INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

794-798

Authors: Kranthi Raju Palle*, Dr.Shravan Kumar Dholi, K.Thirupathi*.

Tecoma Stans, the yellow bells Plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It height ranges from 2 to 4 meters. It is an important medicinal herb throughout India. Among all parts from Plant-seeds, roots and bark are the most important parts which are used medicinally. Present study was carried out to determine the cardiotonic activity by using infusion of Tecoma stanswith different dilutions & compared with cardiotonic activity of digoxin‐the life saving cardiotonic. The activity was tested by using isolated frog heart assembly. The present preliminary studies confirm the better cardiotonic act ivity of Tecoma Stan, than digoxin. Further studies can confirm the reduced toxicity & this will be the advantage of Tecoma stans, over digitalis. Thus, in future it will be interesting to isolate the active chemical constituents are responsible for the cardiotonic activity. Keywords: Cardiotonic activity, Digoxin, Tecoma Stans, Isolated frog heart.

805-814

Authors: Vijay R. Chakote*, Mrunal K. Shirsat, Deepak A. Joshi, Mayuri M. Ban, Gunesh N. Dhembre

The objective of present work was to design and develop sustained release matrix tablets of anti-hypertensive drug Labetalol hydrochloride. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15, Sodium CMC, Xanthan gum and Tamarind seed polysaccharide used as a rate retarding polymer. Whereas Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone and Microcrystalline cellulose are used as granulating agent and diluent. The influence of variable concentration of polymers on the release rate of drug was investigated. The results of the present work point out that the rate of Labetalol hydrochloride release from polymers like Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15, Sodium CMC, Xanthan gum and Tamarind seed polysaccharide are mainly controlled by the drug–polymer ratio. The prepared sustained release matrix tablets were evaluated for various parameters like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug content and in vitro drug release studies. Keywords: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K15, Sodium CMC, Xanthan gum and Tamarind seed polysaccharide, Sustained-release, Labetalol hydrochloride Formulation.

821-824

Authors: Vasil’ev Yu.L*, Dydykin S.S , Meylanova R.D , Kytko O.V , Godi H.F.

Objective: Anatomizing the mental spine area, nutrient foramen system, and mandibular canal to discover anatomical and radiological features of the mandibular mental region. Materials and Methods:Research involved an anatomical study, namely manufacture of gross specimens stained by in-house methods to detect the vascular-nervous tract. It involved craniometric measurements of 200 corpses aged 50-70 without maxillofacial pathology. Using a Gigli saw helped obtain and examine 200 mandibular fragments. The resulting defect was replaced, using an alginate fragment and mimicking denture teeth. The tract was anatomized under the binocular loupe MBS-2, using microsurgical instruments. Bone specimens with the separated vascular-nervous tract were examined by macro- and micro-preparation methods. Results: Comparison of anatomical and radiological findings revealed correlation between the skull type and the mental foramen shape. Macroanatomical and radiological findings showed 3 types of the mental spine canal. Conclusion: The results of the work conducted provide a fair presentation of the peculiar structure of the mental cavity and the intra- and endoosseous branches of the mental nerve, and the canal of its end correlates with the mental spine canal. Keywords: mental spine, vascular-nervous tract, mandibular canal, mental nerve

832-838

Authors: V. N. Shevale, V. M. Chandrashekhar, I. S. Muchandi, V. G. Saudagar

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-allergic action of Methanol extract of plant Buchanania lanzan Spreng. leaves on mast cell intermediated allergic models. Materials and methods: The methanol extracts of plant Buchanania lanzan spreng. Leaves protecting effect is checked in pruritus and anaphylaxis models of the acute phase of allergic reactions induced by compound 48/80. The mast cell degranulation and histamine release from blood induced by compound 48/80 is determined. Results: The methanol extract of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Leaves produced noteworthy inhibition of pruritus and anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 and Dose-dependent noteworthy Stabilization of mast cell membrane is also observed in compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation. It is observed that the dose-dependant decrease in the release of histamine. Conclusion: These results show the methanol extract of plant Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Leaves by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells have efficient anti-allergic property. Keywords: Compound 48/80, Anti-allergic, Mast cells, Buchanania lanzan, Antihistaminic.

