INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

2027-2039

Authors: Tayyaba Mahtab*and S. Ramya Sri

A rapid and precise Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Alprazolam and Imipramine, in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on an Inertsil column, C18(150x4.6 ID) 5µm column using a mixture of Phosphate buffer : ACN (30:70) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 238nm. The Retention Time of the 2.397min for Alprazolam and 3.493 min for Imipramine. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 0.5-1.5µg /ml for Alprazolam 50-150µg /ml for Imipramine. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords: Imipramine; Alprazolam, Method validation ICH guidelines.

2047-2064

Authors: Y. Krishna Reddy*, S. Ramya Sri, Yasarapu Shobha

Cefadroxil was formulated as mucoadhesive tablets to improve its bioavailability. Xanthan Gum, Guar Gum , Chitosan and Acritamer 940 were selected as polymers. Various formulations were prepared by using these polymers alone Ex vivo permeation study of Cefadroxil drug solution through the porcine mucosa was performed using franz diffusion cell and the flux value was found to be 400.51 µg.hr-1cm-2, 0.410 cm/hr. The pre-compression blend of Cefadroxil mucoadhesive tablets were characterized with respect to angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, carr’s index and hausner’s ratio and all the results indicated that the blend was having good flow nature and better compression properties. The swelling studies were performed for the formulations which were shown desired drug release. Peak detachment force (N) and work of adhesion were calculated and they were found to be good. F5 formulation was showing 94.9% drug release in 8 hrs and following Korsmeyer peppas mechanism with regression value of 0.993. F5 formulation was showing maximum flux value of 382.445 (µg.hrs-1cm-2) and permeability coefficient value was 0.422 (cm/hrs). So based on the results F5 was found to be an optimised formula and concluded that Cefadroxil can used as mucoadhesive tablets. Keywords: Mucoadhesive tablets, Cefadroxil, Bioadhesive polymers, Flux, Permeability coefficient.

2073-2079

Authors: Rameshpetchi Rajendran, Devikasubramaniyan*, Ramya Sri Sura, M. Praveen Kumar, L.Soundharya, M. Arun Kumar, M. Sumalatha

A rapid and precise Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Entecavir, in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on a Phenomenex Gemini C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5µm) column using a mixture of Acetonitrile and Water (15:85% v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.9ml/min, the detection was carried out at 215nm. The retention time of the Entecavir was 3.1 ±0.02min. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 30-150µg/ml of Entecavir. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords: Entecavir, RP-HPLC, validation.

2088-2094

Authors: Rameshpetchi Rajendran, Devikasubramaniyan*, Ramya Sri Sura, E.Veeranna, G.Chandraprabha, G.Kiranmai, G.Tharunkumar

A rapid and precise Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Prulifloxacin in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on Symmetry C18 (4.6×150mm, 5µ) column using a mixture of Methanol and water (85:15 v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 242nm. The retention time of the Prulifloxacin was 3.0 ±0.02min. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 15-75µg/ml of Prulifloxacin. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords: Prulifloxacin, RP-HPLC, validation.

2103-2109

Authors: Tayyaba Mahtab*and S. Ramya Sri

A rapid and precise Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Zaleplon in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on XBridge C18 (4.6×150mm, 5µ) column using a mixture of Methanol (100%v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 253nm. The retention time of the Zaleplon was 2.4 ±0.02min. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 25-120µg/ml of Zaleplon. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords: Zaleplon, RP-HPLC, validation.

2117-2123

Authors: Prabhat Dessai*and Kajal Rao

Convenience of administration and patient compliance are gaining significant importance in the design of dosage forms. Present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate medicated Jelly of Cuminum cyminum using polymers like sodium alginate and tragacanth. Difficulty in swallowing is common among all age groups, especially in elderly and pediatrics. Physical characteristics, pH, in vitro % drug release kinetics, content uniformity, spreadability, IR spectral analysis, and stability studies were conducted. IR spectroscopic studies indicated that there were no drugexcipient interactions with tragacanth but was an interection with sodium alginate. The prepared jellies of Cuminum cyminum were found to be stable and there are no significant changes in physical appearance, pH, In vitro dissolution studies. Thus, the study confirmed that the Cuminum cyminum oral jelly can be used as a possible alternative to recently available oral formulations. Keywords: Cuminum cyminum, sodium alginate, tragacanth

2131-2145

Authors: Dibyalochan Mohanty* , C. Gurulatha, Dr.Vasudha Bakshi, B. Mavya

Among novel drug delivery system ,Buccal mucoadhesive systems have attracted great attention in recent years due to their ability to adhere and remain on the oral mucosa and to release their drug content gradually ,bioadhesion refers to any bond formed between two biological surface or a bond between a biological and a systemic surface. Buccal mucosa is preferred for both systemic and local drug action. The mucosa has a rich blood supply and it relatively permeable. Buccal mucoadhesive films can improve the therapeutic effect of the drug by increasing the absorption of drug through oral mucosa which increases the drug bioavailability by reducing the hepatic first pass effect. In pharmaceutical field natural polymers have gained very much importance. Mucoadhesive polymers are used to improve drug delivery by increasing the dosage forms contact time and residence time with mucous membranes. This review article deals with the novel approaches use in the buccal drug delivery system. Keywords: Buccal delivery,Permeation enhancers ,Mucoadhesive ,Chitosan,Bioadhesive strength.

2150-2158

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The phytochemical analysis of Heliotropium undulatum [Heliotropium bacciferum] revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenols. While, Heliotropium europaeum was shown to contain three major alkaloids: heliotrine N-oxide 0.08%, lasiocarpine 0.09% and lasiocarpine N-oxide 0.05%; and four minor alkaloids: heliotrine 0.02%, europine 0.02%, acetyllasiocarpine 0.03% and a novel alkaloid acetyllasiocarpine N-oxide 0.05%. Twenty six compounds were identified in the essential oil of Heliotropium europaeum. The previous pharmacological studies showed that these species possessed antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hapatoprotective effects. However, pyrrolizidine alkaloids were toxic for animals and human. This review was designed to highlight the chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxic effects of Heliotropium undulatum [Heliotropium bacciferum] and Heliotropium europaeum. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, toxicology,Heliotropium undulatum, Heliotropium bacciferum, Heliotropium europaeum

2167-2175

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Phytochemical analysis and pharmacological studies revealed that Herniaria glabra contained triterpene saponins: herniaria saponins I-VII [aglycones medicagen, gypsogen, 16-hydroxy-medicagen], flavonoids and hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone, herniarin, phenolic acids, tannins and essential oil, while, Herniaria hirsuta contained phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and saponins. The total flavonoid content of Herniaria hirsuta was 4.51% and the total saponin content was 12.74%. Herniaria glabra possessed hypotensive, diuretic, antiurolithiasis, antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant effects, while, Herniaria hirsuta possessed antiurolithiasis, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial effects. The current review highlighted the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Herniaria glabra and Herniaria hirsuta. Keywords: Herniaria glabra, Herniaria hirsuta, chemical constituents, pharmacology

2183-2190

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

The phytochemical study showed that Inula graveolens contained polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, oil, steroidal triterpenoides, sesquiterpene and anthraquinones. The pharmacological researches revealed that Inula graveolens exerted antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti- platelet aggregation, antiproliferative, anti-diarrheal, antipyretic, analgesic, antiinflammatory and anticholenergic effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Inula graveolens. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Inula graveolens

2198-2205

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Juniperus oxycedrus contained flavonoids, flavones, terpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, volatile oil, resin, tannin and extractive [acetic acid, pyroligneous acid, acetone, methyl alcohol, etc.]. Cade oil contains phenols -17 to 26% phenols-[mainly guaiacol about 12%], cadinene [sesquiterpenoid], carburs and alcohol [cardinol]. The principle component of Juniperus oxycedrus Tar was cadinene, a sesquiterpene. The pharmacological investigations revealed that the plant possessed antimicrobial, hypotensive, cytotoxic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic,analgesic, antiinflammatory and smooth muscle relaxant effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Juniperus oxycedrus. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Juniperus oxycedrus

2213-2221

Authors: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Kochia scoparia contained triterpenoid glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, and many other compounds. The stem and leaves of the plant contained essential nutrients such as protein and fiber, carbohydrates, carotene, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, and trace elements. The pharmacological studies revealed that Kochia scoparia possessed antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, dermatological, antiallergiic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, obesity preventive effects and inhibition of renin activity. This review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Kochia scoparia. Keywords: Kochia scoparia, Bassia scoparia, chemical constituents, therapeutic, pharmacology, toxicology

2230-2237

Authors: M. M. Eswarudu*, P. Srinivasa Babu, P. Siva Krishna, G. Sneha Latha, N. Anusha, M. S. K. Mounika and N. Punna Reddy.

Two simple, precise and economical UV Spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of Darunavir ethanolate (DRV) in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form. Two methods were developed based on measurement of absorption at maximum wavelengths, for Method Ⅰ 272.1 nm and Method ⅠⅠ 272.4 nm. Linearity for detector response was observed in the concentration range of 2-10 μg/ml for the both methods. The developed methods were validated with respect to linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision and specificity. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies and was found to be 98.3% and 99% for Method Ⅰ and Method ⅠⅠ respectively. The results were validated statistically as per ICH Q2 R1 guidelines and were found to be satisfactory. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of DRV in pharmaceutical dosage form. Key words: Darunavir, UV Spectrophotometry, Absorbance maxima methods and Validation.

2244-2251

Authors: Ravindran Muthukumarasamy*, Nur Asmaq Binti Mahasan, Faten Nabilah Binti Mohd Fuad, Nadia Binti Rosli Alifah Ilyana Binti Abdul Bielal and Sengamalam Radhakrishnan

Oxidative stress is considered as one of the vital factor that causes serious ailments to humans. The free radicals speeds up the aging process and thus, the need of antioxidants gains importance as it will help to protect body from free radicals and their threats. Due to increase in demand for antioxidant products, the present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal antioxidant cream from the methanol leaves extract of Polygonum minus. Leaves was extracted by continuous hot extraction method using hexane and methanol as solvent. The extracts were studied on its free radical scavenging activity using DPPH assay. Methanol leaves extract showed higher free radical scavenging activity with the Inhibition Concentration range between 31.25 to 62.5 µg/ml compared to hexane extract which is at 500 µg/ml. However, standard ascorbic acid have showed potential antioxidant activity when compared to sample extracts. Methanol leaves extract was selected for antioxidant cream formulation due to its phenomenal free radical scavenging activity. The invitro evaluation on the formulated cream was carried out on several parameters such as thermal stability, pH, viscosity, type of formulation and physical appearance. Evaluation parameters showed good results and the formulated cream was stable during the entire period of stability testing. The formulated antioxidant cream from the methanol leaves extract of P. minus proved potential free radical scavenging activity, which will enhance the importance of this plant to the future research community and increases its commercial visibility in the herbal and cosmetic industry. Keywords: Polygonum minus Huds. (P. minus), DPPH assay, IC50, Antioxidant Formulation.

