms of the gender variable, it has been found out that camping and rock climbing lead a statistically significant increase on state anxiety scores of female participants. Consequently, it is possible to say that activities taking place in an unfamiliar environment with a high risk potential increase the state anxiety of participants and these physical activities have a higher level of influence on females in terms of state anxiety level.

77-88

Authors: Dr. Dhanonjoy Kumar *1 , Humaira Siddika 2

Training and development is incredibly vital for ensuring effectiveness of the employees in an organization. The organizations have stretched understood so as to their most precious asset is their human capital where many are convinced for the large investments in employee training and development. This study aims to investigate the significance of training along with development program and its benefits to employees and organization. It focuses on the relative importance of training and development program and their impact on the overall organizational success. To do so, 50 bank employees from Agrani Bank Limited (ABL) have been interviewed through a structured questionnaire. The sample has taken from the Kushtia and Jhenaidah district followed by stratified random sampling. The study has found that training and development program increase the skill, ability and intellectuality of the bank employees. The study also has proposed some suggestions related with the present field.

99-105

Authors: Ermita I. Ibrahim Ilyas*1, Tyas Putri Utami2 , Minarma Siagian1 , Dewi Irawati S Santoso1 , Ani Retno Prijanti3

To improve cardiovascular health, the WHO recommends 60 minutes of frequent moderate intensity physical activity in childhood. ACSM also recommends physical activity 30 minutes moderate activity or 30 minutes vigorous intensity, 3-4 times per week. However, limited data concerned in exercise starting from childhood effect to oxidative stress marker in vascular. Therefore the long-term effects of moderate intensity aerobic exercise training in early age on the cardiovascular, specifically on vascular stress oxidative marker needed to be studied. This study was conducted on male Wistar rats aged 3 weeks (60-70 grams), randomly allocated into 2 groups: 1) control group and 2) training group. Aerobic exercise training was conducted for 8 weeks on treadmill with age-dependent speeds. Training was intermittently 5 days each week for 20 minutes. Vascular oxidative stress marker was analyzed by measuring the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity on the abdominal aorta. Both the levels of MDA and SOD activity tended to increase in training group compared to the control group. The resuls of this study showed that long-term effects of moderate intensity aerobic exercise training in juvenile tended to increase the levels of MDA and specific SOD activity in the abdominal aorta tissues.

112-120

Authors: Subair. K *1

The State and Central Governments have time to time enacted legal provisions and there are lot of enforcement mechanisms to protect and prevent women and girls from the violence, but when it comes to implementation it may not work properly due to various reasons. Panchayat Jagrata Samiti (PJS) is one of the mechanisms to protect the rights of women which are considered as the prototype of Kerala Women’s Commission. It has been built for attaining gender equality, equity and justice. PJS is for working dynamically by replying to complaints related to violation of women’s rights along with engaging moves to safeguard the security and safety of women. It is needed for addressing the strategic needs of women for their empowerment to be practicalised in the social life situations. PJS has social responsibility to mainstreaming and upbringing gender equality in the process of decentralisation which leads to enrichment of women’s status in society. This particular study tries to understand the efficacy of implantation of PJS in Kozhikode district (Kerala) and the engagements of various stakeholders. This study tries to analyse the role of PJS for protecting the rights of women and giving justice to them. This study is qualitative in methodology. The primary data is collected through semi-structured interviews, content analysis of policy documents and media reports.

128-134

Authors: Dr. Suraj M. Patil *1 , Dr. M. V. Mokashi 2

Amavata is disease of Rasavaha strotasa it is generally compared with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Amavata is the outcome of Agnidushti, Amotpatti and Sandhivikruti. The therapy which normalize Agni, Metabolizes Ama, and Regulates Vata and maintain healthy Sandhi and Sandhistha Shleshma will be the supreme one for this disease. Many peoples in society are unaware about disease and its complications which is responsible for lifelong joint deformities. Many herbal as well as Ayurvedic preparations are mentioned in the classics which are very effective remedy in Amavata.