849-852

Authors: Anirban Roy Chowdhury*, Sudipa Chakravarty, Amit Chakravarty

Recent studies demonstrated that resveratrol has many therapeutic effects on liver disorders. It significantly increased survival after liver transplantation, decreased fat deposition, necrosis, and apoptosis which induced by ischemia in Wistar rats. It provided liver protection against chemical, cholestatic, and alcohol injury. Resveratrol can improve glucose metabolism and lipid profile and decrease liver fibrosis and steatosis. Furthermore, it was able to alter hepatic cell fatty acid composition. This study we observed the pre-treatment and post-treatment of resveratrol and evaluation of blood CBC parameters in patients with beta and HbE-beta thalassaemia shows three categories of response: Complete Response (52.2%; in patients who can able to maintain at an average Hb level of 6-9 gm/dL without blood transfusion, in this group 12.3% patients are without any previous H/O blood transfusion, others shifted from monthly blood transfusion dependency to a stable transfusion-free condition); Partial Response (18.2%; in patients who remained transfusion dependent but at longer intervals : 2-3 months or more) and Non response (15.9%; in patients who, after more than one year of treatment, remained at the same level of transfusion dependency) and we observed the evaluation of LFT of Beta and Hb E/Beta thalassaemic patients on Trans Resveratrol Therapy. Key words: Resveratrol, β-thalassemia, LFT, Blood transfusion, Good responder, Moderate responder, Non responder.

862-867

Authors: Bushra, Dil Faraz Khan, Hamid Ullah, Shafiullah Khan*

Bauhinia variegata plant is widely known and found throughout the world. It has extensive uses in our foods and also has a great medicinal importance which led the scientists to explore its responsible constituents. In this connection, in our studies on ethanolic extract of the Bauhinia Variegata, two new compounds were isolated and purified through chromatographic techniques. Then the molecular formula and characterization of these compounds were carried out with Mass spectral studies, and IR, UV and NMR spectral analysis. Consequently, to the new compounds Variegat A (1) molecular formula was assigned as C25 H36 O and for the compound Variegat B (2) was assigned C24H32O3 while the structural formulas for Variegat A (1) and Variegat B (2) was established as; 7-(tertbutyl)-6-ethoxy-1-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-3-(tert-pentyl) naphthalene and Methyl6-ethoxy-7-methyl-8-(2- methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-3-(tert-pentyl)-2-naphthoate respectively. Key words: Bauhinia Variegata, Isolation, Characterization, Variegat A, Variegat B

872- 881

Authors: Mehnoor Farheen *, Rahmata Yasmeen *, Samreen Ayesha Sana, Sara mizna, Saleha sultana

Polygonum glabrum has been used to treat peptic ulcer disease , but its efficacy has not been validated. The present study was therefore carried out to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of 75% ethanolic aerial extract of polygonum glabrum in wistar rats. The Antiulcer Activity of 75% ethanolic aqueous extract of aerial parts of Polygonum glabrum at a dose of 200, 400 mg/kg b.w p.o was investigated in Diclofenac induced ulcers in Albino Wistar rats (180-230 gm). In this model parameters evaluated are gastric volume, total acidity, free acidity and ulcer index. There was no mortality up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w p.o indicating the safety of the plant. Preliminary Phytochemical studies showed the presence of Carbohydrates, Flavanoid, Glycosides, Tannins, Protein, Terpenes and Volatile Oils. 75% ethanolic aqueous extract of Polygonum glabrum at a dose of 200,400 mg/kg b.w p.o produced significant reduction of ulcers in diclofenac induced ulcer Model as compared to control group by decreasing gastric volume, total acidity, free acidity and severity of ulcer. The ulcer protective effect of extract was comparable with that of the standard drugs. Results of study suggest that 75% ethanolic aqueous extract of Polygonum glabrum posses Mucoprotective effect which may be due to the presence of flavanoids in the extract as it has an astringent property. Keywords: Antiulcer activity, Polygonum glabrum, Diclofenac, Mucoprotective effect and Experimental rats.

890-902

Authors: R. Santosh Kumar and Sahithi Mudili

Oral route is the most preferred route for administration of various drugs because it is regarded as safest, most convenient and economical route. Recently researcher developed the mouth dissolving tablets with improved patient compliance and convenience. Upon introduction into the mouth, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Mouth dissolving tablets overcome the disadvantages of conventional dosage form especially dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) in paediatric and geriatric patients. Mouth dissolving tablets can be formulated by using various technologies like lyophilization, direct compression, spray drying, molding, nanotization, mass extrusion, sublimation, cotton candy and phase transition technology along with various patented technologies like zydis,lyoc, flashtab, frosta, nanocrystal technology, wowtab, durasolv, orasolv advatab and flashdose technology. This review briefly describes about the various technologies which are used for the formulation of mouth dissolving tablets along with advantages and limitations of the technology. Keywords: Mouth dissolving tablets, Patented Technologies, Bioavailability