2260-2266

Authors: Sandeep Pandey

Sugar related disorders are significant causes of global death among all age groups. The use of artificial sweetener as a sugar supplement is a common practices, but causes side effects especially on weight gain and heart related problems. The use of natural sweetener obtained from Stevia rebaudiana leaves has been practiced since 18th century and has gained more popularity in last two decades. The natural sugar supplement is of low calorie hence safe to be consumed. The chemical steviol glycosides mainly present in form of stevioside and rebaudioside in the leaves makes it commercialy significant as a natural sugar substitute. Besides it also contain nutrients, vitamins, fiber, volatile oil and thus thirty times sweeter than white sugar. The leaves also possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticariogenic, antioxidant, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and antitumor activities. The aim of this article is to project the economic value of S. rebaudiana leaves as natural sweetner and its potentiality as health-product. The study emphasize to enhance quality in leave composition using new genetic engineering and other biotechnological techiques with sustainable use and preservation. Keywords: Stevia rebaudiana, natural sweetener, chemical composition, medicinal use

2274-2280

Authors: Ishraga Eltayeb M. A-Elbasit*, Mohd. Imran, Naira Nayeem

The objective of this work was to develop a method for the quantification of tacrolimus in rabbit aqueous humor by UHPLC. UHPLC analysis was performed on a Waters Acquity UHPLC system (Milford, MA, USA). A 50 μL aliquot of rabbit aqueous humor was pipetted into a 2.0 ml Eppendorf tube and 100 μL of acetonitrile was added to precipitate the protein. The samples were vortex mixed for 2 min followed by filtration through 0.22 μm nylon filter. To this filtrate, 0.4 ml of 0.01M iodine was added and volume up to 1.0 ml was made with acetonitrile. Five microliter of this solution was injected into the UHPLC system. All the rabbit aqueous humor samples were stored at −20°C and were allowed to thaw at room temperature prior to sample preparation. Linearity was investigated by the assay in parallel of triplicate rabbit’s aqueous humor samples spiked with TAC to concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ng/ml. Stability assessments under different conditions: bench-top, short-term, long-term storage stability and freeze–thaw were established. The results indicated that TAC had an acceptable stability under those conditions. A method was developed for quantification of tacrolimus in rabbit aqueous humor by UHPLC. This method with QL of 1.0 ng/ml was fast and just took 5 minutes. There were no interferences found from endogenous aqueous humor components or other sources. This assay has showed consistent precision and accuracy. The analytical method presented here will be useful for the determination of tacrolimus concentration in the ocular aqueous humor. Keywords: Tacrolimus, UHPLC, Validation, Stability Study, Ocular.

2284-2286

Authors: R.D.Isankar and D.T.Tayade*

2-[2-Hydroxy-5-(-2,4-substituted-dithiobiureto)]phenylindoles with iodine in ethanol as an oxidative cyclising agent was transformed into the 2-[2-hydroxy-5-(3-substitutedimino-1,2,4-dithiazolo)]aminophenylindoles in one step. Characterization and justification of structure of synthesized compounds were done on the basis of conventional elemental analysis, chemical characteristics and spectral studies. Key Words: 2-[2-Hydroxy-5-(2,4-ethyldithiobiureto)]phenylindole, iodine, ethanol.

2292-2295

Authors: Dr. Tenveer Ahmed, Dr. Muhammad Nabeel Akbar Chaudary, Dr. Sandal Shahzadi

Ventilation-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the major causes of failure to cut the weaning due to mechanical ventilation. According to culture and sensitivity pattern, appropriate treatment of VAP leads to premature extubation and superimposition from mechanical ventilation Objective: To know the incidence of Ventilation-associated pneumonia in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at the Children’s Hospital, Multan Study Design: It is a Descriptive Study Subjects and Methods: A total of 80 children from one year up to 17 months were examined by ventilation within a year. Radiographies were performed in all patients and blood tests were performed including complete blood count (total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count) and blood cultures with clinical evaluation of the patients. Conclusion: 30 of the 80 patients who had ventilated had VAP and Pseudomonas was the most common organism in blood culture. The duration of ventilation did not contribute to the development of VAP. Key Words: Pseudomonas, Pneumonia, Ventilator

2302-2305

Authors: Hafiz Muhammad Mudassar Aslam, Muhammad Tamour Danish, Ali Akash, Muhammad Imran, Aamira Hashmi

Objectives: To measure the frequency of UTI causing organisms and to measure the frequency of UTI causing organisms among male and female patients. Materials and methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted at tertiary care hospitals of the Lahore. Duration of study was six months (August 2017 to Jan 2018). There were 300 patients included in this study. Patients coming at Urology department with urinary tract infections problems were included in the study through purposive sampling. Patients urine for culture was sent for examination. Data was collected through structured questionnaire. Results: All the 300 patients with UTI with positive urine for culture were included in this study. There were 192 (64%) female patients with positive urine for culture and 108 (36%) were male patients having positive urine for culture. Patients included in the study were from 21 to 70 years of age group. Majority of the cases included in the study with positive urine for culture were from 21 to 35 years of age group. Microorganisms identified from urine culture were Klebsiella pneumonea, Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp., Candida and Pseudomonas. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections are more prevalent among women as compared to men and E. coli is the more prevalent microorganism both among males and females. Keywords: Urinary tract infections, isolated microorganisms, Patients.

2309-2315

Authors: Dr Tazeem Akhtar, Dr Muhammad Athar khan, Dr Saira Afzal

Background: - Females are having a multitasking personality not only performing their domestic activities brilliantly but also playing a crucial part in the growth of the financial system by being the significant employed force. From President to the C.E.O of the multinational company, women are performing their duties in the best possible way. Pakistani women face many problems at workplace in addition to cultural and social obstacles that hinder them from participating in the labor market. The basic objective of this study is to highlight the environmental (workplace) and behavioural factors faced by women during their pregnancy at work place and how to reduce them to ensure the best possible outcome from one of the essential component of our society. Methodology: - A qualitative study design. FGDs with the workingwomen. Result: - In our research, environmental including workplace factors identified for workingwomen in small organizations are: -Non-availability of company transportation, Non-availability of Day care centres for their babies, Limited availability of paid sick leaves, No flexi hours, No medical facility, No paid maternity leaves policy. The research also implies that pregnancy discrimination at both small and large organizations is a reality and faced by almost all the women. Conclusion: - Working women, suffer from health related issues. Stress levels, both physical and mental, are extreme. Key words: FGDs, Working women, Employment factors

2326-2334

Authors: Dariya S. Elagina, Vera V. Nikolenko, Sergey F. Kotov, Vladimir N. Vorobyev, Nataliya S. Arkhipova

The influence of atmospheric pollution, caused by road transport, on the physiological and biochemical,ecological and morphological parameters of common dandelion plants (TaraxacumofficinaleWiggs.l.) is considered in the article. Multiphase dependences were obtained with a change in the direction of response,under the conditions of increasing traffic, in the germination energy and the weight of seeds, ripened in inflorescences, cut off on the fourth day after flowering. In the gradient of atmospheric pollution by motor vehicles, a complex three-phase dependence of the mass of seeds in the calathide, and the energy of their germination, is observed. The extreme values of these parameters are 13-20% higher, than the control values,and they are manifested when the traffic intensity is 2100 vehicles per hour, that allows to referthe dependence data to paradoxical effects. The critical mass of viable seeds for their germination was 0.23 ± 0.007 mg, which was 10% higher, than the previously defined critical mass of Taraxacumofficinale seeds. According to the Cheddock scale, the extent of interrelation between the weight of seeds and their germination is high (R 2 = 0.80). Excessive activation of protective systems is one of the signs of paradoxical effects. With anthropogenic load of 2100 vehicles per hour, a sixfold increase in the activity of guaiacol peroxidases was recorded. At the same time, the level of lipid peroxidation in plant leaves from the considered cenopopulation did not differ from control. Keywords: bioindication, plant adaptation, anthropogenic load, energy of germination.

2345-2352

Authors: Ghania Atmani-Merabet*, Abdelmalik. Belkhiri, Mohamed Abdeslem DEMS, Abdeldjallil Lalaouna, Zakaria Khalfaoui, Bouzid Mesbahi

The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition, evaluate toxicity and acaricidal effect of essential oil of Eucalyptus robusta to control Varroa destructor of bees. Essential oilof Eucalyptus robusta (E. robusta) was extracted from fresh leaves by steam distillation using a Clevenger apparatus and was analysed by chromatography in gas phase coupled with mass spectrometry GC - MS, With an Agilent CGMSD Technology. The brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) was used to evaluate the toxicity of the oil; the modified method of McLaughlin et al was employed in this study. The acaricidal features of the essential oil was evaluated usingbee hives infected by Varroa destructor, the method followed is the biological method "covers background". Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the post hoc tests.Fresh leaves of E. robusta by steam distillation yielded 0.83 % (v/w) of essential oil. Investigation of the oil onGC/MS resulted in the identification of 15 compounds, the most abundant constituent was 1,8-cineole (65,97 %), other notable compounds include p-cymene (7,83%), o-cymene (4,75%), Tetracosane (4,20%), alpha-pinene (1,89%) and 1-phellandrene (1,52 %) were also among the constituents identified. The acaricidal features of the essential oil was evaluated usingbee hives infected by Varroa destructor,a significant effect of oil was observed (p< 0.05). Cytotoxic effect was assayed using the brine shrimp lethality test, Probit’s analysis of the result revealed an LC50 value of 9, 42 μg/ml. Essential oil extracted from E. robusta showed the presence of 1,8- cineole coupled with high cytotoxic and acaricidal effects suggest it may not be suitable for medicinal purposes but can be used as insecticidal agents. Keywords: Eucalyptus robusta; leaf essential oil; toxicity; Chemical composition; Varroa destructor.