141-146

Authors: Kanchan Kumari *1

भारत एक प्राचीन सांस्क ृतिक देश है। कला मानव संस्क ृति की उपज है। इसका उदय मानव की सौन्दर्य भावना का परिचायक है। यहाँ की कला एवं संस्क ृति में लोककला का अनूठा समन्वय दिखाई द ेता है। अन ेक विद्वानों न े समय-समय पर लोककला क े महत्त्व को बताया है। लोककलाऐं हमारे द ेश मे ं लोक परम्पराओं संस्क ृति का दर्पण है। जो विभिन्न रीति रिवाज उत्सव में द ेखे जा सकते है। भारत ज ैसें द ेश में विभिन्न प्रान्तों में विविध रूपों में लोककला द ेखी जा सकती है। जो विभिन्न नामों से जानी जाती है। द ैनिक जीवन की इन उपयोगी वस्त ुओं का निर्माण यद्यपि ललित कला के लक्ष्य से नहीं हुआ, तथापि सामूहिक जीवन की कलाप्रियता का अंष हमें इसमें द ृष्टिगोचर होता है और इन्हें कलात्मक वस्तुएँ कहे तो गलत नहीं होगा। सभ्यता क े विकास के साथ-साथ मानव न े अपनी निर्मित वस्तुओं म ें उपया ेगी धारणा का े नहीं छोड़ा परन्तु उसकी कलाप्रियता ने अपनी प्रवाहशीलता द्वारा कुछ मात्रा में उन्हें ललित कला क े लिये सुन्दर उपादान बना दिया। कला के अन्र्त गत चित्रकला, स्थापत्यकला, मूर्तिकला तथा हस्तकला प्रमुख है और सभी कलाओं की कलात्मक अभिव्यक्ति की दृष्टि से भारत के जन-जीवन में न क ेवल प्रागैतिहासिक युग से अपितु वर्त मान में भी इसका विषेष महत्व द ृष्टिगोचर होता है। लोक संस्क ृति का अहम भाग है लोक कला। यह संस्क ृति का पहचान है जहाँ तक भारतीय लोक संस्क ृति की बात है इसमें लोक कला का विशेष महत्व है।

155-163

Authors: Saravana Selvi. C 1 , Dr.K.S.Pushpa 2

Empowerment of women and their participation in the development process has been considered an essential feature of development. Gender equality and empowerment of women is recognized globally as a key element to achieve progress in all areas. Rural women are regarded as voiceless and defenseless. So they are to be empowered to fight against the evils faced by them1. Empowerment of women involves many things economic opportunity, social equality and personal rights. Women are deprived of their human rights, often as a matter of tradition. Kudumbashree plays a vital role in enhancing the financial status of the less privileged women in the State through its thrift and credit societies. These societies facilitate them to save and provide them with cost-effective and easy credit. The savings of the women are pooled together and given out as loans to the most deserving. The programme has 39.97 lakh members and covers more than 50% of the households in Kerala. Today, there are 2.58 lakhs NHGs, over 19,854 ADSs and 1,073 CDSs in Kudumbashree. A total of 100 Kudumbashree members were selected from Devikulam Block, Kerala by using random sampling method. The data was collected through interview schedule and a three point empowerment scale. The study revealed that more than half of the respondents 55 per cent acquired medium level of empowerment while high level is attained by 19 per cent and 26 per cent are in low level empowerment. Kudumbashree Neighbourhood groups (NHG) are considered as the dynamic tools of empowerment as it adopt a participatory approach for empowerment producing credible results since its inception till date. Empowerment of women through Kudumbashree will undoubtedly have long term socioeconomic benefits. It could be concluded that the Kudumbashree programme could bring about radical changes in the lives of the poor sections of the society in the years to come.

176-182

Authors: Amit Kumar Pal 1 , Akanksha Tripathi 2 , Anupam Saigal 3

The information technology has changed the way library professional to interact, communicate, share and acquire knowledge. However, when the computer was created it did not have features and facilities for users to interact. With the evaluation of Internet and Communication Technology, manual library has evolved into a dynamic, interactive and collaborative platform that facilitates exchange of knowledge and information among its users. RFID is the latest technology to be used in libraries and information centers for book identification, for selfcheckout and for theft detection. This paper presents an overview of RFID, it defines RFID, Components, Benefits and Limitations.