909-915

Authors: S. Kamaraju and K. Ramasamy*

The metal works industries release a good amount of heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, manganese, nickel and chromium which ultimately fall in the water bodies. Heavy metals are known to cause alterations in various tissues of fish at the biochemical level. Cadmium is an extremely toxic heavy metal which is widely used in mining, metallurgical operation, electroplating industries manufacturing vinyl plastics, electrical contacts, metallic and plastic pipes. Effluents from such plants are sources of cadmium into aquatic environments. Hence an attempt was made to study the impact of sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride on the protein and amino acid content changes in gill, liver and kidney of the freshwater exotic fish, Hypopthalmichthys molitrix. As the period of exposure to sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride has considerable influence on the metabolic changes the study was made at 7, 14 and 21 days. The protein and amino acid levels changes in gill, liver and kidney were estimated in control and experimental fishes. Significant elevation of amino acid whereas protein level decreased in gill, liver and kidney of fish treated with sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride when compared with control fish. But the maximum decrease of protein and elevation of amino acid contents were observed in all tissues at 21 days. These results suggest that the cadmium chloride causes deleterious effects on protein metabolism. Key words: Hypopthalmichthys molitrix, cadmium chloride, protein metabolism, gill, liver, kidney

922-937

Authors: K. Ramanji Reddy*, Dr. S. Jaya, V. Sandhya Rani, Dr. Chandaka Madhu

Extended release tablets of Tapentadol hydrochloride were prepared by wet granulation method using microcrystalline cellulose PH101, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine (K-90), methocel K 200M and plasdone. The drug and excipients compatibility was studied by FT-IR which showed no physico-chemical interaction. The polymer used Hydroxy propyl ethyl cellulose was granular blend. Also it was concluded that it improves the drug release at 12th hour. The kinetic treatment of the drug release data of the prepared formulations followed zero order drug release the prepared formulations followed Higuchi profile. It indicated that the drug release from the tablets involves anomalous diffusion mechanism or diffusion coupled with erosion, and directly proportional to square root of time as indicated by the n value of 0.66 in Korsmeyer’s plot. On comparing equation of straight line and regression coefficient (R2) with Innovator, formulation F8 shows similarity of results with innovator. Hence F8 was considered as formulation with extended release profile as indicated by 95.2% of drug released at the end of 12hrs. The stability studies were carried out for a period of 3 months as per ICH guidelines. There were no significant changes in dissolution profile and other parameters of the optimized formulation F8. To conclude, formulation F8 containing higher concentration of polymer (HPMC) and optimum concentration of super disintegrant showed drug release of 95.2% at the end of 12h, and this optimized formulation can be selected for further studies. Key words: Tapentadol hydrochloride , microcrystalline cellulose , Extended release tablets, stability

952-961

Authors: P. Kanteepan and D.V.R.N.Bhikshapathi

In this present research study, we sought to develop novel Rebamipide microspheres and explore the influence of various concentrations of sodium alginate (polymer) and calcium chloride (cross-linking agent) on particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release of the same. These microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique for oral delivery in the treatment of gastro duodenal ulcers. The formulated microspheres were evaluated regarding size, shape, % EE, % yield, drug release and characterization was studied using FTIR, DSC, SEM analysis. Among the total S14 formulations, S7 formulation was optimized at 2.2% of sodium alginate, 7% of calcium chloride maintained 500rpm, for 2h at room temperature. The in vitro dissolution showed sustained release of Rebamipide upto 96.12% by diffusion mechanism over 12h, which followed the zero order and Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.987, 0.993), respectively. The marketed product displayed the drug release of 95.15% within 1h. The optimized S7 formulation displayed the %EE 95.30, particle size 73.45±0.09 µm, % yield 96.30 and swelling index 95.26%. The optimized S7 formulation subjected to stability studies for 6months as per ICH guidelines, and concluded that significant difference was not observed for % yield, %EE, and drug release before and after stability studies, hence the formulation (S7) found stable. Finally, the prepared Rebamipide microspheres showed significant effect on gastritis in a controlled manner for prolonged period of time. Key words: Rebamipide, microspheres, ionotropic gelation method, DSC, sustained release.

