Revista MVZ Cordoba

6937-6941

Authors: Salim Mattar V; Marco González T

Viruses transmitted by arthropods are the cause of important encephalitis. Several equine encephalitis viruses belong to the family Togaviridae genus Alphavirus, besides Chikungunya and Mayaro, there are the Western encephalitis viruses (WEEV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEEV) and Eastern equine encephalitis (EEEV). EEEV was previously classified into four different lineages / subtypes (I to IV) (1,2). The South American strains (SA) (lineages II-IV), which include isolates from South and Central America, are genetically different in contrast to the strains of North America (NA) that belong to lineage I (3). Due to genetic divergence and significant differences in ecology and pathogenesis, the South American isolates of EEEV were recently classified as a different species that was named Madariaga virus (1).

6951-6963

Authors: María Velasco Z; Alfonso Hernández G; Humberto Vaquera H; Jaime Martínez T; Patricia Hernández S; Juan Aguirre M

Objective. To evaluate Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) cv Mombasa not only dynamic growing and cumulative fodder but also determining its optimal period for harvesting. Materials and methods. Under a five-repetition random design, we assessed eight treatments that consisted in successive cuttings every ten days during seasonal time. At the beginning of each season, we divided the land by quadrants (0.64 m2) so that we could perform a uniformity cutting size of 5 cm height at ground level. Assessments in plant height, cumulative forage, botanical and morphological composition, growth rate (GR), leaf area ratio; and rations in leaf:stem and leaf:no leaf were carried out. Additionally, we analyzed data by means of SAS with MIXED and GLM procedures. Results. Cumulative forage was advanced in summer and spring (p≤0.05). Both forage yielding and GR increased gradually until leaves’ growth stabilized; so subsequent increments in forage were due to an increased amount in stem and dead material, just when GR declined. Growth rate was greater in summer (127 kg DM ha-1 d-1) exceeded GR, spring, autumn and winter by 26, 44 and 75 %) Conclusions. Results have suggested that an optimal handling of cv. Mombasa and a maximum production of its forage in the state of Chiapas could be obtained if it is harvested every 40, 50, 40 and 30 days during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively.

6974-6980

Authors: Marco Torres-Castro; Daly Martínez-Ortiz; Alonso Panti-May; Edgar Koyoc-Cardeña; Karina López-Ávila; Karla Dzul-Rosado; Jorge Zavala-Castro;Juan Chablé-Santos; Pablo Manrique-Saide

Objective. To determine the presence of Rickettsia typhi in synanthropic rodents captured in the rural community of Bolmay, Yucatan, Mexico, an area with history of murine typhus cases. Materials and methods. Thirty Mus musculus, 6 Rattus rattus and 1 Heteromys gaumeri were examined. Total DNA was obtained of rodent’s spleen. The identification of Rickettsia typhi was performed through the fragment’s amplification of the htrA (17-kDa gene protein) by endpoint PCR. The positive products were purified and sent for sequencing and analysis with the BLAST tool. Results. Rickettsial DNA was identified in 27% (10/37) of the rodents: seven M. musculus and 3 R. rattus. The alignment analyses obtained identity and coverage percentages of 97 - 99% for R. typhi. Conclusions. The present study suggests the participation of synanthropic rodents in the murine typhus cycle in the region. We described the first molecular evidence of R. typhi in M. musculus of Yucatan, Mexico.

6991-6997

Authors: Camila Virviescas B;María Aragón F; Luis Vásquez A; Fabiola González C; Patricia Escandón H; Hans Castro S

Objective. Characterize phenotypically and genotypically isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii that can be found in feces of pigeons (Columba livia) and in soil, leaves and detritus of almond trees (Terminalia catappa) in the municipalities of Neiva and Rivera, Colombia. Materials and methods. One hundred and eighteen samples were collected in 13 specific areas, characterized by the presence of almond trees and high density of birds, between January and June 2016. Incubation of the processed samples was done at 27°C for two weeks using Guizottia abyssinica agar. The phenotypic characterization, the species determination and the subsequent molecular typing was done using PCR fingerprinting with (GTG)5 primer and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism with URA5 and SJ01 primers. Results. A 5.9% of the samples from pigeon feces were positive for C neoformans var. grubii (VNI molecular pattern). Samples collected from almond tree detritus were not positive for any of the species studied. Conclusions. The isolation of C. neoformans from pigeon droppings in the municipalities of Rivera and Neiva adds to the scarce knowledge about this pathogen in the department of Huila, revealing the importance of continuing with these type of studies, not only in the environment but in the exposed population.