2360-2367

Authors: Mahfoudh F. Hassan, Luay Abdulwahid Shihab*

To identify the negative effect level of internet for nursing students, types of websites and hours of using internet by students.Compare between the sex [male& female] and site [center& out] of city in the hours of using.Relationship between hours& types of websites with mental health index. Study instrument Structured questionnaire was used for the purpose of the date collection by Three ratings [always, sometimes, never]. As well it consist of [25] to negative effect of internet and its levels. Project's sample had [40.90 %] negative effects of internet, this was acceptable according test questioner. More using types of website by students were each of social media and science sites. Average of hours in using of internet was [4.78] hours per day.There is significant relationship between negative effect of internet and Number of hours in use. Keywords: internet,Negative effects of internet,mantel health,nursing students

2376-2383

Authors: Khokhlova A.S., Markelova E.V., Kupchina E.A., Dogadova L.P., Emelianova N.P., Petrov A.A.

Aim of the present study is to analyze the balance of the Th system in tear fluid in patients with POAG. Study involves evaluation of the content of proinflammatory cytokines in tear fluid in patients with POAG, depending on its stages; evaluation of the content of anti-inflammatory cytokines in tear fluid in patients with POAG, depending on its stages and creation of Th local balance schemes depending on the stages of the disease.

2392-2404

Authors: Yani Taufik*

In many mining locations in Indonesia conflicts harmful to local people, have occurred due to misunderstandings and incomplete information received by groups of people in the community and/or the mining company. This paper discusses the community preparation which finally formed a local financial institution from 2009-2014; a process finally brought into being a series of pivotal local financial institutions. The ethnographic method has been employed in the collection of data. Although in 2014 this particular mining company ceased their activities, they left as a legacy several examples of best practice regarding community preparation. The mining company engaged local people from the outset, including the drafting of plans. As a result, to date there has been almost no conflict between local people and mining company. Local people consider that they have ownership of all the programs, and this has raised their sense of belonging and their feeling of power. One of the outstanding results of the discussions has been a decision to form a business entity in every village, abbreviated to Bumdeswhich stands for Badan Usaha Milik Desa. The presence of these local financial institutions in each village has reduced the bondage between people and merchants but not impaired their relationship. It has provided more opportunities to form new businesses. This research recommends underpinning community preparations before commencing the mining operations.The institutions act as channels of reciprocal communication of all parties, to enhance community involvement;over time these have improved the capacity and the capability of local people. Key words: Community preparation, mining, local financial institution, Bumdes

2412-2421

Authors: Aparna.P*, Subash Chandran M.P, Jaghatha T, John Wesley I, Remya B.S

Oral route is the most preferred route for administration of various drugs because it is regarded as safest, most convenient and economical route. Recently researchers developed the fast dissolving tablet (FDT) with improved patient compliance and convenience. FDTs are solid dosage forms which dissolve rapidly in saliva without chewing and additional water. FDTs overcome the disadvantages of conventional dosage form especially dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) in pediatric and geriatric patients. This review includes ideal properties, characteristics, challenges in formulation, suitability of drug candidates, various technologies including patented technologies, evaluation methods and various marketed products. Keywords: Fast dissolving tablet, oral route, excipients, direct compression.

2433-2438

Authors: Dr. Shahzada Faiz Ahmad Khan, Dr. Zeeshan Irshad, Dr. Ahmad Naeem Orakzai, Dr. Furqan Jamal

Introduction: Ceramics are still the most aesthetically pleasing materials available for restorative dentistry. However, due to the metal infrastructure of metal-supported ceramic systems, which were developed to increase the physical properties, esthetic and biological adaptations cannot be fully obtained. Objective of the study: The main objective of the study is to find the evidence on resin bonding related to long-term clinical outcomes of tooth- and implant-supported high-strength ceramic restorations. Methodology of the study: Four different surface processes were used as surface-treatment procedures. The first three procedures were applied to samples of IPS Empress and IPS Empress 2 ceramic discs. Sandblasting with Al2O3, blasting with soda and glass beads, and the Bateman etch retention system were applied to samples of In-Ceram ceramic discs. The discs were cemented to composite bars. Two types of cement were used; Rely X adhesive resin cement and Rely X modified glass ionomer cement and, all the samples were subjected to a shear test to evaluate their bond strengths. Results: With the IPS Empress and the IPS Empress 2 ceramic discs, the best bonding was obtained in the group etched with Al2O3 sandblasting and hydrofluoric acid after cementation using the Rely X adhesive resin cement. Conclusion: The in vitro findings from this study indicate that surface-treatment procedures applied to the IPS Empress and the IPS Empress 2 fullceramic systems are important when cement types are considered. In contrast, cement types and surface-treatment methods had no effect on changing the bond strength of the In-Ceram ceramic system. Key words: Ceramics, cement, treatment, bonding.

2446-2450

Authors: Dr. Nabila Akhtar, Dr. Saba Mahrukh, Dr. Zeeshan Alam

Objective: Primarily our research was aimed at the determination of the headache frequency in the medical colleges because of the passive smoking and it also observed the non-smokers response. Methods: Research was cross-sectional and it was held in the 3 medical colleges of Lahore. Research was completed on three hundred participants in August, 14. It included the students in the age of 18 – 25 years. All the participants were non-smokers and they were being exposed to the effects of passive smoking daily once or twice. Demographic data about the gender, age, duration, frequency and location was gathered for the absence or presence of passive smoking. Behavior and non-smokers response about the counselling was also observed. Result: In the total of 290 participant’s headache was complained by 186 participants (64.1%) as the total participants exposed to the passive smoking were 172 (59%). More than twice a total of 127 students (43%) were exposed to passive smoking regularly. Prohibition of public place smoking was advocated by 255/290 students (88%). 90 students (31%) practically took a step to talk to the smokers about the quitting of smoking at public place. Smokers response was observed as positive in seventy-three percent of the students. Conclusion: High frequency of headache was observed in the passive smoker students of medical colleges. Special training is mandatory about the counselling of smokers to avoid smoking in public and practical exercise of the law is also required about the public smoking specifically in public. Keywords: Passive and Secondhand Smoking, Medical Students, Headache and Medical Colleges.

2458-2461

Authors: Dr. Faiqua Nayyer, Dr. Iqra Tariq, Dr. Amina Ejaz

Background: Dengue is the most important viral mutagenic disease in public health, caused by one of the four serotypes (DEN-1, 2, 3 and 4) of the dengue virus, a positive chain RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, which produces a spectrum of illness ranging from dengue fever to dengue hemorrhagic fever / shock syndrome (shock) due to dengue, the latter a serious infection with vascular and haemostatic abnormality that can lead to death. Objectives: To identify by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and specific restriction sites - polymerase chain reaction (RSS-PCR) to the causative agent of the epidemic outbreak presented in the district of Faisalabad in April 2017. Materials and methods: twenty serum samples collected during the dengue outbreak were processed by RT-PCR to determine the serotype; this technique was performed in one step. The RSS-PCR technique was then applied to identify the circulating genotype and the results were subsequently corroborated with viral isolation and sequencing. Results: The analysis of the RTPCR of the RNA extracted from the samples presented an amplified product of 290pb corresponding to the dengue serotype. The analysis of the RSS-PCR products of RNA extracted from dengue isolates corresponded to pattern C, included in genotype III. The isolations of the dengue virus in C6 / 36 cell lines, typed by IFI and the genetic sequencing confirmed the results obtained by the tests previously described. Conclusion: During the classic dengue epidemic outbreak in Lima, genotype III of the dengue virus circulated. Keywords: Classic dengue outbreak; dengue virus; molecular typing; RT-PCR; RSS-PCR.

2467-2474

Authors: Dr. Qurrat ul Ain, Dr. Abdul Samad, Dr. Hafiz Ahmad Atiq ur Rehman Siddiqui

Background: The trend of increasing fast food consumption among people especially among students is raising serious health related issues which includes obesity, increased BMI and other psychological issues. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fast food consumption on the physical and psychological health status of medical students of CPMC. Objectives: To study the effects of fast food on BMI of medical students and to evaluate the effects of fast food on the different aspects of psychological health of medical students. Material and Methods: Study Design: Cross sectional study Study Setting and duration: The study was conducted in Central Park Medical College situated in Lahore. The study lasted for one month 25th April to 25th May, 2014. Inclusion criteria: Medical students from 1st year to 5th year. Both genders. Both day scholars and hostilities. Data Collection and analysis: We will approach those students in Central Park Medical College, Lahore who fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Verbal informed consent will be taken and students will be assured to have confidentiality. Data will be collected according to pretested structured questionnaire from students. The data will be entered and analyzed by computer software SPSS version 14. The qualitative variable will be presented as frequency and percentage. The quantitative variable will be presented as mean and standard deviation. The independent variables will be cross tabulated with dependent variables to find out any association using Chi square chart. The value p>0.05 will be taken as statistically insignificant. Results: Out of sample of 200 medical students, 153 (76.5%) have normal BMI, 20 (10%) are underweight, 24 (12%) are overweight and 3 (1.5%) are obese. 45.5% prefer homemade food, 29.5% prefer fast food and 25% have inclination towards healthy food. 40% people think that weight is increased due to fast food. Keywords: BMI, obesity, fast food, medical students.

2483-2487

Authors: Dr.Ahsan Shahzad, Dr Faizan Majeed, Dr Zeeshan Alam

Objectives: Research was aimed at the comparison of the self-concept in the sibling of the children having autism with the normal children siblings in the perspective of the psychological well-being of the mothers. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional research study.Place and Duration: Research was completed from October, 2011 to March, 2013 in the various children institutes of Lahore dealing with the children having autism.Method: These children were diagnosed autism in the institutes that cater the special requirements of the children; various children were included in the research after they meet the criteria. Siblings with counterparts were evaluated for self-concept and the assessment of the mothers was carried out in the perspective of psychological well-being.Results: Research observed that typical children sibling self-concept was poorer in comparison to the normal children siblings in terms of autism. Children’s mothers with autism were more depressed in comparison to the mothers of the normal children. Poor self-concept was associated with the autism in the child and it was a significant predicator for behavioral mal-adjustment, popularity, scholastic status, satisfaction and happiness related sibling’s self-concept. Conclusion: Difference in the sibling’s self-concept in the 2 groups was attributed to the autism present in the children. Keywords: Autism, Siblings, Self-Concept and Mothers psychological well-being.