973-977

Authors: Ashutosh Nath Jha, Dr. Garima Bartariya and Abhishek Kumar

Syzygium cumini is one of the important medicinal plants found in all parts of India. Syzygium cumini (L.) is commonly known as jambolan, Java plum or black plum. It is an evergreen tropical flowering plant belongs to family Myrtaceae. This plant has many pharmaceutical activities such as anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, CNS depressant and etc. The present study was carried out on foliar extract of Syzygium cumini to find their significance in diabetic therapeutic studies. The conducted work was based on phytochemical analysis and in-vitro α-amylase activity. High concentration of glucose in the blood causes a metabolic disorder which is known as diabetes. High concentration of glucose in blood may damage many of the body’s systems that is why diabetes is a chronic disease. The result of qualitative analysis exhibited that this plant contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and phenol in leaves but amino acid was absent. The phytochemicals present in plants are responsible for preventing disease and promoting health have been studied extensively to establish their efficacy to understand the underlying mechanism of their action. The result of this study revealed that leaves extract showed α-amylase inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. The extracts showed maximum inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/ml and which is decreased with increasing concentrations i.e. 2.5 and 5 mg/ml. In conclusion, more research is required for developing a potential and valuable antidiabetic therapy by using α- amylase inhibition. Keywords: Α-Amylase Inhibition, Foliar Extract, Syzygium Cumini (L.)

989-997

Authors: Arivukkarasu R*, Rajasekaran A, Nadhiya R, Narmatha V.Nayanthara PS, Nithish K

Abstract: The main objective is to detect and quantify the standard antioxidant markers in marketed hepatoprotective formulations by HPTLC method using finger print analysis. Results of the study clearly revealed that these six formulations contains flavonoids- quercetin, rutin and phenolic acid category- caffeic acid and gallic acid. The developed HPTLC method can be employed for the routine investigations of well-known free radical scavengers in marketed herbal hepatoprotective formulations. Keywords: Hepatoprotective, Anti oxidant, Caffeic acid, Quercetin, Rutin.

1007-1012

Authors: Gowri Manoja Mulagada*, S. Sridevi, M. Gayathri Devi, Mukalla Ganesh Kumar

A simple RP-HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Niacin and Simvastatin in tablet dosage form. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Hypersil BDS C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5µm column using Acetonitrile and Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer in the ratio of 80:20 v/v, pH 5, with flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The retention time of niacin was 2.0852 and simvastatin was found to be 5.7052. The method was applied to tablet dosage forms, without any interference from excipients. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 20-120 ug/ml. The performance of the method was validated according to ICH guidelines and it was found suitable for the analysis of Niacin and Simvastatin in tablet dosage forms. Keywords: Niacin, Simvastatin, RP-HPLC, Method Development, Validation, ICH guidelines.

1020-1027

Authors: Mohammad Y. Abu Shuheil

A hybrid pharmacophore approach was adopted to design and synthesize new series of pyrimidine-thiazole hybrid compounds via heterocyclization of 2-(2-guanidino-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-5-yl)acetic acid with dicarbonyl compounds, such as diketones and derivatives of acetoacetic ester. The structures of the compounds were established by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR. The products were obtained in a good yield, short time and a simple experimental procedure. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity against Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. The compounds exhibited excellent zone of inhibition against tested bacteria. The investigation of antifungal screening data revealed that all the tested compounds showed moderate to good fungal inhibition. Keywords: 2-Guanidino-4-thiazolinone-5-yl acetic acid; heterocyclization; Pyrimidine-Thiazole Hybrids, Synthesis, Antimicrobial activity.

1035-1042

Authors: Dr. Venu Sampath Kumar. G , Fathima Nilesh Karanam, CH. S. Phani Kumar and B. T. N. Vamsi Krishna

Aegle marmelos commonly known as bael, wood apple and stone apple, belongs to the family Rutaceae. It is a deciduous shrub. Young leaves are pale green or pinkish, finely hairy while mature leaves are dark green and completely smooth and are used extensively in the indigenous system of medicine as an anti-diabetic agent and also as hypolipidemic agent. This study is aimed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos. The hypolipidemic activity of the plant were studied by administering aqueous leaf extract on Albino Wistar rats, using serum lipid profile i.e., high density lipo-protein (HDL), very low-density lipo-protein (VLDL), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) profile. The animals were divided into six groups, each group consists of six rats and the study is designed by following standard protocol for the evaluation of hypolipidemic activity. In this study, the treatment with standard hypolipidemic drug Pioglitazone is compared with the treatment of aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos at dose levels of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight. Hypolipidemic activity was observed best with all the dose levels based on lipid profiles (VLDL, HDL, TC and TG). Key words: Aegle marmelos, Hypolipidemic activity, VLDL, HDL, TC and TG.