7013-7024

Authors: Juan Flórez R; Víctor Vera A; Ángela Lora M; Gloria Ramírez-Nieto

Objective. To assess the presence of influenza A virus and to evaluate the impact of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus on the endemic strains circulating in the Colombian swine population after its emergence and spread. Materials and methods. 369 lung tissue samples were collected from clinically normal slaughterhouse pigs from 11 geographic regions of Colombia, which were analyzed using qRT-PCR test for the detection of influenza A virus. After molecular detection, positive samples were processed to perform isolation trials in specific pathogen free chicken embryo eggs, and the presence of the virus was accomplished by hemagglutination test and RT-PCR assays. Results. Molecular detection techniques showed circulation of swine influenza viruses in five out of 11 geographic regions monitored. Likewise, sample testing by viral isolation analysis enabled successful recovery and confirmation of five viral strains from two geographic regions. Conclusions. It was possible to demonstrate that slaughterhouses represent a feasible alternative for research and characterization of influenza virus, allowing researchers to collect pig samples from different origins. They also provide a useful tool for achieving viral isolation and early detection of molecular changes that would help to anticipate the appearance of strains with pandemic and/or epidemic potential throughout the national territory.

7035-7047

Authors: Edgar González L; Elizabeth Burbano G; Reynaldo Aparicio R; Guillermo Duque N; Marco Imuez F

Objective. To determine the level of environmental impact caused by an intensive aquaculture season of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) in floating cage systems in water nutrients and benthic macroinvertebrates in Lake Guamuez. Materials and methods. The study was developed in three areas of Lake Guamuez (two floating cage facilities and one control point). Three sampling stations with depths of 0, 10 and 20 meters were taken in each area, in order to perform measurements of total phosphorus, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates. Also, dives were carried out to a depth of approximately 20 meters, collecting sediment samples for the identification of macroinvertebrates. The environmental impact was evaluated by the relationship of the mentioned variables, using discriminant analysis and analysis of variance, previous verification of the statistical assumptions. Results. The nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and total phosphorus nutrients present significant differences (p<0.05) among all areas and only at some sampling depths. In addition, seven families of macroinvertebrates (Chironomidae, Thiaridae, Ampullariidae, Planaridae and Tubificidae indicative of contaminated and moderately contaminated waters and Hydrobiosidae and Hydrachnidae indicating good water quality) were collected. Conclusions. In the culture cages unlike the control point, higher nutrient content values were evidenced; the families of macroinvertebrates indicating contaminated or moderately contaminated water were also found. However, the results found are not found in risk limits for the lacustrine system or for the animals of culture.

6778-6787

Authors: Pablo S. Reineri, María S. Coria, María G. Barrionuevo2, Olegario Hernández, Santiago Callejas, Gustavo A. Palma

Objective. Evaluate mRNA expression of GDF9, BMP15, FGF2 and their main receptors, transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFβ-R1), bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB (BMPR-IB) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in bovine follicular cells. Materials and methods. Total RNA was isolated from pooled samples of oocytes (OOs), cumulus cells (CCs) of cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) and follicular cell pellets (PCs) of 70 ovaries obtained from 96 beef heifers, collected at a local abattoir. The expression pattern of growth factors and their receptors in follicular bovine cells was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. The mRNA transcripts encoding GDF9, BMP15, FGF2, TGFβ-R1, BMPR-IB and FGFR2 genes were detected, by RT-PCR, in all studied cells. This is the first time that the expression of TGFβ-R1 and BMPR-IB receptors is reported in bovine oocytes. Conclusions. The presence of growth factors and receptor transcripts in the studied cells indicate that these factors could act as paracrine and autocrine regulators of folliculogenesis.