2499-2515

Authors: Swati Dubey, Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla*

Impurities are always an ‘essential evil’, that will however be present with the drug products with but with the dawn of more safety based limits for controlling the related impure substances (ICH Q3A-D and M7) it can be relied that such controlling authorities will better comprehend the course of action and consent to an appropriate tolerable limits to possibility (commercial and patient needs).Impurity produced either through formulation or in the lead ageing of both API’s and formulated products in medicines. These unwanted chemicals, present even in small amount, may influence the efficacy and safety of the pharmaceutical products. Any substance/ unwanted chemical that is present in the active ingredient or drug substance which affects the purity of the material is not always inferior in quality. From the point of view of its applicability, the drug substance is compromised in terms of purity even if it contains another material with superior pharmacological or toxicological properties. Highly sophisticated instrumentation, viz MS attached to a Gas Chromatography or HPLC, LC-MS and other hyphenated and double hyphenated techniques are foreseeable tools in the identification of minor components (drugs, impurities, degradation products, metabolites) in various matrices. Keywords: Analytical Method Validation, Forced degradation studies, ICH Guidelines Impurity profiling, Hyphenated techniques

2534-2540

Authors: Bhagyashree T. Yele and Prof. Dharmvir A. Chouhan

The present study was carried out to evaluate antibacterial activity of toothpastes, which were available in local market. A total 15 samples were collected for isolation of cariogenic bacteria. The bacterial strains were isolated by using selective Medias and identified on the basis of cultural, morphological, biochemical characteristics. The bacterial strains resistant to various choosen antibiotics subjected to action of toothpaste. Aqueous solutions of toothpastes were tested against dental caries bacteria. The distilled water suspension of toothpastes were found to has remarked antibacterial properties.in the current study total 7 brands of toothpastes used and labeled as T1-T7.The effectiveness of toothpaste was reported based on zone of growth inhibition against cariogenic bacteria. Toothpastes T3and T7 showin g broad spectrum of action against antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus. And Lactobacillus spp.T1 is also effective against all selected strains of cariogenic bacteria. But T1 was comparatively less effective as compared to T3and T7. T3and T7 toothpastes are herbal. Other selected toothpaste T2, T4, T5 and T6 are ineffective against cariogenic strain of Streptococcus spp. This study shown herbal toothpastes have more antibacterial activity against selected strains of antibiotic resistant cariogenic bacteria like., To reduce the dental problem herbal based toothpastes should be recommended. Keywords: Cariogenic bacteria, dental plaque, dental Carie, Toothpaste.

2550-2562

Authors: Faizan Sayeed*

Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the maintenance treatment of asthma, chronic asthma attacks and to relive symptoms of seasonal allergies. The main drawback of conventional Montelukast formulation is that it undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism. Thus, it shows plasma or biological half-life 2.5 to 5.5 hrs, thereby decreasing bioavailability upto 64%. The present work describes such delivery system, which will improve the biological half-life as well as bioavailability of Montelukast. This makes Montelukast a suitable candidate for incorporation in sustained-release dosage form and was used as a model drug. Thus the present investigation was aimed to develop timed release tablets of Montelukast sodium by compression coating using enteric coated polymers like Eudragit L-100 and S-100 to resist from acidic pH and prevent gastric irritation. The pre-compressional parameters such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio for the physical mixtures of the formulations were evaluated and the results were within the limits. The prepared core and compression-coated tablets were studied for their physical properties like weight variation, hardness, friability and drug content uniformity using reported procedure. All the post compressional parameters were within the limits. The FTIR studies were done for drug-excipient compatibility. The infra-red spectrum for pure drug and Montelukast sodium formulation. The following principal peaks were observed from the FT-IR spectral analysis. • O-H stretching seen in alcohols -- 3212.619 cm-1 • C=C stretching of the benzene ring -- 1453.85 cm-1 • C-H bend -- 1589.97cm-1 Calibration curves were constructed for Montelukast sodium in pH 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4 buffers with concentration ranging from 5 - 40 µg/mL against absorbance at 332nm using UV spectrophotometer. The present analytical method obeyed Beer’s law within the concentration range and plots showed good linearity. In vitro drug dissolution studies were carried out in pH 1.2 for 2 hrs, pH 6.8 for 4 hrs and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer for 8 hrs respectively and based on the in vitro drug release profiles, formulations F1, F2, F4, F5 and F7 has passed the criteria of Q NLT < 80% within 30 minutes of exposure in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Keywords: Montelukast, timed release tablets, pre-compressional parameters, enteric coated polymers.

2572-2579

Authors: Sana mubeen, Ghulam Razaque, Noman ul haq, Nisar ahmed, G. Mustafa Shahwani, Zarmeena khan, Aqeel Nasim, M. Zeeshan Danish

Among the all sophisticated drug deliveries oral drug delivery is known as safest and most convenient rout of administration. DDS are formulated for rapid release, for CDD (Controlled Drug delivery and release) and for targeted drug delivery. Controlled delivery system is the system which deliver the active ingredient at a predetermined rate and time for the local or systemic effect for a definite period of time. Formulation and development of CR made possible by the polymers i.e is synthetic polymers and natural polymers. Eudragit is an Synthetic amorphous polymer, which is non absorbable, non-biodegradable, and non-toxic polymers. Ofloxacin is a synthetic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug considered to be a second generation flouroquinolone.(12) (13) ofloxacin is approved for the treatment of bacterial infection like chronic bronchitis, community acquired pneumonia, acute pelvic inflammatory disease complicated urinary tract infection. In this study CR drug formulated of Ofloxacin by adding Xanthan Gum and Eudragit RL100 polymers with direct compression method. Pre-formulation studies were conducted which all were according to the standards. Three different drug and polymers ratios were incorporated of two different polymers i.e. 10.3, 10.4, 10.5. Invitro dissolution studies were also conducted, the %age release was enhanced in all formulation. The formulation 10.3 in both formulations enhanced the release rate more than the other formulations. These polymers can also be used in other drug preparations and also suitable for development of CR formulations which may extended the drug release.

2585- 2609

Authors: Dr. Uzma DM Rajar, Prof: Dr. Rashid Memon, Prof: Dr. Navaid Kazi, Dr. Shamsuddin Solangi, Dr. Bibi Sarah Pandhiani , And Dr. Joti Bai

Objectives: To compare clinical presentation and histopathological features of melasma with other hyperpigmentary disorders of skin Study design: Prospective, observational study Place and duration of study: outpatient department of Dermatology and Pathology Department, Isra University Hospital Hyderabad from July 2014 - December 2014 Subjects and Methods: Total 87 subjects were selected, 43 having melasma and 44 were with other skin hyperpigmentary disorders. Detailed clinical examination was performed prior to the biopsy to mark the biopsy site. A single strand or in some cases >one punch biopsies of skin were obtained and sent for histopathological evaluation. All the clinical and histological data was entered in Proforma. Results: Mean age of study subjects was 39.51± 9.32 and 39.50± 9.21 years in melasma and other skin hyperpigmentary disorders respectively. Female population predominated in the present study 49(56.3%) were female. Common presenting features were the hyperpigmentation, skin peeling, itching, erythema and telangiectasia. Hyperpigmentation, itching and erythema were the common presenting complaints. Telangiectasia was noted in 3 male in melasma and 1 female in other skin hyperpigmentary disorders. Of 43 melasma patients (Group A), the hyperkeratosis was noted in 3 male patients only (X 2=48, p=0.0001). Parakeratosis and acanthosis were noted in female melasma patients. While hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and acanthosis were noted in female as well as in male patients of other hyperpigmentary disorders (Group B) (X 2=38, p=0.0001). Conclusion: Common presenting features were the hyperpigmentation, skin peeling, itching, erythema and telangiectasia in melasma and other hyperpigmentary lesions. Hyperpigmentation, itching and erythema were the common presenting complaints. Telangiectasia was also noted. Histopathological findings suggested no major differences in the melasma and other hyperpigmentary disorders. Keywords: Melasma Hyperpigmentary skin lesions Histopathological examination

2616-2627

Authors: P. Venkateswara Rao1*, A. Lakshmana Rao2 , and S.V.U.M Prasad

A new RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. The drugs were injected into Std Azilent column (150×4.6, 5 μm), maintained at ambient temperature and effluent monitored at 240 nm.The mobile phase consisted of Buffer (Potassium di hydrogen Ortho Phosphate): Acetonitrile (70:30 V/V). The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min. The calibration curve for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin were linear from 3.75-22.5μg/ml and 25-150μg/ml respectively (r2 for Ertugliflozin = 0.9992,r2 for Sitagliptin = 0.9995). Retention time was 3.203min (Ertugliflozin), 2.106min (Sitagliptin ). Accuracy was in the range of 99.67-99.90% for both drugs. Precision was 0.1% and 0.2% for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin, LOD and LOQ are 0.43ug/ml and 1.31ug/ml for Ertugliflozin and , 0.74ug/ml and 2.24ug/ml for Sitagliptin. The proposed method was adequate, sensitive, reproducible, accurate and precise for the determination of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. When applied for tablet assay, drug content was within 99.18.-99.13 % of labeled content. Forced degradation studies indicated the suitability of the method for stability studies. Keywords: Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin, RP-HPLC Method, Simultaneous estimation, Validation as per ICH guidelines, Forced degradation studies.

2635-2643

Authors: Tejasri Alla*, Rohini Kontham, K. Swarna Madhuri, Vasudha Bakshi

The synthesis of a new series of 2-(cyclic amine)-1, 3-benzothiazole derivatives were synthesized in satisfactory yield and evaluated for their anti-microbial activities. 2-(cyclic amine)-1, 3-benzothiazoles were synthesized by treating 2-chloro benzothiazole with various cyclic amines. Purity of all the compounds has been checked on thin layer chromatographic plate technique. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data like IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their anti-microbial activity (MIC) in vitro by broth dilution method with two Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria and two fungal stains. The compounds exhibit significant antibacterial activity, when compared with that of standard drug Streptomycin. Also show moderate degree of antifungal activity when compared with a standard drug Amphotericin-B.