191-199

Authors: Nawaf Masfer Saad Al-Otaibi *1

This powerful mass spectrometric technique was used to investigate four profen drugs which are widely used as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating pain, fever and inflammation: Ibuprofen (M = 206), Flurbiprofen (M = 244), Naproxen (M = 230) and Ketoprofen (M = 254). The DART ion source was operated in positive ion mode with helium as the ionizing medium heated to 250°C. A solution containing a mixture of poly (ethylene glycol) standards PEG 600 and PEG 200 was used for mass calibration. A standard solution of each pure standard was manually introduced by using a small glass rod. The high resolution mass spectra of Ibuprofen, Flurbiprofen, Naproxen and Ketoprofen showed the presence of an intense protonated molecular ion [M + H]+ at 207.13860, 245.09776, 231.10632 and 255.09966 Da, respectively. Moreover, a non-protonated molecular ion M+ was also observed except for Ketoprofen. On the other hand, an intense adduct ion [M + H2O]+ was also present in the four mass spectra. Since these profens are 2-arylpropionic acid derivatives they have a known tendency to form dimers; indeed, an intense protonated ion corresponding to this dimer [2M + H]+ was present in the spectrum of Ibuprofen, Flurbiprofen, Naproxen and Ketoprofen at 413.27102, 489.19944, 461.19266 and 509.19662 Da, respectively. The presence of profens as active ingredients was then investigated in various pharmaceutical tablets collected from the local market. A small piece of each solid tablet was submitted to the DART ion source without any sample preparation. The obtained mass spectrum showed the characteristic peaks corresponding to each profen as active principle, as well as the other ingredients of the tablet.

206-216

Authors: María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez1 , Cinthya A Sosa-Villalobos*1, Isabel A AmaroEspejo1 , Itzel Galaviz-Villa1 , Fabiola Lango-Reynoso1

The aim of this study was to determine parameters of dissolved oxygen, temperature and nitrogen in the coastal basin of the Jamapa River as indicators of eutrophication. Six sampling sites were selected in the lower basin, where samples were collected in triplicate in each site, during three seasons; north winds, dry and rainy. Results of the research, analyzed using the Minitab statistical program, were: site 2 showing the maximum value of dissolved oxygen with 5.83 mg/L; site 5 with the maximum temperature value of 30.3 ºC, during the dry season. Whereas, maximum mean values of total nitrogen were at site 2 (4.596 mg/L) and site 5 (4.281 mg/L). Coastal basins can change markedly the nitrogen concentration with respect to weather and environmental conditions. As well as, reduced forms of nitrogen cause alterations in dissolved oxygen and the increase in water temperature, along with high concentrations of nutrients.

223-231

Authors: Dr.K.Lenin *1

This paper presents Flower Pollination (FP) algorithm for solving the optimal reactive power problem. Minimization of real power loss is taken as key intent. Flower pollination algorithm is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. The biological evolution point of view, the objective of the flower pollination is the survival of the fittest and the optimal reproduction of plants in terms of numbers as well as the largely fittest. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed Flower Pollination (FP) algorithm, it has been tested on IEEE 57 bus system and compared to other standard reported algorithms. Simulation results show that FP algorithm is better than other algorithms in reducing the real power loss and voltage profiles are within the limits.

246-255

Authors: Dr.K.Lenin *1

This paper presents Tailored Particle Swarm Optimization (TPSO) algorithm for solving optimal reactive power problem. Particle Swarm optimization algorithm based on Membrane Computing is proposed to solve the problem. Tailored Particle Swarm Optimization (TPSO) algorithm designed with the framework and rules of a cell-like P systems, and particle swarm optimization with the neighbourhood search. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, it has been tested on standard IEEE 118 & practical 191 bus test systems and compared to other specified algorithms. Simulation results show that Tailored Particle Swarm Optimization (TPSO) algorithm is superior to other algorithms in reducing the real power loss.

266-274

Authors: Mohammad Ismail Hossain 1 , Dr. Mohammad Nayem Aziz Ansari 2 , Ummeh Saika 3

The main objective of this paper is to investigate tourists’ perceptions of services delivered by Hatirjheel lake-based Holiday recreation site in Dhaka Metropolitan area. The six structural variables were tourists' expectation, perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction, loyalty and complaint. A face-to-face survey was conducted with tourists who had stayed for at least one hour in the Lake. The overall assessment of tourist satisfaction is 4.27 and tourist loyalty is 4.66, which indicates that the respondents are satisfied with the Hatirjheel area. The results indicated that air quality; noise pollution and sanitation were more important varieties. Tourists were more satisfied with the scenic area capacity, air quality, noise pollution and sanitation; while they were less satisfied with water quality, convenient traffic and parking. The sustainability of the Hatirjheel lake holiday recreation depends on the management and environmental management; therefore, the analyses and compares both sides of the utilization of the lake: the demand and the offer.