6799-6812

Authors: Joice LM Faria, Raissa I Rossi, Aleksandro S Da Silva, Nathieli B Bottari, Débora Olsson, Jéssica L Dalberto, Ricardo E Mendes, Felipe AR Sueiro, Wanderson AB Pereira, Eduardo N Mueller, Maria RC Shetinger, Naiara Guarda, Rafael N Moresco, Matheus D Baldissera, Gustavo Machado

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate AChE activity in total blood and the FRAP levels in samples from dogs with mammary tumors before and after surgery, as well as the relationship between these variables with immunohistochemical markers of tumor (E-caderina, ki-67, COX-2). Materials and methods. In this study, 13 dogs with mammary tumors were divided into two groups (A and B). The group A was formed by dogs with tumors smaller than 3 cm of diameter, and the group B was formed by dogs with tumor of 3 cm of diameter or larger. The AChE activity and FRAP levels were evaluated before and after surgery and the immunohistochemistry were performed at the tumors. Results. The AChE activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in dogs with mammary cancer compared to control animals, and neither surgery or tumor size affected the AChE activity (p>0.05). FRAP levels before surgery were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to control animals. Also, FRAP levels increased significantly after surgery in animals of the group A compared to data before surgery, a fact not observed in dogs from the group B. E-cadherin showed low significant positive correlation with FRAP levels (r=0.37, p-value=0.05); COX-2 showed a moderate significant positive correlation to FRAP (r=0.55, p-value<0.05); and COX-2 showed a low significant positive correlation to AChE (r=0.32, p-value=0.01). Conclusions. AChE and antioxidant levels are modified in dogs with mammary cancer. These variables are involved in various physiological functions, and thus, they might be related to disease pathogenesis.

6826-6837

Authors: Diana Vargas-Bermudez, Adriana Corredor F, Gloria Ramírez-Nieto, Víctor Vera A, Jairo Jaime C

Objective. Determine the presence of antibodies and viral genomes of EHV-1 and EHV-4, as well as to detect the presence of latency associated transcripts (LATs) in a selected population of Colombian horses. Materials and methods. Serum samples, submandibular lymph nodes and trigeminal ganglion were obtained from 50 horses and analyzed. Sera were evaluated for the presence of antibodies against EHV-1 and EHV-4 while tissues were initially evaluated for the presence of viral genome by nPCR. Finally, samples were used for the detection of LATs through RT-PCR. Results. In general, 6/50 samples showed antibodies to EHV-1 and 44/50 were positive for EHV-4. As for viral genome detection, 10/50 samples were positive for EHV-1 and 30/50 were positive for EHV-4; in addition, 22/35 horses positive for EHV DNA were positive for LATs. The use of these tests led to eight possible combinations of results. Conclusions. The evidence used shows that horses can have simple viral infection, co-infections with both viruses, latency due to the presence of LATs and the simultaneous presence of LATs and viral genome replication at a given time. It contributes to the understanding of the behavior of the disease in Colombia and calls attention to the importance of implementing complementary diagnoses to the serology for the control of these viruses.

6850-6859

Authors: José Mazón-Suástegui, Milagro García-Bernal, Araceli Avilés-Quevedo, Ángel Campa-Córdova, Joan Salas-Leiva, Fernando Abasolo-Pacheco

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos sobre la supervivencia y actividad de la enzima superóxido dismutasa (SOD) del camarón Litopenaeus vannamei sometido a infección con Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Materiales y métodos. Se determinó la dosis letal media (DL50) para la cepa patógena en juveniles de L. vannamei, bajo los método de inmersión (Inm), inyección (Iny) e incisión + inmersión (Inc+Inm). Luego el efecto de cuatro medicamentos homeopáticos sobre juveniles de L. vannamei retados con Vibrio parahaemolyticus fue evaluado usando el índice la supervivencia y la actividad SOD. Se aplicaron cuatro tratamientos: (1) Mezcla CIB®-HOM Heel-Mix (TH1), constituido por igual proporción v/v, de Cyme-Heel®, Gal-Heel®, Hepa-Heel®, Mucs-Heel® y Chol-Heel®; (2) Mezcla CIB®-HOM Pav-Mix (TH2), constituido por igual proporción v/v de Passiflora incarnata, Valeriana officinalis, Zincum valerianicum e Ignatia amara (Similia®); (3) Heel-Mix/Pav-Mix (TH3) constituido por una combinación 1:1 v/v de los tratamientos TH1 y TH2, y (4) ViT-Mix (TH4), constituido por Vidatox®, y un control (no tratado/infectado). Resultados. Al aplicar los método Inm, Iny e Inc+Inm la DL50 fue de 0.9 x 106; 0.6 x 106 y 0.5 x 106 UFC.mL-1, respectivamente. Los camarones tratados con TH3 y TH4 presentaron una mayor actividad de SOD con respecto al grupo control (p<0.05). Al final del reto, los grupos TH2, TH3 y TH4 tuvieron una supervivencia mayor a la del grupo control (p<0.05). Conclusiones. Los tratamientos homeopáticos (TH3 y TH4), aumentaron la actividad de la enzima SOD y la supervivencia en juveniles de L. vannamei, retados con V. parahaemolyticus. Esto sugiere que los tratamientos homeopáticos empleados tienen potencial como alternativa para el control de V. parahaemolyticus y sus enfermedades asociadas, incluido el síndrome de mortalidad temprana en el cultivo del camarón