2650-2655

Authors: Almas kanwal, M. Zeeshan Danish, Gul Muhammad, Ghulam Razaque, Nisar A. Shahwani, Ghulam Murtaza Qureshi

Polymer based non-viral gene delivery systems depend on the electrostatic interaction between cationic polymers and nucleic acids which yields inter-polyelectrolyte complexes (ipec). Such behaviour of interaction between polycations (cationic polymers) and polyanions (dna/sirna) can be well explained well by polyelectrolyte theory. Further addition of polycations, portion of negatively charged n-pec decreases until over all concentration of polycations and polyanions become equal and all dna/sirna charges are neutralized. Therefore when the portion of the insoluble complex (s-pec) grows the phase separation of complex species takes place and complex solubility decreases. High and low molecule chitosan were selected for this work. Physicochemical characterization of polyplexes formed due to the interaction of high molecular weight (hmwc) and low molecular weight (lmwc) chitosan with plasmid dna and sirna were performed. Gel retardation assay of polyplexes formed due to the interaction of high molecular weight (hmwc) with plasmid dna were done. Gel retardation assay of polyplexes formed due to the interaction of low molecular weight (lmwc) with plasmid dna were also performed. In (hmwc) gel image lane 1 contains polymer only and lane 10 contains plasmid dna only as controls while lane 2-9 contains complexes of polymer and dna with polymer to dna ratios of (0.25:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1, 1.5:1, 3:1, 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1) respectively. In (lmwc) gel image lane 1 contains polymer only and lane 10 contains plasmid dna only as controls while lane 2-9 contains complexes of polymer and dna (w/w) with polymer to dna ratios of (0.25:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1, 1.5:1, 3:1, 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1) respectively

2660-2672

Authors: Faizan Sayeed* 1

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of polymer characteristics on the drug release from hydrogels which were prepared using different polymers (Sodium alginate, Sodium CMC, HPMC K100 and Carbopol) by Ionotropic gelation method. The main objective of the research work is to study the drug and polymer interaction. The formulated hydrogels were characterized for their physico-chemical parameters like swelling ratio, water uptake, gel fraction, percentage yield, drug content, drug entrapment efficiency and size analysis. FTIR studies reveal the drug excipients compatibility. In-vitro drug release studies revealed that the high % drug release for F9 was 98.9% up to 14hrs. Swelling ratio and water uptake by F9 formulation was 12.6± 0.05 and found to be good swelling ratio, high water absorbing ability and high % adherence (77%). Among all formulations, F9 showed controlled drug release up to 14 hrs and considered as ideal formulation. Keywords: Aceclofenac, Hydrogel, Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose, Sodium alginate, Sodium carboxy Methyl Cellulose, Carbopol, Ionotrpic gelation method.

2681-2687

Authors: Sathish Kumar, B and Murugesan, S*

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the fatty acid, mineral and vitamin compositions of a marine red alga Laurencia papillosa collected from the South East Coast of India in order to assess its nutritional quality to use it as animal feed. Crude lipid was extracted and the fatty acid compositions were evaluated by Gas chromatography. Ash content was estimated by incinerating the alga in muffle furnace and the mineral compositions were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Vitamin compositions were evaluated using the HPLC system. The outcomes demonstrate that Laurencia papillosa contained nine fatty acids ranged from 0.18 ± 0.04 to 9.51 ± 0.19 (mg/g DW). Unsaturated fatty acid contained around 45% and saturated fatty acids constituted 55% of the total fatty acids. Among unsaturated fatty acid, the level of PUFAs was observed to be 39.25%. Macro mineral contents were in the order of Na> Mg> C> K and trace elements were in the order of Zn> Fe> Cu. Further, Laurencia papillosa contained seven vitamins, of which vitamin-C was observed to be higher in content. The potential nutritional values of Laurencia papillosa were found in the present evaluation confirm its sustenance value for animals including humans in terms of nutrients. Key words: Fatty acids, Vitamins, Minerals, Marine red alga, Laurencia papillosa

2709-2712

Authors: Padma Singh* and Pallavi

Actinomycetes are the mostly widely distributed group of microorganism in nature which is of high commercial value and thus are routinely screened for new antibiotics. We have undertaken this study to resolve the problem of antibiotic resistance. 6Actinomycetes were isolated from the soil by serial dilution method. Based on the biochemical characterization Nocardia sp. was chosen to check antibacterial potential. Optimization of growth was carried out at 290C for 5-7 days on Glycerol Yeast Extract Agar Medium. Antibacterial activity was studied against E.coli and Bacillus sp.. Antibacterial activity was determined using disc diffusion method. Antibacterial metabolite extracted using ethyl acetate was effective and gave zone of inhibition of 13mm and 20mm against the used pathogenic Bacillus and E.coli strains. As most microorganisms have developed resistance to existing antibiotics. So it has provoked the need of constant research like ours on the production of newer antibiotics. Keywords: Actinomycetes, antibiotics, Nocardia sp., E.coli, Bacillus, disc diffusion, GYEAM, Antibacterial potential.

2721-2727

Authors: R.Tamilpavai, B. Rajendra Prasad, *C.Uma, P.Sivagurunathan and K.Muthulakshmi

Mobile phones present a potential threat in transferring the infectious agents among the patients in a hospital. But it remains unnoticed due to lack of enough awareness about the use of mobile phones. Since there were no adequate data about the risk of mobile contamination among the lab technicians working in clinical laboratories, the present study was designed to examine the role of lab technician in transferring pathogenic organisms. In addition, the present study was performed to create awareness about the health risk caused by mobile phones as a fomite and to insist the cleanliness of mobile phones after every use. Keywords: Lab technicians, Mobile phones,Staphylococcus aureus

2733-2736

Authors: Uzair Arshad Sohail*, Sajid Ali, Anum Altaf

Objective: To determine the death rate or survival rate of patients who develop ruptured ventricular septum after myocardial infarction. Study Design: A Descriptive Study. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted between December 2016 and December 2017 in Mayo Hospital, Lahore's emergency department, coronary care units and cardiology ward. A total of 40 patients diagnosed with ventricular septal defect after infarction were selected. Myocardium for this study All patients were treated according to the treatment protocols of the Cardiology Department. The result (death / survival) was studied in the hospital for a week. Results: The mean age of the patients was 61.0 ± 9.9 years. There were 21 (46.7%) male patients and 24 (53.3%) female patients. Eleven (24.4%) patients were thrombolized. Twenty-one patients (46.7%) survived and 24 (53.3%) patients died at the end of the one-week hospital stay. Conclusion: This study shows high mortality rates in patients who have ruptured ventricular septum after myocardial infarction for a period of one week in the hospital. Old age and female sex have led to a significantly higher death risk. Keywords: ventricular septal rupture, Acute myocardial infarction, Mortality in hospital, thrombus lysis.

2743-2756

Authors: Dr. Affan Tahir Bhatti*, Dr. Farah Munir, Dr. Sidra Baig

OBJECTIVES: To identify the risk factors for road traffic accidents in Gujranwala, To increase the awareness among people by our study. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. PLACE AND STUDY DURATION: Research paper was completed in the period of 3 months from April 2017 to June 2017 at the venue of DHQ hospital Gujranwala MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients of road traffic accidents visiting the Trauma center of D.H.Q Gujranwala. The sample size was calculated by using Epi-Info software. Sample of 100 people will be taken. A questionnaire was developed in keeping with the study objectives, dependent and independent variables. Questionnaire was pretested before the data collection. SPSS computer software was used for entry compilation and analysis of the data. RESULTS: The main reasons, of traffic accidents is use of cell phone and not using seat belt during driving with (48.62±2.35) & (42.38±3.50) CONCLUSION: The main reason of traffic accidents is use of cell phone and not using seat belt during driving .There is clearly a need for road safety education and it should be directed towards road users, who are frequently involved and injured in RTAs.

2762-2766

Authors: *Dr. Javeria Nasim, Dr.Amber Razaq, Dr.Saneea Saleem Quraishi

Background: When an electric current passes through the body, interferes with the function of an internal organ, or sometimes burns the tissues, it starts to fruition. From 4% to 6.5% of applications made to incineration units in the United States and about 1000 deaths per year. Objective: To evaluate the epidemiology and outcomes of patients who were referred to Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Burn Unit, Mayo Hospital Lahore for electrical burns treatment. Study Design: It is an observational retrospective Hospital based study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed in Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Burn Unit, Mayo Hospital Lahore for the period of four year from March 2014 to March 2017. Patients and Methods: From March 2014 to March 2017, all age groups, ethnic groups, and patients with electrical burns of the either sex who came to burn center for treatment were included. The data of patients with electric donut stories were collected and analyzed. Using descriptive analysis by SPSS version 12.0. Records with incomplete data were discarded in three or more variants. Results: Of 305 patients, 296 (90.5%) were male and 8 (9.5%) were female. The mean age of the patients injured by electrical burns was 27.35 ± 12.38. The proportion of age groups most affected by electrical burns was between 22 and 31 years. Conclusion: Burn injuries mainly involve young men between 22 and 31 years of age. Our study found the increasing frequency of patients caught with serious injuries in the following years. When it is thought that such destructive injuries are caused by commonly avoided hazards, preventive strategies need to be adopted. Keywords: Burn centre, electrical burn, incidences, epidemiology.

2774-2787

Authors: *Dr. Abu Bakar Khan, Dr. Muhammad Rumas Mahde, Dr. Muhammad Sohaib, Ghazala Kiran

Objective: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence among postpartum patients according to different BMI group. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 190 postpartum women. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to collect the data. Numerical data was measured in the form of mean and standard deviation, whereas qualitative data was presented in the form of frequency and percentage. The prevalence of urinary incontinence find out in overweight women were assessed by ICIQ-UI questionnaire Result: Mean age of the subjects was 28.81 ± 5.03years. Out of 190, 26.9% of the women reported urinary incontinence. 5(2.63%) were underweight women, 79 (41.5%) normal, overweight 105 (55.26%) and 1 obese women (0.61%). Association of urinary incontinence with different BMI groups was determined using chi square test. P-value of 0.05or less was considered as significant. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence is a communal problem in overweight women. Urinary incontinence is more as compared of normal and underweight women and the associated factors that are avertible, modifiable and overweight and high BMI may have the greatest impact on the prevalence of urinary incontinence. Keywords: Urinary incontinence, overweight, postpartum

2793-2797

Authors: DR. AWAIS TARIQ, DR. SHANZAY HASHMI, DR. MUHAMMAD OVAIS ZAFAR

Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the important cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Two main causes of bleeding are variceal and non-variceal. In variceal bleeding the underlying cause is portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Liver cirrhosis is chronic inflammatory process that causes liver necrosis, fibrosis and conversion of normal liver architecture into abnormal nodule formation. In western world, alcoholic liver disease is most common cause of liver cirrhosis but in our country the most common cause is viral hepatitis. Endoscopy is the gold standard treatment procedure for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Octreotide play important role in variceal bleed. Objective: The aim of our study is to determine the efficacy of octreotide in upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients waiting for endoscopy. Methodology: Study design is case series. 62 patients were enrolled through non probability sampling technique. Patients presented in emergency with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to liver cirrhosis, after taking detailed history and going through their previous investigations and medical record were enrolled in the study. Results: Total 62 patients were enrolled in the study. 41 were male and 21 were female. Mean age was 48.4 +/- 7.9 SD. In comparison between Child-Pugh Class and age groups, in 20-35 years age group, 5 patients were from Child-Pugh Class A. 2 patients were in Child-Pugh Class B and 1 patient in Class C. In age group 36-50 years, 6 patients belong to Child-Pugh Class A, 9 patients were from Child-Pugh Class B and 10 patients were in Class C. In age group 51-65 years, 2 patients were in ChildPugh Class A, 9 were in Class B and 18 patients were in Child-Pugh Class C. In 35 patients out of total 62 bleeding was successfully controlled with continues infusion of octreotide in 24 hours. In 14 patients bleeding remained continue and in 13 patients there was episode of re-bleeding observed after 48 hours. In relation to Child-Pugh Class A, in 10 patients bleeding remained control, in 2 patients bleeding continued after 24 hours and 1 patient developed episode of re-bleeding. According to child-pugh class B, in 13 patients bleeding remained control, in 5 patients bleeding continued after 24 hours and 2 patients developed episode of re-bleeding. In child-pugh class C, 10 patients had re-bleeding. Out of 62 patients 4 patient died. Out of 4 patients, 3 belong to Child-Pugh Class C and 1 from Class B. Conclusion: Octreotide has shown good efficacy in patient of upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to liver cirrhosis, especially in Child-pugh class A. It is also a better option in patients waiting for endoscopy. Key words: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Octreotide, Liver cirrhosis, Variceal, Efficacy, Endoscopy.