291-297

Authors: Animasahun Adeola B*1 , Adekunle Motunrayo O2 , Afadapa Maria A3 , Salisu Mohammed A4

Background: Malaria is deadly and a major disease burden in Africa especially among the under-5s. Due to the high death rate from malaria in endemic region, World Health Organization previous recommendation was presumptive treatment of malaria. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate if presumptive diagnosis of malaria in our region is still justified, and increase the awareness for proper evaluation for other causes of fever in febrile children. Methods: Apart of a single blinded prospective interventional study carried out between March and May 2016, at the children outpatient unit of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria. Consecutive children aged 6 months to 12 years with temperature of 37.50C and above at presentation without prior antimalaria treatment were recruited. Clinical and laboratory evaluation for malaria were done in these subjects. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Test of statistical significant was set at <0.05. Results: Eighty-eight (88) children were recruited. The mean age of studied subjects was 43±46.5 months with a median of 25 months. Male to female ratio was 1.1:1. The axillary temperature range of studied subjects ranged between 37.50C to 390C. The mean temperature of subjects was 37.8±0.370C. Out of 88 children recruited for the study, 51 (58%) had microscopic malaria test being positive. Up to 37 (42%) febrile children tested negative for malaria. Conclusion: Malaria infection in children is still high in our environment, but presumption treatment of malaria is no longer justified. There is a need to scale up provision of diagnostic tools for malaria so that overtreatment can be curtailed.

302-310

Authors: Dr Sivarajasingam Mahendran *1

This very small scale (due to limited time and resources) exploratory and almost wholly qualitative research (Qual–quan) study seeks to examine how non-native adult speakers of English (NNASE) can be motivated to speak English as a foreign language (EFL) more and better via the utilization of counseling psychology rather than through traditional teaching methods over a 3 month period of English language lessons in a classroom environment. The approach taken in this study resembles the Oral Approach and Situational Language Teaching but it is more than those traditional methods used in the 1950s through the 1960s in British and Australian schools, and involves a combination of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach, widely used from mid-1970s to the 1980s period, Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) approach and Counseling Learning Techniques.

318-321

Authors: Chandra kanta Sharma *1

भारत मेंमानसनू उन ग्रीष्मकालीन हवाओंको कहतेहैंजो दक्षिण एशिया मेंजून सेशसतंबर तक सक्रिय रहती हैं। ये हवाएं हहन्दमहासागर, बंगाल की खाडी और अरबसागर सेभारतीय उपमहाद्वीप की ओर प्रवाहहत होती है। इनकी हदिा दक्षिण-पश्चिम और दक्षिण-उत्तर की ओर होती हैअतः मानसनू ी हवाओंको दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसनू ी हवाओं के नाम सेभी जाना जाता है। दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसनू देि मेंकुल वर्ातका 70% भाग प्रदान करता है। लेक्रकन इस वर्त देि मेंऔसत सेकम वर्ातदजतकी गई हैसपं णू तदेि में5.2% की कमी रही। देि के उत्तर – पश्चिम िेत्र में सबसेअधिक 10 फीसद की कमी दजतकी गई। जून और जुलाई मेंअच्छेवर्ातके बाद अगस्त और शसतंबर के दौरान देि मेंमानसनू कमजोर रहा।

329-336

Authors: Kiplangat Benard Koros *1

This research seeks to assess the infrastructure of Online Banking in Commercial Banks: case of Kericho, Kenya. The specific objectives were: To determine the effect of Capacity of IT Infrastructure, to establish the effect of ATM use and to examine the effect of internet access of Online Banking in Commercial Banks in Kenya. Data was collect by Questionnaire, which was adopted from a thesis. Sample size was 154 and target population was 249. Data was analyzed using by descriptive and inferential statistics. Multiple regression analysis method was used in testing relationships among variables. Findings indicate that: there was strong relationship between Capacity of IT Infrastructure and ATM use but a fluctuating, unreliable effect on internet access among the employees in Kericho. ATM use as an infrastructure was the best loaded compared to other two predictors in support of Online Banking. Conclusion: Mobile Network Operation was the least performed. Recommendations: Banks needs to focus on attention at a lower cadre of employees in both private and employees, commercial banks need to carry out training on basic IT knowledge in collaboration with local tea producers, to harness further research of the Capacity of IT Infrastructure.