6871-6877

Authors: Eliana Urbano-Cáceres, Astrid Aguilera-Becerra, Claudia Jaimes-Bernal, Martín Pulido-Medellín

Objective. To determine the relationship between the type of detergent, time use of the churn and the type of water used to wash storage churns and the presence of Listeria spp., in samples collected from storage churns of raw cow’s milk, in farms of Tunja-Boyacá-Colombia. Materials and methods. 293 samples were collected by non-probabilistic sampling at convenience, in a period of time of 9 months. Isolation of Listeria spp., was performed by microbiological methods and species identification using biochemical tests. A questionnaire was applied to assess the associated factors (the type of detergent, time use of the churn and the type of water used to wash storage churns). Results. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 2.7% (n=8). No statistically significant association was found between the variables related to cleaning of churns and the presence of L. monocytogenes. Conclusions. The existence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk was demonstrated, being the prevalence found lower than those reported in national and international studies. It is evidenced the circulation of species of Listeria in the dairy production chain in Boyacá. On the other hand, it is the first overview of L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii showing the need for the implementation of control measures in the dairy industry.

6878-6887

Authors: Marina Botelho Brito, Marjury Cristina Maronezi, Ricardo AR Uscategui, Michelle L Avante, Ana R Simões,Frederico O B Monteiro, Marcus A R Feliciano

The testicles are the primary sexual organs of male and their function is to produce sperm and sexual hormones. Disorders of the testicles are common in domestic cats. Therefore, detailed assessment of the testes is of great importance in veterinary medicine. Considering the recent advances in diagnostic imaging in companion animals, this review aims to describe the applicability elastography (qualitative and quantitative), Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and B-mode ultrasonography in testes evaluation in cats. B-mode ultrasonography of the testicles combined with haemodynamic analysis in real time by Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography can assist as diagnostic tool in evaluating testicular abnormalities in sick cats. Furthermore, ARFI elastography is a new ultrasound method that evaluates tissue elasticity by elastogram and shear weave. Ultrasonographic study of the testes is a common diagnostic imaging procedure.

6598-6606

Authors: José Cárdenas M; Pablo Duarte A; Dahaivis Mena A; Olivier Ramos T

Objective. To estimate metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm), energy efficiency of weight gain (EEWG) and fat thickness, in Pelibuey and Katahdin ewes in Yucatan, Mexico. Materials and methods. Eight non pregnant, non lactating, multiparous ewes, were feed at three intake levels with a diet containing 2.0 Mcal/Kg-1 of ME and 11 % of CP. Feed intake was measured daily, ewes weight and thickness of subcutaneous fat (SF) were determined every 14 days. The EMm was estimated by regressing values of live weight against metabolizable energy intake (MEI), EEWG was estimate as gram of weight gain per Mcal of MEI. Results. There were no differences between breeds in MEm (97±4 and 110±4 kcal/Kg0.75, for Pelibuey and Katahdin) and EEWG (58±8 and 63±8 g/Mcal of MEI, for Pelibuey and Katahdin); differences were found in SF (6.1±0.2 and 4.9±0.2 mm, for Pelibuey and Katahdin). Conclusions. The energy requirements for maintenance were similar in Pelibuey and Katahdin ewes in Yucatan, Mexico.