2811-2823

Authors: Hasan S. Yusufoglu*, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Gamal A. Soliman, Ahmed I. Foudah, Mohammed H. Alqarni1, Aftab Alam, Mohammad Ayman Salkini

Previous studies reported that Pulicaria somalensis (Asteraceae) and related members of this family have long been used in folk medicines and because of its antioxidant activity, has an effective role in protection of biomarkers of cardiac and renal dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of Pulicaria somalensis mthanolic extract (PSME) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced changes in cardio-and nephro-toxicity. For the cardio-protective activity, biochemical parameters such as LDH, creatine kinase and albumin in serum, total protein, MDA and NP-SH levels in myocardial tissues were estimated. For the evaluation of nephro-protective activity, biochemical parameters such as creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium, potassium and calcium in serum, total protein, MDA and NPSH levels in renal tissues were assesed. The results of the present finding showed a significant (P<0.01-0.001) protection of cardiac and renal biochemical markers in serum and tissues, at both the doses of PSME (250 and 500 mg/kg). The cardiac and renal protective markers were further confirmed by the histopathological examination of cardiac and renal tissues. On the basis of present findings, it can be concluded that CCl4- intoxication induced cardiac and renal biochemical markers dysfunction reversed by the PSME treatment. Keywords: Pulicaria somalensis, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathology

2829-2835

Authors: P. Bhulakshmi*and M. Gayathri Devi

A new RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of Flupiritine Maleate and Paracetamol was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. The drugs were injected into Azilent HPLC system with SPD-20A Detector and C18 column (250×4.6, 5 µm) maintained at ambient temperature and effluent monitored at 240 nm. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid: Methanol (50:50 V/V). The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min. The calibration curve for flupiritine maleate and paracetamol was linear from 6-300.03µg/ml and 1.25 - 60.08µg/ml (r 2 for Flupiritine Maleate =1.0 and r 2 for Paracetamol = 0.99). The proposed method was adequate, sensitive, reproducible, accurate and precise for the determination of Flupiritine Maleate and Paracetamol in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Keywords: Flupiritine Maleate and Paracetamol, Linearity, Validation.

2862-2879

Authors: Jyoti Nautiyal* and Sayantan Mukhopadhyay

Depression is a mood disorder that affects physical and mental health by altering a person’s behaviour, feelings, and thoughts. Multiple neurotransmitters and part of brain (mainly amygdala, the thalamus and the hippocampus) are involved with disorder of depression. Main cause of depression is unknown but it may be due to neurohormonal or neurochemical imbalance. There are two main hypothesis involved in the pathophysiology of depression that is- monoamine hypothesis and neurotropic hypothesis. According to National Comorbidity Survey, lifetime prevalence of major depression and dysthymia are 16.9 and 2.5% respectively. Several type of intervention have been shown to be efficacious in treating depression including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Pharmacological approaches include conventional medical therapies and non-pharmacological approaches include complementary and alternative therapies. Conventional medical treatment involve antidepressant medications, they are relatively safe and effective for many patient. Electroconvulsive therapy is particularly effective for the most severe and resistant depressions, but it has some severe side effects on memory and cognition. There are various complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) like herbal, homeopathic, bright light therapy, traditional Chinese medication, aromatherapy, physical exercise etc. It was identified that complementary therapies have less side effects as compared to conventional therapies. Keywords: Depression, hypothesis, monoamines, serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, antidepressants, CAM.

2897-2904

Authors: A. Madhukar*, Afreen Fathima, A. Usha, A. Satish Kumar Chary, A. Prashanth Kumar, K. Usha

This present study reports, a simple, specific, accurate and validated Reverse Phase-Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography for identification of Alogliptin. The method employed Inertsil Extend C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, packed with 5 µm) and mobile phase Water and Acetonitrile (70:30), at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and UV-detection at 252 nm and it was detected with run time (RT) of 2.766 mins. No other co-eluting, interfering peak from excipients, impurities, or degradation products due to variable stress conditions was found, and method is specific for the identification of the Alogliptin. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy. Present work also describes the development and validation of HPLC method for the identification of Alogliptin. The method employed same chromatographic condition as above and validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and system suitability. Keywords: RP-HPLC, Alogliptin, Method Development and Validation.

2919-2921

Authors: S. Manjusha*, N.K.Parameswaran, R.Senthil Malar

Black pepper is important for its medical value (Parganiha et al., 2011). Medicinally black pepper can be used for digestive disorders like large intestine toxins, different gastric problems, diarrhea, and indigestion and also can be used against respiratory disorders including cold, fever and asthma. Black pepper is used to treat asthma, chronic indigestion, colon toxins, obesity, sinus, congestion, fever intermittent fever, cold extremities, colic, gastric ailments and diarrhea. In this Present Study the bioactive compounds from the plant Piper nigrum L. were determined by using HPLC Analysis. Key words: Black pepper, Piper nigrum L., HPLC

2930-2932

Authors: S. Manjusha*, N.K.Parameswaran, R.Senthil Malar

Plants are used medicinally in different countries and are a source of many potent and powerful drugs. The antimicrobial activities of plant extracts may reside in a variety of different components. The beneficial medicinal effects of the plant materials typically result from the combinations of secondary product present in the plant.Medicinal and spice plants are renewable raw materials. Their production is an alternative to the overproduction of traditional crops in agriculture. They also have an increasing economic importance. Spices can be defined as any dried, fragrant, aromatic or pungent vegetables or plant substances in whole, broken or ground form that contribute flavour, whose primary function in food is seasoning rather than nutrition and that may contribute relish or piquancy of foods and beverages. . In this Present Study the bioactive compounds from the plant Piper nigrum L. were determined by using FT-IR Spectroscopic methods. Key words: Piper nigrum L., FT-IR, Spectroscopic methods

2937-2941

Authors: S. Manjusha*, N.K.Parameswaran, R.Senthil Malar

Medicinal plants are being used since ancient time without knowing about its active ingredients. The healing power of certain plant was understood and accepted before mankind discovered the existence of microorganisms. Herbal drugs constitute a major part in all traditional systems of medicines and are a triumph of popular therapeutic diversity. In India, thousands of plant species are known to have medicinal properties and the use of different parts of several medicinal plants to cure specific ailments have been in vogue since ancient time. In this Present Study the bioactive compounds from the plant Piper betle L. were determined by using HPLC Analysis. Key words: Bioactive compounds, Piper betle L , HPLC

2946-2956

Authors: Karike Girija *, Koppula Maheshwari, B. Anusha, Ramya Sri Sura

The present study investigated that the fast dissolving tablets of Lovastatin by ion exchange resin. DRC prepared by physical mixing and solvent evaporation method. Sodium starch glycolate and Crospovidone were used as super disintegrants. Formulations prepared by physical mixing and solvent evaporation blends were taken for pre and post compression studies. Those all found to be within limits. From dissolution data among all formulations I11 formulation containing DRC with solvent evaporation method along with CP as super disintegrant has shown maximum drug release within 10 min. Hence it considered as optimised formulation. From the FTIR studies it has known as good compatability between drug and excipients. XRD studies of pure drug showed crystalline nature. XRD studies have shown when drug mixed with the resin by solvent evaporation has shown good dispersion. Optimised formulation was taken for Accelerated stability studies. From these studies It has known good stability over 3 months. Key words: Lovastatin, Ion exchange resin, Physical mixing, Solvent evaporation method, Fast dissolving tablets.

2964-2969

Authors: Bhuvanagiri Krishna*, Gudimitla Raveendra Babu, Muddala Ramayyappa, Averineni Ravi Kumar

A simple RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Valsartan and Nebivolol in tablets. The Valsartan and Nebivolol were analyzed by RP-HPLC using Hypersil BDS column (150 cm X 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with isocratic mobile phase consists of ammonium acetate buffer to pH 5.20 and acetonitrile (55:45, v/v), at a flow rate of 1 ml/min in the detection wavelength of 282 nm. The linearity ranges of Valsartan are 200-1200 µg/ml and 12.5-75 µg/ml for Nebivolol by RP-HPLC. The limit of detection and quantification for Valsartan and Nebivolol were found to be 0.25 µg/ml and 1.4 µg/ml, 0.77 µg/ml and 4.5 µg/ml respectively. The accuracy of this method evaluated by recovery measurements and good recovery results obtained from 99.61% to 101.65% for all parameters and the relative standard deviation is below 2 % were achieved. Key words: Valsartan, Nebivolol, Estimation, Accuracy, Tablets.

2979-2989

Authors: Anitha Nandagopal*, Syeda Viquar Unnisa, Bushra Shireen, Sheema Tasleem

The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are a super family of haemoproteins that are terminal oxidases of mixed function oxidase system embedded primarily in the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. They are so named because they are bound to membrane within a cell (cyto) and contain a haeme pigment (chrome P) that absorb light at a wavelength 450 nm when exposed to carbon monoxide. They are essential for metabolism of large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds. It has been estimated that 90% of human drug oxidation can be attributed to six main enzymes CYP 1A2, CYP 2C9, CYP 2C19, CYP 2D6, CYP 2E1 and CYP 3A4/5 with the two most significant enzymes being CYP 3A4 and CYP 2D6. Recently, the cytochrome isoenzymes have been shown to be important in the synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, arachidonic acid and in CNS function. Cytochrome P450 enzymes can be inhibited or induced by drugs, resulting in clinically significant drug-drug interactions that can cause anticipated adverse drug reactions or therapeutic failure. Genetic variability (polymorphism) in the enzymes may influence a patient’s response to commonly prescribed drugs. Genotype tests for cytochrome P450 polymorphism have primarily been used for research purpose or clinical drug trials. Keywords: cytochrome P450, endoplasmic reticulum, metabolism, isoenzymes, polymorphism.