1051-1058

Authors: Ravindra Babu Sajja*, Prasad K, Eswar Kumar K and G.Phani C Reddy

In the present study the chondroprotective effect of melittin and chitin from bee venom and crab shell was examined against papain induced osteoarthritis in rabbits. The leukocyte count in synovial fluid, X-ray radiography of ankle joints and histopathology of joint cartilage were performed to assess chondroprotective activity. There is a significant fall in leukocyte count of bee venom (1.2mg/kg, s.c) treated group when compared with osteoarthritic control and the standard groups. Histopathological studies exhibit that the chitin (80mg/kg, i.a) treated group shows no degradation in joint cartilage when compared to bee venom and combination (bee venom+chitin) groups which shown little deviations to that of prednisolone ( 10mg/kg, s.c) group. X-ray graphs revealed that bee venom, chitin and combination of both shows good chondroprotective activity. Keywords: Leukocytes, Chondroprotective, Bee venom, Melittin, Chitin,

1064-1067

Authors: D.T.Tayade* and S.P. Ingole

Recently in this laboratory 1-substituted-2-thio-4-amino-6-phenylformamidino 1,3,5-triazines (XIIIa-g) were synthesised by isomerisation of 2-substituted imino-4-amino-6-formamidino-1,3,5-thiadiazines (XIIa-g) successfully by refluxing with 10% aqueous ethanolic sodium bicarbonate medium. The structure of all the synthesized compounds was justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and spectral studies. Keywords: 10% aqueous ethanolic, sodium bicarbonate.

1081-1085

Authors: Mr. Kiran Kulkarni*, Mr. Sachin G. Lokapure, Dr. Somakant V. Jawarkar, Md.Javeed Md Yakub Manure, Salma Akbar Bagwan and Dr. S. A. Tamboli

In this paper, we synthesized the compound N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]pyridine-4- carboximide(IV) were synthesized. . The chosen ligands have conformational stability and structural diversity in relation to the bound ligands of the N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]pyridine-4-carboximide (IV) crystal structure. The ligand structures used in docking were obtained from Pubchem compound database. Ligands were identified as per the pharmacokinetic parameter and solubility. The active site i.e. ferredoxin enzyme in the protein interacts with ligands of the substrate and gives rise to the catalytic activity to test ligands that helps in determining the binding pattern of the ligands to the active site of ferredoxin enzyme. The pharmacological study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of substituents on the antiprotozoal activity. The synthesized compounds exhibited better antiprotozoal activity towards Paramecium caudatum, Vorticella campanula, it can be inferred that as the OCH3, SH, NH group substitution on the ring causes an increase in the intensity of the activity against Paramecium caudatum, Vorticella campanula , Opalina ranarum and have potent antiprotozoal activity. Key words: Thiazolidinones, molecular docking and antiprotozoal activity.

1096-1101

Authors: Papagatla. Poli Reddy*, J. Venkateshwar Rao, Vinitha.Edula and Malothu Nagulu

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological response shown by living tissues to the injury. It is an inbuilt body defense mechanism evoked by various stimuli such as disease causing organisms, ecological factors, ischemia, immunological reactions, biological factors and free radicals. It eliminates or limits the spread of pathogens. Momordica cymbalaria (Cucurbitaceae) had been used widely for its reported biological activities in traditional system of medicine. The present work is an attempt to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of various fractions of Momordica cymbalaria fruit on Carrageenan induced air pouch model in wistar rats. Butanol fraction of Momordica cymbalaria (BFM) showed dose dependent reduction in exudate volume. The effects of BFM were significant at every test dose as compared to standard. The results of the study recommend that the crude ethanolic extract of Momordica cymbalaria (CEE), chloroform fraction of Momordica cymbalaria (CFM) and BFM in dissimilar doses significantly restrained carrageenan provoked exudate volume, monocyte and neutrophil count in rats and exhibited significant anti-inflammatory action. Further detailed molecular investigation is necessary to delineate the underlying protective mechanism of Momordica cymbalaria against inflammation. Key words: Inflammation, Carrageenan, Airpouch, Monocytes, Neutrophils

1115-1121

Authors: Ahmed I. Foudah

In Saudi Arabia, the fruits of Apiaceae plants are commonly used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The present study aims to determine essential oil, phenol and flavonoid contents as a mean of comparison between four selected fruits. In vitro antioxidant properties of the selected fruits, Carum carvi (Caraway), Anethum graveolens (Dill), Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) was also explored. The present study provides means for chemical differentiation between the four selected fruits and shows their beneficial impact on health expressed by the antioxidant activity. Keywords: Apiaceae fruits; essential oils; GC, total phenol; flavonoid; antioxidant