6617-6627

Authors: José E Miranda-Yuquilema;Alfredo Marin-Cárdenas; Yaneisy García-Hernández

Objective. To evaluate the impact of two microbial additives on the productive behavior, zoometric, incidence of diarrhea and mortality of post-weaning piglets. Materials and methods. A total of 120 piglets (Duroc / Yorkshire / Landrace) were used, divided into three groups of 40 animals each, control (T1); microbial preparation A (T2) and microbial preparation B (T3). The T2 contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgariccus y Streptoccus thermophilus. The T3 was composed of microorganisms of T2 plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). We used a completely randomized design where we evaluated, live weight, daily mean gain, height: raised at the cross, raised to the rump, body length, for both sexes and diarrheal incidence and mortality. Results. Live weight in the offspring (males and females) consuming microbial additives were higher and of these were higher in T3. Regarding the average daily gain, the largest increases were found in T3 group. Elevated to the cross, raised to the rump and length of body was greater (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 at birth; while at the end of the study in T3 it was superior. The incidence of diarrhea was higher (p<0.05) in the control group. The animals of the groups that consumed microbial preparation had no deaths during the study. Conclusions. The use of the microbial additives evaluated had a positive effect on the productive and zoometric behavior of the piglets. In addition, the reduction of the incidence of diarrhea and mortality of the animals was achieved.

6637-6648

Authors: Paulo E. Bennemann; Sergio A. Machado; Lilian K. Girardini; Karina Sonálio; Alexandre A. Tonin

Objective. To assess the microbiological profile in seven Boar Studs (BS) in Southern Brazil, as well as evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility response to most commonly found microorganisms in BS. Materials and methods. Bacteriologic analysis was carried out in samples from the water purification system, semen extender, raw and stored semen, lab benches, and other working surfaces. Results. Growth of a mixed bacterial population was observed in water samples from all but one BS. Approximately 85% of the BS had significant contamination on their working surfaces with at least one bacterial contaminant. A total of 86% of raw semen samples were contaminated with one or more different bacteria, while 100% of the boar studs provided contaminated samples. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents varied from over 80% for gentamycin, neomycin and ceftiofur to 40% or less for penicillin and lincomycin. Conclusions. The identification of the critical points provides necessary support to devise better strategies to minimize contamination in BS. Also, assessing the level of antimicrobial drug resistance offers accurate information to formulate more efficient antibacterial protocols that closely observe the rational use of antibiotics.

6660-6670

Authors: Göktuğ Toros; Kerem Ural

Objective. In the present study the aim was to establish the efficacy of 30 mg/kg single dose secnidazol in calves naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Materials and methods. In an attempt to perform original study a total of 18 calves, from various breed, age and of both sexes were enrolled. Diagnosis was based on detection of trophozoit and/or cysts on fecal flotation among calves naturally infected with G. duodenalis, besides by use of rapid diagnostic test kits working with solid phase immunochromatographic principles and β-giardin nested- Polymerase Chain Reaction aplication. Cyst count per gram of feces were performed among days 0, 3, 7 and 10 in all cases. On days 0 and 10 hematological (WBC, RBC, HCT, MCHC, PLT) and serum biochemical (ALT, AST, creatinine, urea) values were determined. Results. Two different groups of calves composed of secnidazole group (n:9) and control group (n:9) were enrolled. Among calves enrolled in treatment group secnidazole was administered at a single dosage of 30 mg/kg perorally on day 0, whereas control group were left without any active ingredient. Cyst count per gram feces, hematological and serum biochemical values were analyzed among groups and intragroup comparisons. Giardia duodenalis assemblage A3 was detected in all 18 calves. On days 3, 7, and 10 there was significant (p˂0.001) reduction in cyst excretion; whereas evaluation of mean geometric cyst excretion revealed 100% reduction on days 7 and 10. Among two group statistical analysis of hematological and serumbiochemical variables revealed no statistical significance on days 0 and 10. Conclusions. In conclusion secnidazole at a single dose of 30 mg/kg might be practically appliable, reasonably priced, safety, completely effective and causing rapid recovery treatment protocole for therapy of calves with Giardiasis.