2996-3002

Authors: Purushothaman Balakrishnan, Gowtham kumar Sekar, Prasanna srinivasan Ramalingam, Suganthi Nagarasan,Vasumathi Murugesan , Kumaran Shanmugam*

Eclipta alba Linn. (Eclipta prostrata) is a perennial herb belongs to the family Asteraceae which is widespread all over the world especially in south Asian countries like India, Nepal, China and Thailand. Because of its numerous pharmacological activities, it is used in Siddha, Unani and Ayurveda to treat skin infections, headache, toothache and other such ailments. It possess anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-osteoporotic, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective activities due to the phytochemicals like dimethyl wedelolactone and wedelolactone present in it. The coumestan wedelolactone has potent activity against human pathogens like Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli and Salmonella typhi. We pen down this reviewto investigate the predominant pharmacological activities of coumestan wedelolactone. Key words: Eclipta alba , Coumestan, Wedelolactone, Hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-fibrotic.

3014-3023

Authors: Naimat ullah Kakar, Shahzad Ali Khan, Muhammad Ali, Tanzeel Ahmed Randhawa*, Abdul Baqi Khan

Objective: To improve the information about hypertension control in the adult population. Material and Methods: This was descriptive cross-sectional survey based study conducted at rural healthcare centre, Umar Abad, tehsil, karezat, district, Pishin, Balochis tan, Pakistan. Information was collected from the outpatients who visit the rural health center, throughout the examination span, age ranging from (≥18 years) old giving the hypertension by filling self-administrated surveys. The data was collected by two research assistants. Blood pressure was measured by auscultation, using the standardized sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure was measured in the desk posture by a fitting sized handcuff around the arm. Related sample Friedman’s two-way analysis of variance by rank test was performed and (p<0.005) considered as sufficient. The data interpreted and analyzed. Result: The total 198 study respondents were seeing out of which males was 143 (72.2%) and females was 55 (27.2%). Most of the respondents were in the age group between 18-25 years were 92 (46.5%). Respondents were replies yes 143 (72.2%) to the question “Have you ever had your blood pressure taken?”, the 81 (40.9%) of the respondents replied, “not before today” to statement “When were you diagnosed to have hypertension?”. Conclusion: This investigation was inferred that the woman’s respondents were on more risk than men's. In any case, most of the examination respondents were not hypertensive and they have not determined to have hypertension before and the greater part of the hypertensive respondents didn't know about their hypertension. Keywords: Hypertension, screening, rural healthcare center, Pishin, Balochistan.

3032-3037

Authors: Summiya Allah Yar, Gulmakai Shakoor, Zahid Mahmood, Hafsa Sunniya2, Mohammad javed khan, Muhammad Usman, Asad Ullah, Binish Baig, Farhan Fasial, Hamza Zahid, Nazo Rahim, and Sheikh Ahmed

Present study was conducted to assess the thalassemia patients and to find out the sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B among the thalassemic patients. The study was conducted in two tertiary care hospitals of Quetta city of Balochistan Province of Pakistan. A total of 289 confirmed thalassemic patients were screened for Hepatitis B virus. Data was collected on a pre-organized Performa that included patient’s demographics and general information. Patient’s clinical profile was recorded and blood samples were collected for laboratory analysis. The liver function test (ALT, ALP and Bilirubin) was performed. The results were then subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS. The study showed a prevalence of 3.1% of HBsAg patients in our population. The study also indicated elevated levels of ATL and ALP indicating liver infections among population. The study recommends using more accurate methods of screening for hepatitis B and C to reduce the high risk of transfusion hepatitis as the lives of these sick patients rely on blood transfusions.

3046-3049

Authors: Dr. Tasawar Abbas, Dr. Arfa Nadeem, Dr. Ahmad Mujtaba

Purpose: To investigate the in-hospital outcome of cardiogenic shock (CS) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Materials and methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Ch. Parvaiz Elahi Institute of cardiology (CPEIC), Multan between June 2015 and November 2016. After acute myocardial infarction, 230 consecutive patients were shocked. Group I was the largest group of 110 (47.82%) patients; They were myocardial infarction patients with ST-segment elevation (STEMI). Group II consisted of 100 (43.47%) patients, these patients were nonSTEMI, group III 20 (8.69%); These were patients with acute left bundle branch block (LBBB) in CS. Results: The average age of the working population was 57.5 ± 27.5 years. The total number of males in the study population was 150 (65.21%) while 80 (34.78%) were females. In-hospital mortality was 65 (59%) in Group I, 90 (90%) in Group II and 10 (50%) in Group III. Conclusion: Conclusion: Conclusion: Patients with cardiogenic shock after AMI have higher mortality during hospital stay. This depends on the presence of more risk factors in this subgroup. Keywords: Cardiogenic shock, acute myocardial infarction, mortality in hospital, left branch block.

3056-3061

Authors: Dr. Maleeha Saleem, Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ul Rasool, Dr. Nazarat Habib

Objective: To assess considerations of patients about various dietary and preventive factors of acne regarding their disease and treatment Methods and Results:100 patients presenting with Acne Vulgaris to Out Patient Department of Dermatology, Mayo Hospital Lahore were interviewed regarding their disease duration, Intensity, diets that affected their symptoms and the remedies they took to ameliorate their symptoms according to a pre-designed questionnaire during period from September, 2017 to February, 2018. Demographic data was gathered from the respondents. Frequency tables were generated regarding research variables. 100 respondents were interviewed about their acne vulgaris, remedies they took and the diets they considered responsible for worsening and ameliorating their symptoms.75% of patients were of >20 age. 97% were diagnosed by Physician. 75% of patient were well educated.25% had already some chronic ailment, Chronic Skin Disease being most common, with 47% of patients were using medications before consulting the physician.59% had a dietary trigger for exacerbation of their symptoms, whereas 51% had their symptoms benefited by dietary modifications. 63% of patients were of the view that counselling about the disease and dietary factors helped them a lot about understanding the disease and controlling their symptoms. 54% of patients were using over the counter anti acne creams before consulting the physician.59% had their symptoms worsened by taking fried foods. Contrary to that, fruits were the major relieving factor to ameliorate the symptoms of acne for most patients. Conclusion: Majority of the patients had benefitted from counselling regarding relationship of disease to dietary modifications. Fried foods are the most common trigger for exacerbating the symptoms of Acne Vulgaris, whereas Fruits were the major dietary addition that ameliorated the symptoms. Key Words: Acne, Dietary modifications, Self-remedies for Acne Vulgaris, Diet and Acne

3066-3070

Authors: Ishfaq Hassan, Arif Hussain, Ammar Waqas

Objective: to determine the relationship between pre-operative C1 protein (CRP) and post-elective cardiac surgery complications, including atrial fibrillation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, wound infection, acute renal failure, shock, and death. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology Mayo Hospital, Lahore for the period of 1 year from December 2016 to December 2017. Patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery at CRP levels were measured in all patients in the morning following surgery. Patients were categorized as Group A (CRP <2 mg / dL) and Group B (PCR> 2 mg / dL) and hospitalization was followed by postoperative complications. Results: 140 patients (100 (70%) male and 40 (30% female) were studied; There were 97 (65.1%) patients with PCR <2 mg / dl (Group A) and 52 (34.9%) with PCR> 2 mg / dl (Group B). The average age in group A was 43.6 ± 13.2 years and in group B was 48.9 ± 13.4 years. The overall mortality rate in our study was 3.35% (n = 5). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was 81 (54.4%); B group was 34 (65.4%) and 47 (48.5%) group (p = 0.048). Acute renal failure developed in 26 (50%) patients in group B and 28 (28.9%) in patients (p = 0.011). wound infections were observed in 13 (25%) patients and 11 (11.3%) in the high PCR from the low CRP group (p = 0.031). There was no significant statistically difference in atrial fibrillation and shock in both groups. Death rate was same in both groups. Conclusion: Preoperative high CRP levels may be postoperative complications such as SIRS, acute renal failure after elective cardiac surgery and wound infection. Keywords: C Reactive Proteins, Cardiovascular Surgery, Postoperative Complications.

3075-3081

Authors: Dr. Aneeqa Ali, Dr. Ruqayya irshad, Dr. Gulshan Rasheed

Objective: Awareness and education was examined in order to measure the decision of pregnant women for natural mode of delivery to an elective caesarean section delivery in our research study. Methods: Research design was quasi-experimental and research was completed in the time span of January – March, 2012. Population of the research was 3rd trimester pregnant women (200 women). All the patients were in the intention of caesarean section instead of normal delivery mode. We made three groups of the total sample population. Three groups were named as Group A, B and C and respectively treated with educational awareness, educational awareness including discussion and no intervention in the C group taken as controls. We also held a post-test after one-month delay and analyzed data through logistic regression and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results: Group A, B and C were respectively representing controls 100 women (50%), educational package 40 women (20%) and 60 women (30%) educational package and groups discussion group. We observed a significant change in the overall behavior of the B group and C group with significant p-value of (<0.01); whereas, no change was observed in the controls of A group as they were not treated with any of the package. We observed the change of opinion in women as 25 women (42%) in group-B opted for natural delivery and only one women (2.5%) changed mode of delivery in B group. Four ladies of group A were (4%) emergency cases and normal delivery was carried out. Conclusion: Scores of the model construct were increased through two educational techniques which include attitude, awareness, perceived control of behavior, behavioral intention and subjective norms. Nonetheless, Group discussion along with educational awareness package is an effective and influential for the selection of natural delivery mode for the child birth. Keyword: Education, Package, Elective Caesarean, Controls, Behavior and Pregnant Women.

3089-3092

Authors: Dr. Abdur Rehman Aqeel, Dr. Aqsa Ammar Pasha, Dr. Tasbiha Hasnain

Objective: To study the effect of using simvastatin in addition to metformin in treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and its comparison with metformin alone therapy. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial conducted at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), during November 2014 to April 2015. Total 108 patients were enrolled in study and were stratified into two groups, consisting of 54 each. First group was given metformin alone while second group was given metformin and simvastatin. An extensive clinical history, menstrual history was taken from all participants and data was recorded on a pre-designed proforma. Complete clinical examination was performed on all patients. Abdominopelvic ultrasound was performed and volume >10cc or >12 follicles was labelled as enlarged. Lipid profile and LH/FSH ratio was performed at the time of enrollment and was repeated after 3 months to see response to treatment. The effective treatment response was more than 15% decrease in baseline values in comparison to data found at the time of enrollment. Results: 28.87.18 years was the mean age. The mean BMI was 22.5 1.55 kg/m2 . The effective results were achieved in 66.7% patients in metformin alone group while in 92.6% patients in combination therapy group. Conclusion: Simvastatin and metformin combination therapy is better than metformin alone for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Keywords: Polycystic ovarian syndrome, females, metformin, simvastatin, lipid profile, LH/FSH ratio.