1133-1145

Authors: R. Santosh Kumar* and A. Suresh

The role of chronotherapeutics in hypertension management is based on the recognition that blood pressure does not remain constant throughout the day. Instead, it tends to be higher in the early morning hours and lower in the evening hours. The main objective of the present studies reported here was to investigate whether compression coating could be used to produce tablets providing maximum In-vitro drug release 8 to 10 hours after an evening dose taken at approximately 6:00 pm– 7.00 pm. The basic idea behind the dosage form development is to investigate effect of novel chronotherapeutic polymer i.e., magnesium starch and coating design on lag time and drug release from directly compressed time-controlled release tablet. The aim of the present study was to design time controlled tablet of Diltiazem hydrochloride, as chronopharmaceutical drug delivery system by press coating employing a novel chronotherapeutic polymer magnesium starch. Coating materials blend were evaluated for micromeritic properties like flow properties, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and also evaluated the tablet for hardness, thickness, friability and weight variation. The obtained results showed the capability of the system in delaying drug release for a programmable period of time to attain drug release after 10hours after an evening dose taken at according to a time-dependent approach. Key Words: Preparation, Diltiazem, Chronotherapeutic Systems, PressCoatingTechnology, Magnesium Strarch

1159-1173

Authors: Amol A. Joshi*, Pavankumar P. Wankhade, Shivanand M. Patil, Ramraja P. Umbare

The objective of present studies deals with the Phytochemical analsis, chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of Helicanthus elastica Desr. Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, Total proanthocyanidin content of ethyl acetate fraction was determined. Antioxidant activity was carried out by Nitric oxide scavanging activity, DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power assay and anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Characterization of ethyl acetate fraction of H.elastica carried out by LC-MS/MS method. The HPTLC together with LC-MS/MS study confirm the presence of quercetin and epicatechin in ethyl acetate extract. Quantitative studies reveal that plant contains higher amount of phenolics such as flavonoids and proanthocynidins. Antioxidant activity in various in vitro models demonstrated that extract have significant radical scavenging as well as antioxidant activity which is consistent with its higher flavonoid content. Key Words: Helicanthus elastica, ethyl acetate fraction, characterization, flavanoid, antioxidant

1181-1190

Authors: Dr. N. Sandeepthi* and N. Jhancy laxmi bai

Drug delivery systems [DDS] that can precisely control the release rates or target drugs to a specific body site have had an enormous impact on the health care system. Microspheres constitute an important part of these particulate DDS by virtue of their small size and efficient carrier characteristics. However, the success of these novel DDS is limited due to their short residence time at the site of absorption. It would, therefore, be advantageous to have means for providing an intimate contact of the DDS with absorbing membranes. Keywords: DDS, lamivudine, polymers, mucoadhesive, microspheres

1207-1218

Authors: Bala Vishnu Priya Mukkala *, Gopala Krishna Murthy Talasila and Prameela Rani Avula

The objective of the present study was to optimize the process of Fenofibric acid delayed release (DR) pellets. Wurster (Bottom spray fluid bed coating) process was employed to develop the Fenofibric acid DR pellets. This study assesses the impact of various process variables on drug layering by using statistical interpretation such as ANOVA. A face centered central composite design (CCD) was employed to study the effect of independent variables (product temperature, atomization air pressure, fluidization air volume and spray rate) on dependent variables (Fines, agglomerates, coating efficiency and assay). Fabricated pellets were characterized for various physico-chemical parameters and stability studies. Optimization was done by fitting experimental results to the software program (Design expert). The design space for process parameters and its influence on %fines, % agglomerates, coating efficiency and assay was developed. From the obtained results, 40°C ± 3°C as product temperature, 0.8 -1.2 kg/cm2 as atomization air pressure, 50 -65 cfm as fluidization air volume and 2-6 g/min as spray rate were selected as the operating ranges for robust coating process, desired yield and quality of the product. The drug release from the optimized formulation followed first order kinetics and controlled by non fickian transport. There is no significant change observed during stability. It was concluded that the face centered central composite design facilitated the process optimization of Fenofibric acid DR pellets. The Fenofibric acid DR pellets were successfully developed by employing bottom spray fluid bed coating (Wurster) technique. Key-Words: Fenofibric acid, Pellets, Fluid bed process, Process parameters, CCD.