6681-6695

Authors: Marbel Monroy G; Claudia Jiménez E; Aureliano Hernández V

Objectives. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship among ovulatory follicle (OF) size, corpus luteum (CL) volume, and progesterone (P4) serum levels with pregnancy success. Materials and methods. Nineteen Holstein cows located in Bogotá, Colombia with a history of 2 to 6 previous calving were used in the study. Following 40 day postpartum, two consecutive phases were evaluated as follows: 1) estrous cycle; 2) early pregnancy or return to estrus after Artificial Insemination (AI). Ultrasound exam was performed twice daily after first sign of estrus to evaluate OF diameter and CL volume, and serum P4 levels were evaluated on days 6, 9, 12 and 15 after ovulation. Cows were inseminated 12 hours post estrus signs and pregnancy was diagnosed 30 days post AI. Results. 47.36% of the cows were diagnosed as pregnant after AI. Pregnant cows had smaller OF diameters (17.85±2.39 mm) than non-pregnant females (21.10±2.86 mm) (p<0.05). Cows with smaller OF were more likely to become pregnant (OR=0.624, IC=95% (0.4-0.9) (p<0.05). There were non significant differences in the CL volume (p=0.10) and P4 serum values (p=0.39) between pregnant and no pregnant cows on days 6, 9, 12 and 15 post ovulation. Serum P4 levels were not correlated to CL size and reproductive status. Conclusions. This study shows that there was not significant difference in serum P4 levels and the CL volume when comparing pregnant with non-pregnant cows. A relationship was found between the OF diameter and the CL volume. Small OF diameter was a factor associated with early pregnancy.

6710-6717

Authors: José Reyes-Gutiérrez; Oziel Montañez-Valdez; Cándido Guerra-Medina; Alejandro Ley De Coss

Objective. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of an additive and an inoculum bacterial in the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) of sugarcane silage. Materials and methods. Experimental treatments were: a) sugarcane silage with 1% of bacterial inoculum and 1% of additive (SCS1); b) sugarcane silage with the bacterial inoculum 3% and 1% of additive (SCS3). The bacterial inoculum consists of 10.0% molasses, 1.0% of commercial yogurt containing Lactobacillus plantarum, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. acidophilus and L. bifidus, 5.0% poultry manure, 0.5% urea and 83.0% of water; the additive is formulated with 1.0% urea, 0.1% sulfate of ammonium and 0.25% phosphorus. Each treatment was determined to its chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of dry and organic matter and the results obtained were analyzed using T Student test. Results. There were differences between treatments (p<0.05) in crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, hemicellulose, ammoniacal nitrogen and pH, as well as on IVDMD, but without changes in the IVOMD, presenting the better values for SCS1. Conclusions. The 1% concentration of bacterial inoculum and additive added to sugarcane silage showed better values on in vitro digestibility of dry matter, and chemical composition, indicating an adequacy fermentation, but, at concentrations higher than 1% of additive and an inoculum bacterial decreases the quality and digestibility of the silage.

6726-6736

Authors: Ali Evren Haydardedeoğlu; Kerem Ural; Abdulkadir Orman; Deniz Aliç Ural

Objective. The present study was conducted to measure D-dimer concentrations and assess their value in disease activity in dogs with giardiasis. Furthermore another purpose was to analyze correlation between cyst excretion and D-dimer levels to those of dogs naturally infected with Giardia sp. Materials and methods. D-dimer analysis were performed in three groups of dogs; (i) 15 dogs with giardiasis to those of treated with secnidazol, (ii) 10 dogs with giardiasis, left untreated as control group, then were compared to those of (iii) 17dogs without giardiasis, used to detect reference ranges for D-dimer values as control group. was a correlation between D-dimer levels and logarythmic cyst counts. Results. The D-dimer range in healthy dogs was <0.1 mg/L. In dogs with giardiasis, the D-dimer concentrations were greater than those of healthy dogs (p<0.05) and (p<0.01), respectively. The mean initial plasma D-dimer level was 2.84±0.50 and 2.99±0.61 ng/L in treated and untreated control groups. At the final follow-up evaluation on day 10 was 0.27±0.50 and 2.14±0.61 ng/L, in treated and untreated control groups, respectively, which was significantly lower in treated group (p<0.001). The area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics for d-dimer was 0.922 (z-value = 12.977, p<0.0001). (95%CI: 0.780–0.885). At a cut-off value of 0.1 ng/L, the D-dimer measurement had a sensitivity of 87.2%, a specificity of 90.9%. Conclusions. As a result D-dimer concentrations measured in giardiasis support the probable link between probable pro-thrombotic and inflammatory condition.