3097-3109

Authors: Dr. Saba Bashir, Dr. Mudassar Murtaza, Dr. Tasbiha Hasnain

Introduction: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Adherence to antihypertensive treatment plays an important role in controlling hypertension and reducing mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular events. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of adherent patients among a sample of Peshawar’s population, awareness of hypertension in non-adherent patients and to demonstrate the factors responsible for non-adherence in hypertensive patients. Methodology: It was a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional questionnaires based study carried out from 05-12- 2013 to 18-03-2014. A convenient sample of 100 hypertensive patients (60 females & 40 males) was gathered from Hayatabad, Phase-4, Peshawar. To assess adherence, 8 item Morisky medication adherence scale was used, whereas, factors were reported via structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS v21 and Microsoft Excel 2013 was used for graphs. Results: In our study, 68% of the patients were non-adherent. The mean MMAS score was 5.33 (SD= ± 2.49). Overall awareness of hypertension in non-adherent patients regarding importance of medication use , skipping a dose affect BP, and about cause of hypertension was 95.6%, 60.3% and 91.2% respectively. Among demographic factors, only socioeconomic status was significantly associated with adherence (p=0.02). The top three medication related factors responsible for non-adherence were forgetfulness, (61.76%), symptomless (58.82%) and fear of addiction (51.47%). Conclusion: Different interventions at the level of families of hypertensive patients regarding reducing forgetfulness should be introduced. People should be educated to use the medicine continuously and about the fear of addiction to anti-hypertensive medication via mass media. Keywords: Non-adherence, hypertension, Morisky medication adherence scale, lifestyle modification.

3118-3123

Authors: Dr. Hassan Jamil, Dr. Muhammad Bilal, Dr. Muhammad Rizwan Khan, Dr. Ali Arshad

Objective: Research was aimed to compare hypertension incidence in the communities consuming hard water in terms of its hardness at Hingorno, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional research study was held in June, 2016. Area had two sources of water including water supply and rain which included fresh and hard water. Our research sample was 340 and comprised of above eighteen years age group with more than five years stay in the area. All the participants with diabetes, kidney disease, taking oral supplements and anti-hypertensive drugs were not included in the research. BMI, demographic features and BP (blood pressure) were also documented. Hardness in the sample of water was measured and above 180 ppm was considered as very hard water. Comparison of hypertension was made in the people using fresh or hard water with a significant p-value (< 0.05). Result: In the total research population 80 participants were found (23.5%) hypertensive; 38 hard water consumers (20%) and 42 fresh water consumers (28%). This variation was significant statistically, very high hardness was observed in the water sample testing and it was suggested that this water is not suitable for human health. Conclusion: It is concluded that people are commonly observed hypertension which is not present in the fresh water cases and higher incidence of hardness was observed in the underground water resources of Hingorno. Keywords: Fresh Water, Pre-hypertension, Hypertension and Underground Water.

3132-3143

Authors: Afroz Mehdi and Dr. Fazil ahmad

Acorus calamus is a tall perennial herb. It is a wetland monocot of the Acoraceae family, in the genus Acorus.It is also called sweet flag or calamus. Sweet Sedge is 30 to 100 cm tall. Tufts of basal leaves arises from a spreading rhizome. Calamus is used as sedative, diuretic, laxative and as a carminative agent in modern herbal science medicines. Its use in siddha and ayurvedi c medicine is also reported where in stems, leaves, roots, barks plays magnificent role. Few uses approved for calamus is as a flavour for pipe tobacco from the rhizome essence and is also used as essential oil in perfume industry. The objective of present study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Acorus calamus at the dose of 500mg/kg body weight in wistar rats and to carry out phytochemical screening of leaves extract, measure serum urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin and uric acid.And to describe the histopathological status of kidneys in the treated and untreated groups. Nephroprotective activity was evaluated against lithium chloride induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Phytochemical screening of the extract was done. 24 Animals were divided into 4 groups each containing 6 rats. Group I received normal saline 5ml/kg for 5 weeks. Group II is treated with nephrotoxicant i.e., 1ml/kg of 15% Licl solution for 1 week + tap water for 1 week + 7% Licl for 2 weeks + tap water for 1 week. Group III is fed with toxicant (Licl solution as above) for 5 weeks &A.calamus leaves extract 500mg/kg for 5 weeks which is considered as test .Group IV is given toxicant as in case of group II with standard drug named Cystone 5ml/kg for 5 weeks. Samples of kidney tissue were removed for histopathological examination. Screening of Acorus calamus showed the presence of nephroprotective phytochemicals. Ethanolic extract of leaves produced significant nephroprotective activity in lithium chloride induced nephrotoxicity which was evident by decreased levels of serum urea, creatinine, BUN and uric acid. Acorus calamus contains nephroprotective phytochemicals and may be useful in preventing kidney damage induced by Licl. Key Words: Acorus calamus; lithium chloride; nephroprotective activity

3152-3158

Authors: Savitha Mol.G.M* and Kiran.K.J

Yaws, an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue, is endemic in parts of West Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The disease frequently affects children who live in poor socioeconomic conditions. A global eradication campaign using injectable benzathine penicillin was carried out by WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) between 1952 and 1964. Recent developments using a single dose of oral azithromycin have renewed optimism that eradication can be achieved through a comprehensive large-scale treatment strategy. Based on the clinical features Yaws are classified into primary yaws, secondary yaws and tertiary yaws. Due to the antigenic similarity of the yaws and syphilis agents, serological tests for syphilis were used for diagnosis of yaws. The purpose of this review is to increase the awareness of the condition and discuss the new approach amongst the global health community. Key words: Yaws, neglected tropical diseases, eradication, Treponema pallidum

3168-3176

Authors: Dr.Shaikh Siraj N*, Mo. Irfan Mo.Hasnain, Dr.G. J. Khan, Shoaib Ahmad

The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can take place. The present investigation concerns with formulation and evaluation of Colon Targeted dip coated tablets of Ornidazole by using HPMCK4 M, Xanthan gum polymers .Initially core tablets were prepared and then coated by using Eudragit S100 as a enteric coating polymer with the help of Isopropyl alcohol, acetone (1:1) by deep coating. Optimization of colon targeted tablet of Ornidazole was carried out by using design expert software considering combination of HPMC K 4 M & Xanthan gum as independent variable & Time for 25% Drug release (hrs), Drug Release at 12 hrs as a dependent variable. All the formulations FB1 to FB9 were evaluated for the physicochemical parameters and were subjected to in vitro drug release studies. The tablets were passed all the tests. Among all the formulations FB5 formulation was found to be optimized as it was retarded the drug release up to 12 hours and showed maximum of 91.57% drug release. The results of the present study have demonstrated that developed colon targeted coated tablet were promising vehicle for preventing rapid hydrolysis in gastric environment and improving oral bioavailability of ornidazole for the treatment of disease of colon region. Key Words: Colon targeted, Ornidazole, Optimization, Eudragit S 100, Coating.

3184-3191

Authors: Saad Alshelwi, Osama Alostaz, Salman B Suhaym, Syed MB Asdaq*, Mohammed J. Al-Yamani

The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge of residents of Saudi Arabia on the antibiotic use and its storage. This was a cross-sectional study. A pre-validated questionnaire was self-administered after translation into Arabic. Demographic factors associated with respondents’ knowledge were identified by multiple logistic regressions. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSSIBM) version 23. The questionnaires were completed by 654 (55.50% males and 44.50% females). About three-fifth (66%) of the respondents were in age group of 18-28 years and almost half (48%) of them were with academic degree. Our studies demonstrated a significant difference of average knowledge on antibiotic use as well as on its storage among different age groups and educational level (t = 1.27, p < 0.05). The younger age group, 18-28 years, (OR = 2.40, 2.44) and academic degree holders (OR = 2.48, 2.98) exhibited a greater knowledge on, both knowledge on use and storage of antibiotics, respectively. The knowledge on antibiotic use and its storage is not uniform and consistent across different sections of the society. Hence there is a need to develop innovative tools and educational models to spread the awareness among general public on importance of rational use and storage of antibiotics. Keywords: Antibiotics, Good Storage practice, Knowledge, Perception, Saudi Arabia.

3197-3202

Authors: Padmanabh Deshpande*and Amit Gunge

A simple, rapid, specific and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin calcium and Ezetimibe in combined tablet formulation. The separation was achieved by Thermo C18 column (4.6mm x 250 mm) with a mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile: Water (80: 20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 . Detection wavelength was 241 nm. Retention times were found to be 1.758 min and 3.133 min for Rosuvastatin calcium and Ezetimibe, respectively. The developed method was validated interms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range 5-30 μg mL-1 for both the drugs. The method was applied successfully for the analysis of drugs in combined tablet dosage form. The mean % recovery was found to be 101.16 and 100.11 for Rosuvastatin calcium and Ezetimibe, respectively. The developed method can be used for the simultaneous quantification of these drugs in the dosage form, bulk drug as well as for routine analysis in quality control laboratories. Keywords: Rosuvastatin, Ezetimibe, RP-HPLC; Method validation, ICH Guidelines

3209-3219

Authors: Upadhyay Priya Shitalaprasad*, Dr Vinay C. Darji, Bhumi Patel, Jaymin Patel

A simple, rapid, economical, precise and accurate Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for Teriflunomide In its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form has been developed. A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the Teriflunomide in its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form has been developed. The separation was achieved by Cosmosil (250mm x 4.6 mm) column and Buffer (pH 4.0): Methanol (40:60) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 248 nm. Retention time of Teriflunomide was found to be 3.300 min. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy and precision. Linearity observed for Teriflunomide 10-30 μg/ml. Developed method was found to be accurate, precise and rapid for simultaneous estimation of Teriflunomide in its Combined Dosage Form. The drug was subjected to stress condition of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and Thermal degradation, Considerable Degradation was found in Thermal degradation. The proposed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of both the drugs in commercial Combined dosage form. Keywords: Teriflunomide, Stability indicating RP-HPLC Method, Validation.