1226-1232

Authors: Vikas V. Vaidya, Manjiri A.Shinde*, Pushkar M. Pradhan

A simple, accurate, precise and reproducible High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method for simultaneous quantification of p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and Gallic acid in the leaf extract of Capparis spinosa was developed. Chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 F254 pre-coated HPTLC plates with double development using two solvent systems. Using first solvent system, Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid 7.5 : 2 : 0.5 : 0.5 (v/v/v/v) the plate was developed till 80 mm while the second development was carried out till 85 mm using Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid: Glacial acetic acid 6 : 2 : 1 : 1 (v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. After development the HPTLC plate was dried on a hot plate at 40° C for 5 min and scanned at 254 nm. The method was found to give well separated sharp bands of p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid at Rf of 0.87, 0.66, 0.43 respectively. The quantity of p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4- dihydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid was found to be 0.00666 %, 0.02626 % and 0.01095 %; in plant and 0.01291 %, 0.02423 % and 0.06381 % in formulation respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, specificity, precision and recovery. Statistical analysis proved that the proposed method is accurate and reproducible. The developed method can be used as a quality control tool for simultaneous quantification of these markers from raw material as well as marketed formulation. Keywords: Capparis spinosa, p-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, Gallic acid, HPTLC, simultaneous quantification

1237-1245

Authors: Nandagopal Anitha*, Sheema Tasleem, Syeda Viquar Unissa

Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG) which is otherwise called as Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an uncommon multi system autoimmune diseases, which is exceptionally connected with Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA). Wegner's Granulomatosis is a complex multisystem vasculitic disease characterized by necrotizing small arteries and veins of unknown reason. In WG remission can be accomplished by regular immunosuppressive treatment. The causes of WG includes infectious and environmental triggers, drug induced ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and also genetic factors. Staphylococcus aureus is a common micro-organism implicated in the pathogenesis of WG and the repeating, relapsing nature of the disease might be connected to steady colonization of nasal sections with this organism. Staphylococcus aureus creates super antigens which activate B and T Cells, and through a procedure of sub-atomic mimicry Staphylococcus aureus can likewise actuate AAV. The symptoms of WG include fevers, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, cough, myalgia, and necrosis. The diagnostic tests include ANCA testing, chest radiography, CT scanning, abnormal kidney function tests etc. Wegener’s granulomatosis affects various organs such as heart, eye, kidneys and lungs. Treatment of WG is considered to have two stages: induction, where active infection is put into remission; and support, where remission is managed. The backbone of treatment for WG is a mix of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. Keywords: Wegener’s granulomatosis, vasculitis, Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies, cyclophosphamide.

1253-1266

Authors: J. Kavitha, S. Aarthi, S. Bhuvaneshwari, L. Sakthikumar, R. Mahalakshmy

Biosensors can be also divided into several categories based on the transduction process, such as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal/calorimetric biosensors. Among these various kinds of biosensors, electrochemical biosensors are a class of the most widespread, numerous and successfully commercialized devices of biomolecular electronics. Carbon and carbon based materials such as carbon nanotubes (single and multi-walled), graphene oxides, and fullerenes are good materials for various fields like battery applications, and biosensors due to their higher electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, high surface area, thermal stability etc. On the other hand, conducting polymers have attracted behavior owing to their electrocatalytic activity and higher conductivity compared to those of carbon based materials. Among those conducting polymers, polyindole (PIn) is a great one with more advantages, such as its mechanical flexibility, light weight and low cost. Metal composites such as Mn2O3, Fe3O4, Ti2O3, Co3O4, NiO, and Cr2O3 have attracted fantastic attention in current years owing to their potential in environmental monitoring, sensor, drug delivery, photocatalysis, biomedical diagnosis, and energy storage applications These interesting properties revealed one of the greatest hopeful aspirants for their industrial applications. Among these metal oxides, Ti2O3 metal oxide have been commonly used in the invention of electrochemical biosensors, semiconductors, and in making electrical goods due to its large strong catalytic ability, adsorptive ability and surface area. Also it is cheaper than the traditional catalysts and these nanoparticles is easily incapacitating on the external of the metal electrodes, but secure them directly on the carbon electrode surface is quite difficult. The new metal ligand complex of NKDA-Metal(7) was the assynthesized NM has high dispersible property in water. The modified SPCE of NKDA – Zinc complex have electro-catalytic activity towards the detection of L-Met. The electrochemical behaviors of the NZ/SPCE were examined using cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The antibacterial activity of the complex was evaluated using Disc-Diffusion method. Key words: Metal-drug complexes, Electrochemical study, Biosensor, Nitroketene dithioacetal complex, antibacterial activity.