6403-6413

Authors: Canberk Balikci; Kerem Ural

Objective.The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that cardiac alterations participate within different stages of CVL. Materials and methods. Dogs were diagnosed with CVL, were classified as follows; group I (mild disease), group II (moderate disease), group III (severe disease), group IV (very severe disease) and group V included healthy controls. Results. Ig G antibodies against Leishmaniasis in group as tested by IFAT, were deemed 1/64 to 1/16000 among infected groups. Considering the cTnI levels, there were significant differences (p=0.018) between stage IV (group IV) and healthy control group, besides between group IV and group I. Considering D-dimer levels, there was difference between healthy control group and group II, III and IV (p=0.005). Regareing NT-pro BNP levels, there were differences between healthy control group and stage III, IV, besides between stage I with stage III, IV (p=0.000). Conclusions. The results showed that levels of cTnI, Nt pro-BNP and D-dimer were higher in dogs infected with CVL in contrast to healthy dogs, in which levels of those biomarkers were below detection limits. Obtained results suggested the possibility of cTnI and NT pro-BNP as markers for cardiac damage and D-dimer as a supportive tool for a diagnosis of probable thromboembolism in dogs with CVL.

6429-6437

Authors: Lucas Menegatti; Kaine CC Silva; Rafael A Baggio; Maria LAN Zotti; Aleksandro S Silva; Diovani Paiano

Objective. We carried out this study to evaluate weight gain (WG), mortality, blood serum proteins (BP), facial lesions of littermates submitted to different teeth procedures. Material and Methods. The experiment was performed in a commercial breeding farm. Were used 15 sows, allotted into three groups: control, where piglets’ teeth were kept intact (IT); teeth clipping (CT); and teeth grinding using an electric grinder (GT). We evaluated WG, BS (five males/litter), mortality, low viable piglets rates and facial lesions in piglets. Additionally, we evaluated sows’ backfat thickness (P2) and teat lesion score. BP data, lesion score and WG were assessed individually. For WG, the initial weight and the litter size were used as covariates. Regarding other variables, we used the average of the litter. When there were differences, the means were compared using Duncan test (p<0.05). Results. In the first week, GT piglets presented higher WG. In the second week, CT presented worst WG. In the first two weeks as in the total period, CT piglets presented worse WG than the GT. Mortality and low viable piglets rates were not influenced. After the fourth day, CT and GT treatment reduced facial lesions. There was no effect on BP. Treatments did not influence P2 and teat lesion score. Conclusions. Treatments did not have influence on mortality, low viable rates, BP of the piglets and P2 and teat lesions score. CT treatment decreased weight gain and IT increased face lesions score.

6448-6460

Authors: Venancio Cuevas-Reyes; César Rosales-Nieto

Objective. The present study consisted in characterizing the dual-purpose cattle system and the factors that limit the productivity of this system in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Material and Methods. We applied a survey to 214 producers and we analyzed the data with analyses of factors and conglomerate. Results. The analysis of factors identified five components: resources level, productivity, technological level, livestock management and socioeconomic aspects and these components explain 70.5% of the total cumulative variance. The conglomerate analysis identified three clusters: cluster 1 (52.5%, 105 producers) defined as a system focused on milk production. Cluster 2 (41.5%, 83 producers) defined as traditional farms of meat and milk production and Cluster 3 (6%; 12 producers) defined as farms focused on meat production. The three clusters present similar livestock management (p>0.05). The producers base their feeding strategies on grazing rangeland with seasonal supplementation of silage and commercial concentrate; however, each cluster differed (p<0.05) in the level of use of these resources. Conclusion. The present study identifies, in the dual-purpose cattle system in northern Sinaloa, low milk yield and limit forage resources as main problems that results in multiple strategies that the producers follow to solve it. The social aspects and the level of resources (land, animals, machinery and equipment and infrastructure) play an important role therefore they must be considered independently to help to define differentiated technological strategies.