348-356

Authors: V.A.Maharramov *1 , M.G.Hasanov 2

The principle of constructing a multi-channel and multifunctional optical commutator is analyzed. It is shown that, the proposed principle of an optical commutator extends the functional capabilities of optical network.

363-367

Authors: Dr.Sushil Kumar Jangid *1 , Dnyaneshwar.K.Jadhav 2

Dushi Visha is cumulative poisons which retains and accumulate within the tissues of human beings due to exposure seems prolonged period persistently. It may be originated from inanimate, animate or artificial source of poisons. The clinical manifestation, Complication & Management of Dushi Visha has been found in various Samhitas, but matter is scattered. This study has been taken a serious effort to present a management of cumulative Toxicity with special reference to Dushi Visha with scientific justification.

377-391

Authors: Li-ren Yu 1, 2 , Jun Yu 3

This paper reports a fine numerical simulation of environmental flow and contaminant transport in the Amazonian water system near the Anamã City, Brazil, solved by the Q3drm1.0 software, developed by the Authors, which can provide the different closures of three depth-integrated two-equation turbulence models. The purpose of this simulation is to refinedly debug and test the developed software, including the mathematical model, turbulence closure models, adopted algorithms, and the developed general-purpose computational codes as well as graphical user interfaces (GUI). The three turbulence models, provided by the developed software to close nonsimplified quasi three-dimensional hydrodynamic fundamental governing equations, include the traditional depth-integrated two-equation turbulence model, the depth-integrated two-equation turbulence model, developed previously by the first Author of the paper, and the depth-integrated two-equation turbulence model, developed recently by the Authors of this paper. The numerical simulation of this paper is to solve the corresponding discretized equations with collocated variable arrangement on the non-orthogonal body-fitted coarse and fine two-levels’ grids. With the help of Q3drm1.0 software, the steady environmental flows and transport behaviours have been numerically investigated carefully; and the processes of contaminant inpouring as well as plume development, caused by the side-discharge from a tributary of the south bank (the right bank of the river), were also simulated and discussed in detail. Although the three turbulent closure models, used in this calculation, are all applicable to the natural rivers with strong mixing, the comparison of the computational results by using the different turbulence closure models shows that the turbulence model with larger turbulence parameter provides the possibility for improving the accuracy of the numerical computations of practical problems.

401-405

Authors: डाॅ. क ृष्णा महावर ’1

दुसरो सेहस्तक्षेप कियेकिना हमारेस्यम िे फै सलेलेनेिी शक्ति िो स्यायत्तता िे रूप मेजाना जाता है। और यकद यह कशक्षा सेजड़ी हैतो िहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दा िनिर सामनेआती हैं। आज कशक्षा िे क्षेत्र मेभी िई राजनीकति प्रभाव व अन्य हस्तक्षेप देखेजा सितेहैं। जो देश िे भकवष्य पर भी प्रश्न किन्ह खड़ा िरतेहैं। आज जरूरत हैंऐसेिदलाओ िी जो कशक्षा िी स्वायत्तता िो अराजि होनेसेभी रोिे । यंहा इस लेख मेंमेरा िें द्र किंदु जमीकन स्तर पर िदलाओ सेहै। ना तो मैंयहााँकिन्ही आयोगों िी ररपोर्टों िे खुलासा िरूाँ गी न ही कशक्षा सेजुड़े िोई आंिड़ेिताउंगी और ना ही यूजीसी अथवा अन्य किसी संस्थान सेजुड़ेशोध पर आधाररत सन्दभणपेश िरूाँ गी। िक्ति यह पूरी तरीिे सेमेरेअपनेकनजी अनुभवो अवलोिनों व सुझावों पर आधररत लेख हैं। आज िी कशक्षा पद्धकत िा रूप िेहद कविृ त हो िुिा है। कशक्षा सेवा िी िजाय व्यवसाय अकधि हो गयी हैं। आज िे कशक्षि माकसि तन्ख्वाह पानेवालेिािर सेअकधि िु छ नही है। मैंअपनी िात रवीन्द्रनाथ ठािु र िे उदाहरर् सेआरंभ िरना िाहंगी। स्वयं उन्हेंभी ििपन मेही स्कू ली कशक्षा पद्धकत िी रर्टाऊ पढ़ाई व कशक्षि िी कपर्टाई िी वजह सेकवलगाव हो गया था। कजसनेउनिे िालमन पर जीवनभर िे कलए प्रभाव डाला जो आगेिलिर उनिे द्वारा शांकतकनिे तन िी स्थापना िे कलए नीवं िी ईंर्ट िना। वेकशक्षा व्यवस्था व कशक्षा िी स्यायत्तता सेभकलभांकत पररकित थे। कशक्षा मेंछात्रों व कशक्षिो दोनो िी स्यायत्तता होना जरूरी हैं। परंतुयही ं स्यायत्तता अगर स्वछं दता व अराजिता िन जायेतो भकवष्य िा कविृ त होना तय है।मैंइस पंक्ति िो आज िी कशक्षा व्यवस्था मेिररताथणहोता पाती हाँकि - िोया पेड़ ििूल िा आम िहााँसेहोय। इस व्यवस्था िी आड़ मेकशक्षि व छात्र दोनो ही मनमानी िर रहेहैं।