1274-1279

Authors: B. Lakshmi Satya* and T. Praveen Kumar

The antimicrobial activity of ethanol, methonal extracts of Derris scandens whole plant which is used as an herb in Thai traditional medicine was evaluated against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The whole plant was extracted by using maceration method for both solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC of plant was determined by using agar diffusion method. The medium selected was nutrient agar medium. The organisms selected are Strains of Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC-96), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MTCC-424), Escherichia coli (MTCC443), and Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-736) which are purchased from IMTEC. Gentamycin (0.001%) is used as a standard drug. From the results it was obtained that the ethanolic and methanolic extract of whole plant of Derris scandens showed significant inhibition zones. Among all organisms more significant inhibition zone was observed for P.a, E.c, P.v for both extracts. After observing measurable inhibition zones the work was continued to determine MIC for both extracts of whole plant by taking concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Both extracts of D.s had given an MIC at 15% for all organisms. In conclusion the methanol extract of whole plant of D.s had showed good inhibitory effect than ethanol extracts on growth of P.a, E.c,P.v. which are nosocomial infection bacteria. Keywords: Anti-bacterial, Derris Scandens, Ethanol, Methanol, disc diffusion, MIC.

1285-1289

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal, Atif Ahmed, Sohail Baig and Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon

Background: Endoscopy is routinely recommended as a diagnostic procedure in patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (UGIB). An example being, instances where patients with liver cirrhosis present with UGIB stemming from probable esophageal varices. However, among many contraindication for the procedure, acute ST elevation myocardial infarction is perhaps the most absolute (whose, post-PCI adjuvant pharmaceutical treatment too may result in UGIB). Since comorbidities are common among chronic liver disease patients, instances of such contraindications are becoming common. Objective: This study hopes to assess the efficacy and safety of diagnostic endoscopy v/s non-invasive markers of probable causes of UGIB in patients with a history of liver cirrhosis and acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Methodology: This retrospective analysis was conducted upon a total of 43 cases presenting with UGIB and a history of liver cirrhosis and acute STEMI to the medical out-patient department of Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Data was derived from patient files in the hospital record. The data obtained was analyzed using MS. Excel 2017 and SPSS v. 21.0. Results: The safety of non-invasive markers and efficacy of diagnostic endoscopy are gold-standard. And hence the efficacy of the former and safety of the later where in question in this research. Out of the total cases co-presenting with liver cirrhosis and acute STEMI, only 43 had a complete work-up to yield ample information meriting inclusion in this study. 23 of the endoscopically evaluated cases encountered side-effects ranging from mild to severe, while 3 faced eventual mortality. The efficacy neither of the non-invasive markers for diagnosing a probable cause of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding, rose above 50%. Conclusion: Safe and effective predictors (invasive and non-invasive) of probable cause of UGIB must be identified to act as a substitute in cases where diagnostic endoscopy is absolutely contraindicated. Unfortunately neither of the tested markers yielded satisfactory effects, thus more research is needed. Keywords: Upper Gastro-Intestinal Bleeding, Liver Cirrhosis, Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, iagnostic Endoscopy, Therapeutic Endoscopy and Non-Invasive Markers.

1301-1308

Authors: Khalil Y. Abujheisha*and Nehad Ahmed

Dispensing antibiotics without a medical prescription (DAwMP) is a critical issue worldwide especially in the countries such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt. Pharmacists knowledge, attitude and practices play a fundamental role in preventing access to non-prescribed antibiotics. Accordingly, our study was designed to estimate the number of pharmacists who have a tendency to dispense antibiotics without a medical prescription; and to realize the factors which are associated with such behaviour which would help in the designation of certain strategies to minimise the impact of this problem. A cross-sectional survey was organized using structured and validated questionnaire targeting community pharmacists in most parts of Al-Kharj city and parts of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia, between September and October 2017. A four-block systemic questionnaire was used to request community pharmacists to complete 26 items in the English language. Of 175 community pharmacists contacted, 155 completed and returned the questionnaire. 87.1% of the community pharmacists were Egyptian and only (2.7%) were Saudis. The majority of the pharmacists (79.6%) did not know that DAwMP is illegal in Saudi Arabia. The most common reasons for DAwMP were lack of patient’s compliance to consult a physician (67.35%) and inability to afford a consultation with a physician (58.5%). Great number of the pharmacists surveyed (89.12%) claimed that they always educate patients about the importance and completion of the antibiotic course. The elevated rates of DAwMP in Saudi Arabia may be due to lack of awareness of regulations and policies forbidding dispensing antibiotics without a prescription. This is mainly due to a high number of foreign community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Comprehensive plans and strategies consisting of educational interventions targeting general public as well as the community pharmacists, and strict application policies regarding DAwMP could lead to a reduction of the self-use of antibiotics. Keywords: Antibiotics, Description, Dispensing, DAwMP, Resistance.