6474-6486

Authors: Carlos Ayala-Romero;, Carlos Ballen-Parada; Mónica Rico-Gaitán; Iliana Chamorro-Tobar; Diana Zambrano-Moreno; Raúl Poutou-Piñales; Ana Carrascal-Camacho

Objective. To determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., in pigs mesenteric ganglion, from different regions of Colombia. Materials and Methods. A stratified sampling by proportional fixation was carried out at benefit plants of each of the 13 participating departments, whose pork production volume is representative at national level. Sampling was performed during five months, for a total of 457 samples analyzed. Salmonella spp., identification was performed by the MDS Molecular System, later isolates were confirmed in Maldi-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the B1016-180 panel and statistical analysis was performed in Whonet 2016, some of the multi-resistant isolates were them serotyped by Kauffman-White method. Results. National prevalence was 28.2%, with the presence of S. Typhimurium, S. Agama, S. London, S. Agona, S. Haifa and S. 1,4,12: i: -. Resistance to antibiotics frequently used in human (23.6% Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, 2.7% Cefotaxime (CTX), 11.8% Ampicillin (AMP) and 1.8% Ciprofloxacin) was found. Conclusion. The prevalence of Salmonella in mesenteric ganglia was 28.2%, being the Huila region the one with the highest prevalence, recovering atypical serotypes such as S. London and S. Haifa.

6500-6513

Authors: Adriana Peñuela S; Aureliano Hernandez V

Objective. The purpose of this study was to characterize the incidence of EM in Ross 308 strain eggs. Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study was performed, through candling and embryodiagnosis, in 4 groups of eggs coming from 4 different age breeders. Other data such as percentage of infertility, malformation, malposition, cracked and contaminated eggs were reported. Results. General EM reached 16.08% IC95% (14.69; 17.60) and was different among the different age-groups (p<0.001), being higher for eggs from 64 week-old breeders with 27.66% IC95%(23.92; 31.99) and lower for the 47 weeks old ones (8.84% IC95%) (6.97; 11.22). In the first week of incubation 57.53% of the embryos died and mortality was at its highiest during days 1 and 3; in the second week EM was 38.42% died, with a maximum of deaths between days 19 and 21. Conclusions. This study allowed confirmation on the biphasic behaviour of EM, although there are variations in the peaks of mortality possibly attributed to differences in production conditions for each enterprise.

6523-6536

Authors: María S. Coria; Pedro G. Carranza; Gustavo A. Palma

Tenderness is considered the most important meat quality trait regarding its eating quality. Post mortem meat tenderization is primarily the result of calpain mediated degradation of key proteins within muscles fibers. The calpain system originally comprised three molecules: two Ca2+-dependent proteases and a specific inhibitor. Numerous studies have shown that the calpain system plays a central role in postmortem proteolysis and meat tenderization. The objective of this review is to describe the last biochemical and molecular findings in connection with this proteolytic system and their relation with meat tenderness in bovine. Findings of DNA polymorphisms and mRNA and protein expression are described as tools to predict meat tenderness. Understanding the molecular basis of meat tenderization may be useful particularly to the meat industry and may allow amendment of pre-slaughter handling practices and postmortem treatments that improves meat quality.

6552-6563

Authors: Michelle L Avante; Priscila DA da Silva; Marcus AR Feliciano; Marjury C Maronezi; Ana R Simões; Ricardo AR Uscategui; Julio C Canola

This study describes the ultrasonographic techniques currently used in the evaluation of the canine pancreas. Ultrasonography was the first method to enable direct visualization of the pancreas in humans and it has been subsequently applied to animals. Currently, it is the method of choice for pancreatic evaluation and is essential as a diagnostic tool in the detection of abnormalities, especially tumors. Innovative equipment technology has led to the emergence of techniques complementary to B-mode ultrasound; such as Doppler, elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, which have enabled more accurate diagnosis. Doppler provides information on vascular architecture and the hemodynamic aspect of blood vessels in multiple organs. ARFI elastography provides detailed images of the alterations detected by conventional examination (qualitative method) and assists in differentiating between benign and malignant processes (quantitative method). Microbubble contrast agents determine parameters related to homogeneous and heterogeneous filling of organs with microbubbles, mainly nodular areas, thus defining high and low intensity patterns.