421-434

Authors: Younis Saied Hassan Al-Bugg *1

Twenty-two species were extracted from the Leucaena Spp. Data were collected on their characteristics, which differed from each other and were classified accordingly. Statistical analysis revealed that there were many differences between species in some traits; each type is itself in other qualities. Therefore, we presented the qualities that need to be described in order to identify differences. The study included the qualities related to seeds, pods and petiole gland. The seeds were aligned in Pods in three forms, while the shape of the seed came in two types. Only two types of species differed in the status of the opening of the pod (dehiscence). As for the thickness of the wall of the Pods, the species varied greatly, and the highest was the Papery. The rate of openness of the Pods was very high at 90.9% for one margin. The partitioning between seeds within Pods did not register more than two types, and it tended to have no partition by 72.7%. Only two shapes were distinguished in terms of the clarity of the seed chamber on the surface of the pods and 16 times the uncertainty was repeated ( not partitioned ) , leaving 6 replicates of the possible type of clarity ( partitioned ) . The colors of Pods differed very much, and each type had its own color except for some exceptions. The most frequent color was (To Orange Brown) with five replicates and the color (Mid Orange Brown) four times and the remaining types remained independent of colors. There was a high correlation between seed and pods traits and in some cases reached 90% at the probability of 1%. The length of the seed ranged between 4.9 mm - 10.6 mm but distributed over all types of tree under study. Each seed type had a specific seed length. The correlation coefficient between seed width and seed length was high at a probability of 1% to 0.775. Seeds / Kg was varied even within one species and was between 8700 - 70000 seeds / kg. There were only two forms that showed the accompaniment of the gland on the throat while three forms of the gland type were recorded but the gland height had a variety of forms.

452-464

Authors: Venance Buliga 1 , Larama MB Rongo*2 , Simon HD Mamuya 3

Background: Small scale sunflower oil industries are industries which extract oil from sunflower seed. Apart from its contribution to the economic development of the nation, during extraction process much dust concentration produced and respiratory symptoms are unknown. The aim of study was to assess dust exposure and associated respiratory health symptoms among small scale sunflower oil industries workers in Singida Tanzania. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted and 233 participants were interviewed using a modified American Thoracic Society questionnaire to assess the respiratory health symptoms. A Side Kick Casella Pump was used to collect respirable dust from a sub sample of 66 workers from the sieving section. Results: Respirable dust exposure levels for mean, and Geometrical mean was 10.45 mg/m3 (SD 13.90) and GM=5.25 mg/m3 (GSD 0.51) respectively, and 46% of the dust samples (n=66) were above the TLV of 5 mg/m3. Logistic regression analysis between measured dust and respiratory symptoms found to be statistically significant. Higher prevalence of respiratory health symptoms were seen in those with cough (33%), cough with phlegm (46.8%) and wheezy (41.6%). Conclusion: The study concludes that, respiratory symptoms were high and dust exposure was above recommended levels of 5 mg/m3. We recommend use of appropriate RPE.